---
_id: '64787'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: This study proposes a fault diagnostics methodology that addresses the challenges
    posed by highly imbalanced datasets typical of railway applications, where faulty
    conditions constitute the minority class. Fault diagnostics is performed from
    the component level upward, considering each sensor’s proximity to its respective
    critical component. Advanced signal analysis, feature engineering, and automated
    data-driven model generation techniques were explored to achieve comprehensive
    diagnostics, such that the model development process accounts for variations in
    the operating conditions and differing levels of information availability. The
    proposed methodology is evaluated on datasets from the MONOCAB, for scenarios
    with limited faulty instances and on the Beijing 2024 IEEE PHM Conference data
    challenge, which focused on fault diagnostics of railway systems under various
    fault modes and operating conditions.
article_number: '1'
author:
- first_name: Osarenren Kennedy
  full_name: Aimiyekagbon, Osarenren Kennedy
  id: '9557'
  last_name: Aimiyekagbon
- first_name: Alexander
  full_name: Löwen, Alexander
  id: '47233'
  last_name: Löwen
- first_name: Raphael
  full_name: Hanselle, Raphael
  last_name: Hanselle
- first_name: Thomas
  full_name: Rief, Thomas
  last_name: Rief
- first_name: Maximilian
  full_name: Beck, Maximilian
  last_name: Beck
- first_name: Walter
  full_name: Sextro, Walter
  id: '21220'
  last_name: Sextro
citation:
  ama: 'Aimiyekagbon OK, Löwen A, Hanselle R, Rief T, Beck M, Sextro W. Multilevel
    fault diagnostics for railway applications using limited historical data. In:
    <i>PHM Society Asia-Pacific Conference</i>. Vol 5. ; 2025. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.36001/phmap.2025.v5i1.4449">10.36001/phmap.2025.v5i1.4449</a>'
  apa: Aimiyekagbon, O. K., Löwen, A., Hanselle, R., Rief, T., Beck, M., &#38; Sextro,
    W. (2025). Multilevel fault diagnostics for railway applications using limited
    historical data. <i>PHM Society Asia-Pacific Conference</i>, <i>5</i>, Article
    1. <a href="https://doi.org/10.36001/phmap.2025.v5i1.4449">https://doi.org/10.36001/phmap.2025.v5i1.4449</a>
  bibtex: '@inproceedings{Aimiyekagbon_Löwen_Hanselle_Rief_Beck_Sextro_2025, title={Multilevel
    fault diagnostics for railway applications using limited historical data}, volume={5},
    DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.36001/phmap.2025.v5i1.4449">10.36001/phmap.2025.v5i1.4449</a>},
    number={1}, booktitle={PHM Society Asia-Pacific Conference}, author={Aimiyekagbon,
    Osarenren Kennedy and Löwen, Alexander and Hanselle, Raphael and Rief, Thomas
    and Beck, Maximilian and Sextro, Walter}, year={2025} }'
  chicago: Aimiyekagbon, Osarenren Kennedy, Alexander Löwen, Raphael Hanselle, Thomas
    Rief, Maximilian Beck, and Walter Sextro. “Multilevel Fault Diagnostics for Railway
    Applications Using Limited Historical Data.” In <i>PHM Society Asia-Pacific Conference</i>,
    Vol. 5, 2025. <a href="https://doi.org/10.36001/phmap.2025.v5i1.4449">https://doi.org/10.36001/phmap.2025.v5i1.4449</a>.
  ieee: 'O. K. Aimiyekagbon, A. Löwen, R. Hanselle, T. Rief, M. Beck, and W. Sextro,
    “Multilevel fault diagnostics for railway applications using limited historical
    data,” in <i>PHM Society Asia-Pacific Conference</i>, 2025, vol. 5, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.36001/phmap.2025.v5i1.4449">10.36001/phmap.2025.v5i1.4449</a>.'
  mla: Aimiyekagbon, Osarenren Kennedy, et al. “Multilevel Fault Diagnostics for Railway
    Applications Using Limited Historical Data.” <i>PHM Society Asia-Pacific Conference</i>,
    vol. 5, 1, 2025, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.36001/phmap.2025.v5i1.4449">10.36001/phmap.2025.v5i1.4449</a>.
  short: 'O.K. Aimiyekagbon, A. Löwen, R. Hanselle, T. Rief, M. Beck, W. Sextro, in:
    PHM Society Asia-Pacific Conference, 2025.'
date_created: 2026-02-27T20:41:54Z
date_updated: 2026-02-27T20:46:44Z
department:
- _id: '151'
doi: 10.36001/phmap.2025.v5i1.4449
intvolume: '         5'
keyword:
- MONOCAB
- Beijing Data Challenge
- Diagnostics of railway systems
language:
- iso: eng
project:
- _id: '1355'
  name: enableATO – Automatisierter Bahnverkehr als Backbone für eine nachhaltige,
    vernetzte Mobilität im ländlichen Raum
publication: PHM Society Asia-Pacific Conference
publication_status: published
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Multilevel fault diagnostics for railway applications using limited historical
  data
type: conference
user_id: '9557'
volume: 5
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '51518'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: In applications of piezoelectric actuators and sensors, the dependability
    and particularly the reliability throughout their lifetime are vital to manufacturers
    and end-users and are enabled through condition-monitoring approaches. Existing
    approaches often utilize impedance measurements over a range of frequencies or
    velocity measurements and require additional equipment or sensors, such as a laser
    Doppler vibrometer. Furthermore, the non-negligible effects of varying operating
    conditions are often unconsidered. To minimize the need for additional sensors
    while maintaining the dependability of piezoelectric bending actuators irrespective
    of varying operating conditions, an online diagnostics approach is proposed. To
    this end, time- and frequency-domain features are extracted from monitored current
    signals to reflect hairline crack development in bending actuators. For validation
    of applicability, the presented analysis method was evaluated on piezoelectric
    bending actuators subjected to accelerated lifetime tests at varying voltage amplitudes
    and under external damping conditions. In the presence of a crack and due to a
    diminished stiffness, the resonance frequency decreases and the root-mean-square
    amplitude of the current signal simultaneously abruptly drops during the lifetime
    tests. Furthermore, the piezoelectric crack surfaces clapping is reflected in
    higher harmonics of the current signal. Thus, time-domain features and harmonics
    of the current signals are sufficient to diagnose hairline cracks in the actuators.
article_number: '521'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Osarenren Kennedy
  full_name: Aimiyekagbon, Osarenren Kennedy
  id: '9557'
  last_name: Aimiyekagbon
- first_name: Amelie
  full_name: Bender, Amelie
  id: '54290'
  last_name: Bender
- first_name: Tobias
  full_name: Hemsel, Tobias
  id: '210'
  last_name: Hemsel
- first_name: Walter
  full_name: Sextro, Walter
  id: '21220'
  last_name: Sextro
citation:
  ama: Aimiyekagbon OK, Bender A, Hemsel T, Sextro W. Diagnostics of Piezoelectric
    Bending Actuators Subjected to Varying Operating Conditions. <i>Electronics</i>.
    2024;13(3). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13030521">10.3390/electronics13030521</a>
  apa: Aimiyekagbon, O. K., Bender, A., Hemsel, T., &#38; Sextro, W. (2024). Diagnostics
    of Piezoelectric Bending Actuators Subjected to Varying Operating Conditions.
    <i>Electronics</i>, <i>13</i>(3), Article 521. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13030521">https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13030521</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Aimiyekagbon_Bender_Hemsel_Sextro_2024, title={Diagnostics of
    Piezoelectric Bending Actuators Subjected to Varying Operating Conditions}, volume={13},
    DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13030521">10.3390/electronics13030521</a>},
    number={3521}, journal={Electronics}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Aimiyekagbon,
    Osarenren Kennedy and Bender, Amelie and Hemsel, Tobias and Sextro, Walter}, year={2024}
    }'
  chicago: Aimiyekagbon, Osarenren Kennedy, Amelie Bender, Tobias Hemsel, and Walter
    Sextro. “Diagnostics of Piezoelectric Bending Actuators Subjected to Varying Operating
    Conditions.” <i>Electronics</i> 13, no. 3 (2024). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13030521">https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13030521</a>.
  ieee: 'O. K. Aimiyekagbon, A. Bender, T. Hemsel, and W. Sextro, “Diagnostics of
    Piezoelectric Bending Actuators Subjected to Varying Operating Conditions,” <i>Electronics</i>,
    vol. 13, no. 3, Art. no. 521, 2024, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13030521">10.3390/electronics13030521</a>.'
  mla: Aimiyekagbon, Osarenren Kennedy, et al. “Diagnostics of Piezoelectric Bending
    Actuators Subjected to Varying Operating Conditions.” <i>Electronics</i>, vol.
    13, no. 3, 521, MDPI AG, 2024, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13030521">10.3390/electronics13030521</a>.
  short: O.K. Aimiyekagbon, A. Bender, T. Hemsel, W. Sextro, Electronics 13 (2024).
date_created: 2024-02-20T06:46:43Z
date_updated: 2024-03-15T16:15:56Z
department:
- _id: '151'
doi: 10.3390/electronics13030521
funded_apc: '1'
intvolume: '        13'
issue: '3'
keyword:
- piezoelectric transducer
- self-sensing
- fault detection
- diagnostics
- hairline crack
- condition monitoring
language:
- iso: eng
publication: Electronics
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2079-9292
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI AG
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Diagnostics of Piezoelectric Bending Actuators Subjected to Varying Operating
  Conditions
type: journal_article
user_id: '9557'
volume: 13
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '47116'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: This paper presents a comprehensive study on diagnosing a spacecraft propulsion
    system utilizing data provided by the Prognostics and Health Management (PHM)
    society, specifically obtained as part of the Asia-Pacific PHM conference’s data
    challenge 2023. The objective of the challenge is to identify and diagnose known
    faults as well as unknown anomalies in the spacecraft’s propulsion system, which
    is critical for ensuring the spacecraft’s proper functionality and safety. To
    address this challenge, the proposed method follows a systematic approach of feature
    extraction, feature selection, and model development. The models employed in this
    study are kMeans clustering and decision trees combined to ensembles, enriched
    with expert knowledge. With the method presented, our team was capable of reaching
    high accuracy in identifying anomalies as well as diagnosing faults, resulting
    in attaining the seventh place with a score of 93.08 %.
author:
- first_name: Osarenren Kennedy
  full_name: Aimiyekagbon, Osarenren Kennedy
  id: '9557'
  last_name: Aimiyekagbon
- first_name: Alexander
  full_name: Löwen, Alexander
  id: '47233'
  last_name: Löwen
- first_name: Amelie
  full_name: Bender, Amelie
  id: '54290'
  last_name: Bender
- first_name: Lars
  full_name: Muth, Lars
  id: '77313'
  last_name: Muth
  orcid: 0000-0002-2938-5616
- first_name: Walter
  full_name: Sextro, Walter
  id: '21220'
  last_name: Sextro
citation:
  ama: 'Aimiyekagbon OK, Löwen A, Bender A, Muth L, Sextro W. Expert-Informed Hierarchical
    Diagnostics of Multiple Fault Modes of a Spacecraft Propulsion System. In: <i>Proceedings
    of the Asia Pacific Conference of the PHM Society 2023 </i>. Vol 4. ; 2023. doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.36001/phmap.2023.v4i1.3596">10.36001/phmap.2023.v4i1.3596</a>'
  apa: Aimiyekagbon, O. K., Löwen, A., Bender, A., Muth, L., &#38; Sextro, W. (2023).
    Expert-Informed Hierarchical Diagnostics of Multiple Fault Modes of a Spacecraft
    Propulsion System. <i>Proceedings of the Asia Pacific Conference of the PHM Society
    2023 </i>, <i>4</i>(1). <a href="https://doi.org/10.36001/phmap.2023.v4i1.3596">https://doi.org/10.36001/phmap.2023.v4i1.3596</a>
  bibtex: '@inproceedings{Aimiyekagbon_Löwen_Bender_Muth_Sextro_2023, title={Expert-Informed
    Hierarchical Diagnostics of Multiple Fault Modes of a Spacecraft Propulsion System},
    volume={4}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.36001/phmap.2023.v4i1.3596">10.36001/phmap.2023.v4i1.3596</a>},
    number={1}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Asia Pacific Conference of the PHM Society
    2023 }, author={Aimiyekagbon, Osarenren Kennedy and Löwen, Alexander and Bender,
    Amelie and Muth, Lars and Sextro, Walter}, year={2023} }'
  chicago: Aimiyekagbon, Osarenren Kennedy, Alexander Löwen, Amelie Bender, Lars Muth,
    and Walter Sextro. “Expert-Informed Hierarchical Diagnostics of Multiple Fault
    Modes of a Spacecraft Propulsion System.” In <i>Proceedings of the Asia Pacific
    Conference of the PHM Society 2023 </i>, Vol. 4, 2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.36001/phmap.2023.v4i1.3596">https://doi.org/10.36001/phmap.2023.v4i1.3596</a>.
  ieee: 'O. K. Aimiyekagbon, A. Löwen, A. Bender, L. Muth, and W. Sextro, “Expert-Informed
    Hierarchical Diagnostics of Multiple Fault Modes of a Spacecraft Propulsion System,”
    in <i>Proceedings of the Asia Pacific Conference of the PHM Society 2023 </i>,
    2023, vol. 4, no. 1, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.36001/phmap.2023.v4i1.3596">10.36001/phmap.2023.v4i1.3596</a>.'
  mla: Aimiyekagbon, Osarenren Kennedy, et al. “Expert-Informed Hierarchical Diagnostics
    of Multiple Fault Modes of a Spacecraft Propulsion System.” <i>Proceedings of
    the Asia Pacific Conference of the PHM Society 2023 </i>, vol. 4, no. 1, 2023,
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.36001/phmap.2023.v4i1.3596">10.36001/phmap.2023.v4i1.3596</a>.
  short: 'O.K. Aimiyekagbon, A. Löwen, A. Bender, L. Muth, W. Sextro, in: Proceedings
    of the Asia Pacific Conference of the PHM Society 2023 , 2023.'
date_created: 2023-09-18T07:52:32Z
date_updated: 2024-08-19T07:39:12Z
department:
- _id: '151'
doi: 10.36001/phmap.2023.v4i1.3596
intvolume: '         4'
issue: '1'
keyword:
- PHM
- Fault Diagnostics
- Multiple Fault Modes
- Expert-Informed Diagnostics
- Anomaly Detection
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://www.papers.phmsociety.org/index.php/phmap/article/view/3596
oa: '1'
publication: 'Proceedings of the Asia Pacific Conference of the PHM Society 2023 '
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Expert-Informed Hierarchical Diagnostics of Multiple Fault Modes of a Spacecraft
  Propulsion System
type: conference
user_id: '9557'
volume: 4
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '44672'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: With enhancing digitalization, condition monitoring is used in an increasing
    number of application fields across various industrial sectors. By its application,
    increased reliability as well as reduced risks and costs can be achieved. Based
    on different approaches, technical systems are monitored and measured data is
    analyzed to enable condition-based or predictive maintenance. To this end, machine
    learning approaches are usually implemented to diagnose the health states or predict
    the health index of the monitored system. However, these trained models are often
    black-box models, not intuitively explainable for a human. To overcome this shortcoming,
    a model-based approach based on physics is developed for piezoelectric bending
    actuators. Such a model enables a transparent representation of the system. Moreover,
    the model-based approach is extended by a parameter-estimation to account for
    sudden changes in behavior e. g. caused by occurring cracks.
article_number: '114399'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Amelie
  full_name: Bender, Amelie
  id: '54290'
  last_name: Bender
citation:
  ama: 'Bender A. Model-based condition monitoring of piezoelectric bending actuators.
    <i>Sensors and Actuators A: Physical</i>. 2023;357. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2023.114399">10.1016/j.sna.2023.114399</a>'
  apa: 'Bender, A. (2023). Model-based condition monitoring of piezoelectric bending
    actuators. <i>Sensors and Actuators A: Physical</i>, <i>357</i>, Article 114399.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2023.114399">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2023.114399</a>'
  bibtex: '@article{Bender_2023, title={Model-based condition monitoring of piezoelectric
    bending actuators}, volume={357}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2023.114399">10.1016/j.sna.2023.114399</a>},
    number={114399}, journal={Sensors and Actuators A: Physical}, publisher={Elsevier
    BV}, author={Bender, Amelie}, year={2023} }'
  chicago: 'Bender, Amelie. “Model-Based Condition Monitoring of Piezoelectric Bending
    Actuators.” <i>Sensors and Actuators A: Physical</i> 357 (2023). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2023.114399">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2023.114399</a>.'
  ieee: 'A. Bender, “Model-based condition monitoring of piezoelectric bending actuators,”
    <i>Sensors and Actuators A: Physical</i>, vol. 357, Art. no. 114399, 2023, doi:
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2023.114399">10.1016/j.sna.2023.114399</a>.'
  mla: 'Bender, Amelie. “Model-Based Condition Monitoring of Piezoelectric Bending
    Actuators.” <i>Sensors and Actuators A: Physical</i>, vol. 357, 114399, Elsevier
    BV, 2023, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2023.114399">10.1016/j.sna.2023.114399</a>.'
  short: 'A. Bender, Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 357 (2023).'
date_created: 2023-05-09T09:49:44Z
date_updated: 2023-05-09T09:53:31Z
department:
- _id: '151'
doi: 10.1016/j.sna.2023.114399
intvolume: '       357'
keyword:
- Condition Monitoring
- Model-based approach Diagnostics
- Varying conditions
- Explainability
- Piezoelectric bending actuators
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://authors.elsevier.com/a/1h2WV3IC9dF7Hm
oa: '1'
publication: 'Sensors and Actuators A: Physical'
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0924-4247
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier BV
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Model-based condition monitoring of piezoelectric bending actuators
type: journal_article
user_id: '54290'
volume: 357
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '22507'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Several methods, including order analysis, wavelet analysis and empirical
    mode decomposition have been proposed and successfully employed for the health
    state estimation of technical systems operating under varying conditions. However,
    where information such as the speed of rotating machinery, component specifications
    or other domain-specific information is unavailable, such methods are often infeasible.
    Thus, this paper investigates the application of classical time-domain features,
    features from the medical field and novel features from the highly comparative
    time-series analysis (HCTSA) package, for the health state estimation of rotating
    machinery operating under varying conditions. Furthermore, several feature selection
    methods are investigated to identify features as viable health indicators for
    the diagnostics and prognostics of technical systems. As a case study, the presented
    methods are evaluated on real-world and experimentally acquired vibration data
    of bearings operating under varying speed. The results show that the selected
    features can successfully be employed as health indicators for technical systems
    operating under varying conditions.
author:
- first_name: Osarenren Kennedy
  full_name: Aimiyekagbon, Osarenren Kennedy
  id: '9557'
  last_name: Aimiyekagbon
- first_name: Amelie
  full_name: Bender, Amelie
  id: '54290'
  last_name: Bender
- first_name: Walter
  full_name: Sextro, Walter
  id: '21220'
  last_name: Sextro
citation:
  ama: 'Aimiyekagbon OK, Bender A, Sextro W. On the applicability of time series features
    as health indicators for technical systems operating under varying conditions.
    In: <i>Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Conference on Condition Monitoring
    and Asset Management (CM 2021)</i>.'
  apa: Aimiyekagbon, O. K., Bender, A., &#38; Sextro, W. (n.d.). On the applicability
    of time series features as health indicators for technical systems operating under
    varying conditions. <i>Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Conference
    on Condition Monitoring and Asset Management (CM 2021)</i>. Seventeenth International
    Conference on Condition Monitoring and Asset Management (CM 2021).
  bibtex: '@inproceedings{Aimiyekagbon_Bender_Sextro, title={On the applicability
    of time series features as health indicators for technical systems operating under
    varying conditions}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Conference
    on Condition Monitoring and Asset Management (CM 2021)}, author={Aimiyekagbon,
    Osarenren Kennedy and Bender, Amelie and Sextro, Walter} }'
  chicago: Aimiyekagbon, Osarenren Kennedy, Amelie Bender, and Walter Sextro. “On
    the Applicability of Time Series Features as Health Indicators for Technical Systems
    Operating under Varying Conditions.” In <i>Proceedings of the Seventeenth International
    Conference on Condition Monitoring and Asset Management (CM 2021)</i>, n.d.
  ieee: O. K. Aimiyekagbon, A. Bender, and W. Sextro, “On the applicability of time
    series features as health indicators for technical systems operating under varying
    conditions,” presented at the Seventeenth International Conference on Condition
    Monitoring and Asset Management (CM 2021).
  mla: Aimiyekagbon, Osarenren Kennedy, et al. “On the Applicability of Time Series
    Features as Health Indicators for Technical Systems Operating under Varying Conditions.”
    <i>Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Conference on Condition Monitoring
    and Asset Management (CM 2021)</i>.
  short: 'O.K. Aimiyekagbon, A. Bender, W. Sextro, in: Proceedings of the Seventeenth
    International Conference on Condition Monitoring and Asset Management (CM 2021),
    n.d.'
conference:
  end_date: 2021-06-18
  name: Seventeenth International Conference on Condition Monitoring and Asset Management
    (CM 2021)
  start_date: 2021-06-14
date_created: 2021-06-23T05:24:39Z
date_updated: 2023-09-22T08:10:34Z
ddc:
- '620'
department:
- _id: '151'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: kennedy
  date_created: 2021-06-23T06:43:44Z
  date_updated: 2021-06-23T06:50:07Z
  description: 'This is a post-print version of the article presented at the Seventeenth
    International Con-ference on Condition Monitoring and Asset Management (CM 2021).
    The event websiteis available at:  https://www.bindt.org/events/CM-2021/ and the
    abstract is available at:https://www.bindt.org/events/CM-2021/abstract-9a7/.'
  file_id: '22508'
  file_name: Aimiyekagbon_et_al_2021_On_the_applicability_of_time_series_features_as_health_indicators_postPrint.pdf
  file_size: 1875572
  relation: main_file
  title: On the applicability of time series features as health indicators for technical
    systems operating under varying conditions
file_date_updated: 2021-06-23T06:50:07Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
keyword:
- Wind turbine diagnostics
- bearing diagnostics
- non-stationary operating conditions
- varying operating conditions
- feature extraction
- feature selection
- fault detection
- failure detection
language:
- iso: eng
oa: '1'
publication: Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Conference on Condition
  Monitoring and Asset Management (CM 2021)
publication_status: inpress
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: On the applicability of time series features as health indicators for technical
  systems operating under varying conditions
type: conference
user_id: '9557'
year: '2021'
...
---
_id: '27111'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: In the industry 4.0 era, there is a growing need to transform unstructured
    data acquired by a multitude of sources into information and subsequently into
    knowledge to improve the quality of manufactured products, to boost production,
    for predictive maintenance, etc. Data-driven approaches, such as machine learning
    techniques, are typically employed to model the underlying relationship from data.
    However, an increase in model accuracy with state-of-the-art methods, such as
    deep convolutional neural networks, results in less interpretability and transparency.
    Due to the ease of implementation, interpretation and transparency to both domain
    experts and non-experts, a rule-based method is proposed in this paper, for prognostics
    and health management (PHM) and specifically for diagnostics. The proposed method
    utilizes the most relevant sensor signals acquired via feature extraction and
    selection techniques and expert knowledge. As a case study, the presented method
    is evaluated on data from a real-world quality control set-up provided by the
    European prognostics and health management society (PHME) at the conference’s
    2021 data challenge. With the proposed method, our team took the third place,
    capable of successfully diagnosing different fault modes, irrespective of varying
    conditions.
author:
- first_name: Osarenren Kennedy
  full_name: Aimiyekagbon, Osarenren Kennedy
  id: '9557'
  last_name: Aimiyekagbon
- first_name: Lars
  full_name: Muth, Lars
  id: '77313'
  last_name: Muth
  orcid: 0000-0002-2938-5616
- first_name: Meike Claudia
  full_name: Wohlleben, Meike Claudia
  id: '43991'
  last_name: Wohlleben
  orcid: 0009-0009-9767-7168
- first_name: Amelie
  full_name: Bender, Amelie
  id: '54290'
  last_name: Bender
- first_name: Walter
  full_name: Sextro, Walter
  id: '21220'
  last_name: Sextro
citation:
  ama: 'Aimiyekagbon OK, Muth L, Wohlleben MC, Bender A, Sextro W. Rule-based Diagnostics
    of a Production Line. In: Do P, King S, Fink O, eds. <i>Proceedings of the European
    Conference of the PHM Society 2021</i>. Vol 6. ; 2021:527-536. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.36001/phme.2021.v6i1.3042">10.36001/phme.2021.v6i1.3042</a>'
  apa: Aimiyekagbon, O. K., Muth, L., Wohlleben, M. C., Bender, A., &#38; Sextro,
    W. (2021). Rule-based Diagnostics of a Production Line. In P. Do, S. King, &#38;
    O. Fink (Eds.), <i>Proceedings of the European Conference of the PHM Society 2021</i>
    (Vol. 6, Issue 1, pp. 527–536). <a href="https://doi.org/10.36001/phme.2021.v6i1.3042">https://doi.org/10.36001/phme.2021.v6i1.3042</a>
  bibtex: '@inproceedings{Aimiyekagbon_Muth_Wohlleben_Bender_Sextro_2021, title={Rule-based
    Diagnostics of a Production Line}, volume={6}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.36001/phme.2021.v6i1.3042">10.36001/phme.2021.v6i1.3042</a>},
    number={1}, booktitle={Proceedings of the European Conference of the PHM Society
    2021}, author={Aimiyekagbon, Osarenren Kennedy and Muth, Lars and Wohlleben, Meike
    Claudia and Bender, Amelie and Sextro, Walter}, editor={Do, Phuc and King, Steve
    and Fink, Olga}, year={2021}, pages={527–536} }'
  chicago: Aimiyekagbon, Osarenren Kennedy, Lars Muth, Meike Claudia Wohlleben, Amelie
    Bender, and Walter Sextro. “Rule-Based Diagnostics of a Production Line.” In <i>Proceedings
    of the European Conference of the PHM Society 2021</i>, edited by Phuc Do, Steve
    King, and Olga Fink, 6:527–36, 2021. <a href="https://doi.org/10.36001/phme.2021.v6i1.3042">https://doi.org/10.36001/phme.2021.v6i1.3042</a>.
  ieee: 'O. K. Aimiyekagbon, L. Muth, M. C. Wohlleben, A. Bender, and W. Sextro, “Rule-based
    Diagnostics of a Production Line,” in <i>Proceedings of the European Conference
    of the PHM Society 2021</i>, 2021, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 527–536, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.36001/phme.2021.v6i1.3042">10.36001/phme.2021.v6i1.3042</a>.'
  mla: Aimiyekagbon, Osarenren Kennedy, et al. “Rule-Based Diagnostics of a Production
    Line.” <i>Proceedings of the European Conference of the PHM Society 2021</i>,
    edited by Phuc Do et al., vol. 6, no. 1, 2021, pp. 527–36, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.36001/phme.2021.v6i1.3042">10.36001/phme.2021.v6i1.3042</a>.
  short: 'O.K. Aimiyekagbon, L. Muth, M.C. Wohlleben, A. Bender, W. Sextro, in: P.
    Do, S. King, O. Fink (Eds.), Proceedings of the European Conference of the PHM
    Society 2021, 2021, pp. 527–536.'
conference:
  name: PHM Society European Conference
date_created: 2021-11-03T12:26:39Z
date_updated: 2023-09-22T09:13:01Z
department:
- _id: '151'
doi: 10.36001/phme.2021.v6i1.3042
editor:
- first_name: Phuc
  full_name: Do, Phuc
  last_name: Do
- first_name: Steve
  full_name: King, Steve
  last_name: King
- first_name: Olga
  full_name: Fink, Olga
  last_name: Fink
intvolume: '         6'
issue: '1'
keyword:
- PHME 2021
- Feature Selection Classification
- Feature Selection Clustering
- Interpretable Model
- Transparent Model
- Industry 4.0
- Real-World Diagnostics
- Quality Control
- Predictive Maintenance
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: http://papers.phmsociety.org/index.php/phme/article/download/3042/1812
oa: '1'
page: 527-536
publication: Proceedings of the European Conference of the PHM Society 2021
publication_status: published
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Rule-based Diagnostics of a Production Line
type: conference
user_id: '9557'
volume: 6
year: '2021'
...
