@article{6091,
  abstract     = {{In the present article, the role of endogenous feature-specific orienting for conscious and unconscious vision is reviewed. We start with an overview of orienting. We proceed with a review of masking research, and the definition of the criteria of experimental protocols that demonstrate endogenous and exogenous orienting, respectively. Against this background of criteria, we assess studies of unconscious orienting and come to the conclusion that so far studies of unconscious orienting demonstrated endogenous feature-specific orienting. The review closes with a discussion of the role of unconscious orienting in action control. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)}},
  author       = {{Ansorge, Ulrich and Horstmann, Gernot and Scharlau, Ingrid}},
  issn         = {{1895-1171}},
  journal      = {{Advances in Cognitive Psychology}},
  keywords     = {{visual input, awareness, conscious, orientation, visual perception, Awareness, Consciousness States, Perceptual Orientation, Visual Perception, Blindsight}},
  number       = {{2}},
  pages        = {{108 -- 119}},
  title        = {{{Top-down contingent feature-specific orienting with and without awareness of the visual input.}}},
  volume       = {{7}},
  year         = {{2011}},
}

@article{6070,
  abstract     = {{The Fehrer-Raab effect (simple reaction time is unaffected by metacontrast masking of the test stimulus) seems to imply that a stimulus can trigger a voluntary reaction without reaching a conscious representation. However, it is also possible that the mask triggers the reaction, and that the masked test stimulus causes a focussing of attention from which processing of the mask profits, thus reaching conscious representation earlier. This is predicted by the Weather Station Model of visual masking. Three experiments tested this explanation. Experiment 1 showed that the masked test stimulus caused a temporal shift of the mask. Experiment 2 showed that the reaction in the Fehrer-Raab effect was not exclusively triggered by a conscious representation of the test stimulus: the mask was involved in evoking the reaction. Experiment 3 again revealed a temporal shift of the mask. However, the shift was only about half as large as the Fehrer-Raab effect. The psychometric functions suggested tha}},
  author       = {{Neumann, Odmar and Scharlau, Ingrid}},
  issn         = {{0340-0727}},
  journal      = {{Psychological Research}},
  keywords     = {{Fehrer-Raab effect, Weather Station Model, visual backward masking, reaction time, metacontrast masking, conscious representation, Cognition, Humans, Perceptual Masking, Pilot Projects, Psychology, Experimental, Psychometrics, Reaction Time, Visual Perception, Models, Reaction Time, Visual Contrast, Visual Masking}},
  number       = {{6}},
  pages        = {{667 -- 677}},
  title        = {{{Experiments on the Fehrer-Raab effect and the 'Weather Station Model' of visual backward masking.}}},
  volume       = {{71}},
  year         = {{2007}},
}

@article{6073,
  abstract     = {{The paper is concerned with two models of early visual processing which predict that priming of a visual mask by a preceding masked stimulus speeds up conscious perception of the mask (perceptual latency priming). One model ascribes this speed-up to facilitation by visuo-spatial attention [Scharlau, I., & Neumann, O. (2003a). Perceptual latency priming by masked and unmasked stimuli: Evidence for an attentional explanation. Psychological Research 67, 184-197], the other attributes it to nonspecific upgrading mediated by retino-thalamic and thalamo-cortical pathways [Bachmann, T. (1994). Psychophysiology of visual masking: The fine structure of conscious experience. Commack, NY: Nova Science Publishers]. The models make different predictions about the time course of perceptual latency priming. Four experiments test these predictions. The results provide more support for the attentional than for the upgrading model. The experiments further demonstrate that testing latency facilitation w}},
  author       = {{Scharlau, Ingrid and Ansorge, Ulrich and Horstmann, Gernot}},
  issn         = {{0001-6918}},
  journal      = {{Acta Psychologica}},
  keywords     = {{latency facilitation, temporal order judgments, visual processing, priming, conscious perception, visual mask, Adult, Attention, Female, Humans, Judgment, Male, Perceptual Masking, Reaction Time, Space Perception, Time Perception, Visual Perception, Consciousness States, Judgment, Priming, Visual Masking, Temporal Order (Judgment)}},
  number       = {{2}},
  pages        = {{129 -- 159}},
  title        = {{{Latency facilitation in temporal-order judgments: Time course of facilitation as a function of judgment type.}}},
  volume       = {{122}},
  year         = {{2006}},
}