---
_id: '59805'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: The LLC converter achieves the highest efficiency in resonant operation. Conventionally,
the input DC-link voltage is controlled to operate the LLC converter at resonance
for the given operating point. However, the DC-link capacitor voltage shows a
low-frequency voltage ripple (typically the second harmonic of grid frequency)
in cascaded converters so that the LLC has to adapt its switching frequency within
the grid period. Conventionally, the LLC converter operates 50% of the time above
the resonant frequency of 40 kHz and 50% below resonance. Both operating conditions
cause additional losses. However, experimental measurements indicate that the
below-resonance operation causes significantly higher losses than above-resonance
operation due to much higher primary and secondary transformer currents. It is
better to increase the DC-link voltage by 30% of the peak-to-peak low-frequency
voltage ripple to mostly avoid below-resonance operation (i.e., from 650 V to
680 V in this case). With the proposed control, the LLC converter operates about
75% of time over resonance and only 25% of time below resonance. The overall efficiency
increases from 97.66% to 97.7% for the average operating point with an 80% load
current. This corresponds to a 2% total loss reduction. Finally, the peak resonance
capacitor voltage decreases from 910 V to 790 V (−13%).
article_number: '1517'
author:
- first_name: Roland
full_name: Unruh, Roland
id: '34289'
last_name: Unruh
- first_name: Joachim
full_name: Böcker, Joachim
id: '66'
last_name: Böcker
orcid: 0000-0002-8480-7295
- first_name: Frank
full_name: Schafmeister, Frank
id: '71291'
last_name: Schafmeister
citation:
ama: Unruh R, Böcker J, Schafmeister F. Adaptive DC-Link Voltage Control for 22
kW, 40 kHz LLC Resonant Converter Considering Low-Frequency Voltage Ripple. Electronics.
2025;14(8). doi:10.3390/electronics14081517
apa: Unruh, R., Böcker, J., & Schafmeister, F. (2025). Adaptive DC-Link Voltage
Control for 22 kW, 40 kHz LLC Resonant Converter Considering Low-Frequency Voltage
Ripple. Electronics, 14(8), Article 1517. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14081517
bibtex: '@article{Unruh_Böcker_Schafmeister_2025, title={Adaptive DC-Link Voltage
Control for 22 kW, 40 kHz LLC Resonant Converter Considering Low-Frequency Voltage
Ripple}, volume={14}, DOI={10.3390/electronics14081517},
number={81517}, journal={Electronics}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Unruh, Roland
and Böcker, Joachim and Schafmeister, Frank}, year={2025} }'
chicago: Unruh, Roland, Joachim Böcker, and Frank Schafmeister. “Adaptive DC-Link
Voltage Control for 22 KW, 40 KHz LLC Resonant Converter Considering Low-Frequency
Voltage Ripple.” Electronics 14, no. 8 (2025). https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14081517.
ieee: 'R. Unruh, J. Böcker, and F. Schafmeister, “Adaptive DC-Link Voltage Control
for 22 kW, 40 kHz LLC Resonant Converter Considering Low-Frequency Voltage Ripple,”
Electronics, vol. 14, no. 8, Art. no. 1517, 2025, doi: 10.3390/electronics14081517.'
mla: Unruh, Roland, et al. “Adaptive DC-Link Voltage Control for 22 KW, 40 KHz LLC
Resonant Converter Considering Low-Frequency Voltage Ripple.” Electronics,
vol. 14, no. 8, 1517, MDPI AG, 2025, doi:10.3390/electronics14081517.
short: R. Unruh, J. Böcker, F. Schafmeister, Electronics 14 (2025).
date_created: 2025-05-05T12:27:39Z
date_updated: 2025-05-05T12:34:00Z
department:
- _id: '52'
doi: 10.3390/electronics14081517
intvolume: ' 14'
issue: '8'
keyword:
- adaptive DC-link voltage
- cascaded H-bridge
- resonant operation
- Full-Bridge Converter
- loss minimization
- LLC Resonant Converter
- peak capacitor voltage reduction
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/14/8/1517
publication: Electronics
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 2079-9292
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI AG
status: public
title: Adaptive DC-Link Voltage Control for 22 kW, 40 kHz LLC Resonant Converter Considering
Low-Frequency Voltage Ripple
type: journal_article
user_id: '34289'
volume: 14
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '48352'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Star-connected cascaded H-bridge Converters require large DC-link capacitors
to buffer the second-order harmonic voltage ripple. First, it is analytically
proven that the DC-link voltage ripple is proportional to the apparent converter
power and does not depend on the power factor for nominal operation with sinusoidal
reference arm voltages and currents. A third-harmonic zero-sequence voltage injection
with an optimal amplitude and phase angle transforms the 2nd harmonic to a 4th
harmonic DC-link voltage ripple. This reduces the voltage ripple by exactly 50%
for all power factors at steady-state at balanced conditions. However, this requires
54% additional modules for unity power factor operation and even 100% for pure
reactive power operation to account for the increased reference arm voltages due
to the large amplitude of the optimal third-harmonic injection. If not enough
modules are available, an adaptive discontinuous PWM is utilized to still minimize
the voltage ripple for the given number of modules and power factor. With a very
limited number of modules (modulation index is 1.15), the proposed method still
reduces the DC-link voltage ripple by 24.4% for unity power factor operation.
It requires the same number of modules as the commonly utilized 3rd harmonic injection
with 1/6 of the grid voltage amplitude and achieves superior results. Simulations
of a 10 kV/1 MVA system confirm the analysis.
author:
- first_name: Roland
full_name: Unruh, Roland
id: '34289'
last_name: Unruh
- first_name: Joachim
full_name: Böcker, Joachim
id: '66'
last_name: Böcker
orcid: 0000-0002-8480-7295
- first_name: Frank
full_name: Schafmeister, Frank
id: '71291'
last_name: Schafmeister
citation:
ama: 'Unruh R, Böcker J, Schafmeister F. An Optimized Third-Harmonic Injection Reduces
DC-Link Voltage Ripple in Cascaded H-Bridge Converters up to 50% for all Power
Factors. In: 2023 25th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications
(EPE’23 ECCE Europe). IEEE; 2023. doi:10.23919/epe23ecceeurope58414.2023.10264313'
apa: Unruh, R., Böcker, J., & Schafmeister, F. (2023). An Optimized Third-Harmonic
Injection Reduces DC-Link Voltage Ripple in Cascaded H-Bridge Converters up to
50% for all Power Factors. 2023 25th European Conference on Power Electronics
and Applications (EPE’23 ECCE Europe). 2023 25th European Conference on Power
Electronics and Applications (EPE’23 ECCE Europe), Aalborg, Denmark. https://doi.org/10.23919/epe23ecceeurope58414.2023.10264313
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Unruh_Böcker_Schafmeister_2023, title={An Optimized Third-Harmonic
Injection Reduces DC-Link Voltage Ripple in Cascaded H-Bridge Converters up to
50% for all Power Factors}, DOI={10.23919/epe23ecceeurope58414.2023.10264313},
booktitle={2023 25th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications
(EPE’23 ECCE Europe)}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Unruh, Roland and Böcker, Joachim
and Schafmeister, Frank}, year={2023} }'
chicago: Unruh, Roland, Joachim Böcker, and Frank Schafmeister. “An Optimized Third-Harmonic
Injection Reduces DC-Link Voltage Ripple in Cascaded H-Bridge Converters up to
50% for All Power Factors.” In 2023 25th European Conference on Power Electronics
and Applications (EPE’23 ECCE Europe). IEEE, 2023. https://doi.org/10.23919/epe23ecceeurope58414.2023.10264313.
ieee: 'R. Unruh, J. Böcker, and F. Schafmeister, “An Optimized Third-Harmonic Injection
Reduces DC-Link Voltage Ripple in Cascaded H-Bridge Converters up to 50% for all
Power Factors,” presented at the 2023 25th European Conference on Power Electronics
and Applications (EPE’23 ECCE Europe), Aalborg, Denmark, 2023, doi: 10.23919/epe23ecceeurope58414.2023.10264313.'
mla: Unruh, Roland, et al. “An Optimized Third-Harmonic Injection Reduces DC-Link
Voltage Ripple in Cascaded H-Bridge Converters up to 50% for All Power Factors.”
2023 25th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE’23
ECCE Europe), IEEE, 2023, doi:10.23919/epe23ecceeurope58414.2023.10264313.
short: 'R. Unruh, J. Böcker, F. Schafmeister, in: 2023 25th European Conference
on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE’23 ECCE Europe), IEEE, 2023.'
conference:
end_date: 2023-09-08
location: Aalborg, Denmark
name: 2023 25th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'23
ECCE Europe)
start_date: 2023-09-04
date_created: 2023-10-20T07:13:32Z
date_updated: 2023-10-20T10:01:02Z
department:
- _id: '52'
doi: 10.23919/epe23ecceeurope58414.2023.10264313
keyword:
- Cascaded H-Bridge
- Solid-State Transformer
- Capacitor voltage ripple
- Zero sequence voltage
- Third harmonic injection
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/10264313
publication: 2023 25th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'23
ECCE Europe)
publication_identifier:
isbn:
- 979-8-3503-1678-0
publication_status: published
publisher: IEEE
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: An Optimized Third-Harmonic Injection Reduces DC-Link Voltage Ripple in Cascaded
H-Bridge Converters up to 50% for all Power Factors
type: conference
user_id: '34289'
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '47447'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: 'Sodium-ion capacitors (SICs) have great potential in energy storage due to
their low cost, the abundance of Na, and the potential to deliver high energy
and power simultaneously. This paper demonstrates a template-assisted method to
induce graphitic nanodomains and micro-mesopores into nitrogen-doped carbons.
This study elucidates that these graphitic nanodomains are beneficial for Na+
storage. The obtained N-doped carbon (As8Mg) electrode achieved a reversible capacity
of 254 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1. Moreover, the As8Mg-based SIC device achieves high
combinations of power/energy densities (52 W kg−1 at 204 Wh kg−1 and 10,456 W
kg−1 at 51 Wh kg−1) with outstanding cycle stability (99.7% retention over 10000
cycles at 0.2 A g−1). Our findings provide insights into optimizing carbon’s microstructure
to boost sodium storage in the pseudo-capacitive mode. '
author:
- first_name: Nieves
full_name: Lopez Salas, Nieves
id: '98120'
last_name: Lopez Salas
orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8438-9548
- first_name: 'Chun '
full_name: 'Li, Chun '
last_name: Li
- first_name: Zihan
full_name: Song, Zihan
last_name: Song
- first_name: Minliang
full_name: Liu, Minliang
last_name: Liu
- first_name: Enrico
full_name: Lepre, Enrico
last_name: Lepre
- first_name: Markus
full_name: Antonietti, Markus
last_name: Antonietti
- first_name: Junwu
full_name: Zhu, Junwu
last_name: Zhu
- first_name: Jian
full_name: Liu, Jian
last_name: Liu
- first_name: Yongsheng
full_name: Fu, Yongsheng
last_name: Fu
citation:
ama: Lopez Salas N, Li C, Song Z, et al. Template-induced graphitic nanodomains
in nitrogen-doped carbons enable high-performance sodium-ion capacitors - ACCEPTED
MANUSCRIPT. Published online 2023.
apa: Lopez Salas, N., Li, C., Song, Z., Liu, M., Lepre, E., Antonietti, M., Zhu,
J., Liu, J., & Fu, Y. (2023). Template-induced graphitic nanodomains in
nitrogen-doped carbons enable high-performance sodium-ion capacitors - ACCEPTED
MANUSCRIPT.
bibtex: '@article{Lopez Salas_Li_Song_Liu_Lepre_Antonietti_Zhu_Liu_Fu_2023, title={Template-induced
graphitic nanodomains in nitrogen-doped carbons enable high-performance sodium-ion
capacitors - ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT}, author={Lopez Salas, Nieves and Li, Chun and
Song, Zihan and Liu, Minliang and Lepre, Enrico and Antonietti, Markus and Zhu,
Junwu and Liu, Jian and Fu, Yongsheng}, year={2023} }'
chicago: Lopez Salas, Nieves, Chun Li, Zihan Song, Minliang Liu, Enrico Lepre,
Markus Antonietti, Junwu Zhu, Jian Liu, and Yongsheng Fu. “Template-Induced Graphitic
Nanodomains in Nitrogen-Doped Carbons Enable High-Performance Sodium-Ion Capacitors
- ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT,” 2023.
ieee: N. Lopez Salas et al., “Template-induced graphitic nanodomains in nitrogen-doped
carbons enable high-performance sodium-ion capacitors - ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT.”
2023.
mla: Lopez Salas, Nieves, et al. Template-Induced Graphitic Nanodomains in Nitrogen-Doped
Carbons Enable High-Performance Sodium-Ion Capacitors - ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT.
2023.
short: N. Lopez Salas, C. Li, Z. Song, M. Liu, E. Lepre, M. Antonietti, J. Zhu,
J. Liu, Y. Fu, (2023).
date_created: 2023-09-26T10:11:50Z
date_updated: 2026-01-08T13:16:49Z
keyword:
- sodium ion capacitor
- anode
- template
- N-doped carbons
- graphitic nanodomains
language:
- iso: eng
status: public
title: Template-induced graphitic nanodomains in nitrogen-doped carbons enable high-performance
sodium-ion capacitors - ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
type: preprint
user_id: '98120'
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '34176'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Cascaded H-bridge Converters (CHBs) are a promising solution in converting
power from a three-phase medium voltage of 6.6 kV...30 kV to a lower DC-voltage
in the range of 100 V...1 kV to provide pure DC power to applications such as
electrolyzers for hydrogen generation, data centers with a DC power distribution
and DC microgrids. CHBs can be interpreted as modular multilevel converters with
an isolated DC-DC output stage per module, require a large DC-link capacitor for
each module to handle the second harmonic voltage ripple caused by the fluctuating
input power within a fundamental grid period. Without a zero-sequence voltage
injection, star-connected CHBs are operated with approximately sinusoidal arm
voltages and currents. The floating star point potential enables to utilize different
zero-sequence voltage injection techniques such as a third-harmonic injection
with 1/6 of the grid voltage amplitude or a Min-Max voltage injection. Both well-known
methods have the advantage to reduce the peak arm voltage and thereby the number
of required modules by 13.4 % (to √ 3 2). This paper proves analytically that
the third-harmonic injection with 1/6 of the grid voltage amplitude reduces the
second harmonic voltage ripple by only 15.1 % compared to no-voltage injection
for unity power factor operation and balanced grid voltages. Then it is shown,
that the Min-Max injection has the often overlooked advantage of reducing the
second harmonic voltage ripple by even 18.8 %. By applying the here proposed zero-sequence
voltage injection in saturation modulation, the second harmonic voltage ripple
of the DC-link capacitors is reduced by even 24.3 %, while still requiring the
same number of modules as the Min-Max injection. For a realistic number of reserve
modules, the overall energy ripple in the DC-link capacitors is reduced by 40
%.
author:
- first_name: Roland
full_name: Unruh, Roland
id: '34289'
last_name: Unruh
- first_name: Frank
full_name: Schafmeister, Frank
id: '71291'
last_name: Schafmeister
- first_name: Joachim
full_name: Böcker, Joachim
id: '66'
last_name: Böcker
orcid: 0000-0002-8480-7295
citation:
ama: 'Unruh R, Schafmeister F, Böcker J. Zero-Sequence Voltage Reduces DC-Link Capacitor
Demand in Cascaded H-Bridge Converters for Large-Scale Electrolyzers by 40%. In:
24th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE’22 ECCE
Europe). IEEE; 2022.'
apa: Unruh, R., Schafmeister, F., & Böcker, J. (2022). Zero-Sequence Voltage
Reduces DC-Link Capacitor Demand in Cascaded H-Bridge Converters for Large-Scale
Electrolyzers by 40%. 24th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications
(EPE’22 ECCE Europe). 24th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications
(EPE’22 ECCE Europe), Hanover, Germany.
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Unruh_Schafmeister_Böcker_2022, title={Zero-Sequence Voltage
Reduces DC-Link Capacitor Demand in Cascaded H-Bridge Converters for Large-Scale
Electrolyzers by 40%}, booktitle={24th European Conference on Power Electronics
and Applications (EPE’22 ECCE Europe)}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Unruh, Roland
and Schafmeister, Frank and Böcker, Joachim}, year={2022} }'
chicago: Unruh, Roland, Frank Schafmeister, and Joachim Böcker. “Zero-Sequence Voltage
Reduces DC-Link Capacitor Demand in Cascaded H-Bridge Converters for Large-Scale
Electrolyzers by 40%.” In 24th European Conference on Power Electronics and
Applications (EPE’22 ECCE Europe). IEEE, 2022.
ieee: R. Unruh, F. Schafmeister, and J. Böcker, “Zero-Sequence Voltage Reduces DC-Link
Capacitor Demand in Cascaded H-Bridge Converters for Large-Scale Electrolyzers
by 40%,” presented at the 24th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications
(EPE’22 ECCE Europe), Hanover, Germany, 2022.
mla: Unruh, Roland, et al. “Zero-Sequence Voltage Reduces DC-Link Capacitor Demand
in Cascaded H-Bridge Converters for Large-Scale Electrolyzers by 40%.” 24th
European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE’22 ECCE Europe),
IEEE, 2022.
short: 'R. Unruh, F. Schafmeister, J. Böcker, in: 24th European Conference on Power
Electronics and Applications (EPE’22 ECCE Europe), IEEE, 2022.'
conference:
end_date: 2022-09-09
location: Hanover, Germany
name: 24th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'22 ECCE
Europe)
start_date: 2022-09-05
date_created: 2022-12-02T12:47:38Z
date_updated: 2023-10-23T09:04:23Z
department:
- _id: '52'
keyword:
- Cascaded H-Bridge
- Solid-State Transformer
- Zero sequence voltage
- Third harmonic injection
- Capacitor voltage ripple
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9907278
publication: 24th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'22
ECCE Europe)
publication_identifier:
isbn:
- 978-9-0758-1539-9
publication_status: published
publisher: IEEE
status: public
title: Zero-Sequence Voltage Reduces DC-Link Capacitor Demand in Cascaded H-Bridge
Converters for Large-Scale Electrolyzers by 40%
type: conference
user_id: '34289'
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '29940'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: A full-bridge modular multilevel converter (MMC) is compared to a half-bridge-based
MMC for high-current low-voltage DC-applications such as electrolysis, arc welding
or datacenters with DC-power distribution. Usually, modular multilevel converters
are used in high-voltage DC-applications (HVDC) in the multiple kV-range, but
to meet the needs of a high-current demand at low output voltage levels, the modular
converter concept requires adaptations. In the proposed concept, the MMC is used
to step-down the three-phase medium-voltage of 10 kV. Therefore, each module is
extended by an LLC resonant converter to adapt to the specific electrolyzers DC-voltage
range of 142-220V and to provide galvanic isolation. The proposed MMC converter
with full-bridge modules uses half the number of modules compared to a half-bridge-based
MMC while reducing the voltage ripple by 78% and capacitor losses by 64% by rearranging
the same components to ensure identical costs and volume. For additional reliability,
a new robust algorithm for balancing conduction losses during the bypass phase
is presented.
author:
- first_name: Roland
full_name: Unruh, Roland
id: '34289'
last_name: Unruh
- first_name: Frank
full_name: Schafmeister, Frank
id: '71291'
last_name: Schafmeister
- first_name: Norbert
full_name: Fröhleke, Norbert
last_name: Fröhleke
- first_name: Joachim
full_name: Böcker, Joachim
id: '66'
last_name: Böcker
orcid: 0000-0002-8480-7295
citation:
ama: 'Unruh R, Schafmeister F, Fröhleke N, Böcker J. 1-MW Full-Bridge MMC for High-Current
Low-Voltage (100V-400V) DC-Applications. In: PCIM Europe Digital Days 2020;
International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion,
Renewable Energy and Energy Management. VDE; 2020.'
apa: Unruh, R., Schafmeister, F., Fröhleke, N., & Böcker, J. (2020). 1-MW Full-Bridge
MMC for High-Current Low-Voltage (100V-400V) DC-Applications. PCIM Europe Digital
Days 2020; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent
Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management. PCIM Europe digital days 2020,
Germany.
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Unruh_Schafmeister_Fröhleke_Böcker_2020, title={1-MW Full-Bridge
MMC for High-Current Low-Voltage (100V-400V) DC-Applications}, booktitle={PCIM
Europe digital days 2020; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics,
Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management}, publisher={VDE},
author={Unruh, Roland and Schafmeister, Frank and Fröhleke, Norbert and Böcker,
Joachim}, year={2020} }'
chicago: Unruh, Roland, Frank Schafmeister, Norbert Fröhleke, and Joachim Böcker.
“1-MW Full-Bridge MMC for High-Current Low-Voltage (100V-400V) DC-Applications.”
In PCIM Europe Digital Days 2020; International Exhibition and Conference for
Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management.
VDE, 2020.
ieee: R. Unruh, F. Schafmeister, N. Fröhleke, and J. Böcker, “1-MW Full-Bridge MMC
for High-Current Low-Voltage (100V-400V) DC-Applications,” presented at the PCIM
Europe digital days 2020, Germany, 2020.
mla: Unruh, Roland, et al. “1-MW Full-Bridge MMC for High-Current Low-Voltage (100V-400V)
DC-Applications.” PCIM Europe Digital Days 2020; International Exhibition and
Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy
Management, VDE, 2020.
short: 'R. Unruh, F. Schafmeister, N. Fröhleke, J. Böcker, in: PCIM Europe Digital
Days 2020; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent
Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management, VDE, 2020.'
conference:
end_date: 2020-07-08
location: Germany
name: PCIM Europe digital days 2020
start_date: 2020-07-07
date_created: 2022-02-21T16:42:30Z
date_updated: 2023-10-20T11:52:39Z
department:
- _id: '52'
keyword:
- Cascaded H-Bridge
- Solid-State Transformer
- Capacitor voltage ripple
- Zero sequence voltage
- Full-Bridge
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9178138
publication: PCIM Europe digital days 2020; International Exhibition and Conference
for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management
publication_identifier:
isbn:
- 978-3-8007-5245-4
publication_status: published
publisher: VDE
status: public
title: 1-MW Full-Bridge MMC for High-Current Low-Voltage (100V-400V) DC-Applications
type: conference
user_id: '34289'
year: '2020'
...
---
_id: '9568'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: A simple pre-stress estimate method of Langevin transducers is studied. The
measurement setup consists of a capacitor, an impedance converter and a voltmeter.
Based on the piezoelectric equation and the basic circuit theory, the mathematical
expression between the pre-stress and the voltage across the capacitor is derived.
The pre-stress level can then be calculated out of the measurement of the capacitor
voltage. In order to evaluate the precision of this method, a force washer is
used to measure the pre-stress of the Langevin transducer. The result shows the
pre-stress level obtained from this method is 30-40\% higher than the pre-stress
level measured by the force washer. This method is simple and can be used to estimate
the pre-stress of various Langevin transducers. The precision of this method can
be raised if d33 is identified under different pre-stress levels.
author:
- first_name: Fu
full_name: Bo, Fu
last_name: Bo
- first_name: Li
full_name: Ting, Li
last_name: Ting
- first_name: Tobias
full_name: Hemsel, Tobias
id: '210'
last_name: Hemsel
citation:
ama: 'Bo F, Ting L, Hemsel T. A simple pre-stress estimating method of langevin
transducers. In: Piezoelectricity, Acoustic Waves, and Device Applications,
2008. SPAWDA 2008. Symposium On. ; 2008:324-327. doi:10.1109/SPAWDA.2008.4775801'
apa: Bo, F., Ting, L., & Hemsel, T. (2008). A simple pre-stress estimating method
of langevin transducers. In Piezoelectricity, Acoustic Waves, and Device Applications,
2008. SPAWDA 2008. Symposium on (pp. 324–327). https://doi.org/10.1109/SPAWDA.2008.4775801
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Bo_Ting_Hemsel_2008, title={A simple pre-stress estimating
method of langevin transducers}, DOI={10.1109/SPAWDA.2008.4775801},
booktitle={Piezoelectricity, Acoustic Waves, and Device Applications, 2008. SPAWDA
2008. Symposium on}, author={Bo, Fu and Ting, Li and Hemsel, Tobias}, year={2008},
pages={324–327} }'
chicago: Bo, Fu, Li Ting, and Tobias Hemsel. “A Simple Pre-Stress Estimating Method
of Langevin Transducers.” In Piezoelectricity, Acoustic Waves, and Device Applications,
2008. SPAWDA 2008. Symposium On, 324–27, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1109/SPAWDA.2008.4775801.
ieee: F. Bo, L. Ting, and T. Hemsel, “A simple pre-stress estimating method of langevin
transducers,” in Piezoelectricity, Acoustic Waves, and Device Applications,
2008. SPAWDA 2008. Symposium on, 2008, pp. 324–327.
mla: Bo, Fu, et al. “A Simple Pre-Stress Estimating Method of Langevin Transducers.”
Piezoelectricity, Acoustic Waves, and Device Applications, 2008. SPAWDA 2008.
Symposium On, 2008, pp. 324–27, doi:10.1109/SPAWDA.2008.4775801.
short: 'F. Bo, L. Ting, T. Hemsel, in: Piezoelectricity, Acoustic Waves, and Device
Applications, 2008. SPAWDA 2008. Symposium On, 2008, pp. 324–327.'
date_created: 2019-04-29T11:16:13Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T07:04:16Z
department:
- _id: '151'
doi: 10.1109/SPAWDA.2008.4775801
keyword:
- capacitors
- impedance convertors
- piezoelectric transducers
- stress analysis
- Langevin transducers
- basic circuit theory
- capacitor
- impedance converter
- piezoelectric equation
- pre-stress estimating method
- voltmeter
- Capacitors
- Educational institutions
- Equations
- Force measurement
- Impedance measurement
- Manufacturing
- Mechatronics
- Piezoelectric transducers
- Voltage
- Voltmeters
- Langevin transducer
- capacitor
- piezoelectric element
- pre-stress
language:
- iso: eng
page: 324-327
publication: Piezoelectricity, Acoustic Waves, and Device Applications, 2008. SPAWDA
2008. Symposium on
status: public
title: A simple pre-stress estimating method of langevin transducers
type: conference
user_id: '55222'
year: '2008'
...