---
_id: '57699'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: <jats:p>The optimization of process parameters in powder Directed Energy Deposition
    (DED) is essential for achieving consistent, high-quality bead geometries, which
    directly influence the performance and structural integrity of fabricated components.
    As a subset of additive manufacturing (AM), the DED process, also referred to
    as laser metal deposition (LMD), enables precise, layer-by-layer material deposition,
    making it highly suitable for complex geometries and part repair applications.
    Critical parameters, such as the laser power, feed rate, powder mass flow, and
    substrate temperature govern the deposition process, impacting the bead height,
    width, contact angle, and dilution. Inconsistent control over these variables
    can lead to defects, such as poor bonding, dimensional inaccuracies, and material
    weaknesses, ultimately compromising the final product. This paper investigates
    the effects of various process parameters, specifically the substrate temperature,
    on bead track geometry in DED processes for stainless steel (1.4404). A specialized
    experimental setup, integrated within a DED machine, facilitates the controlled
    thermal conditioning of sample sheets. Using Design of Experiments (DoE) methods,
    individual bead marks are generated and analyzed to assess geometric characteristics.
    Regression models, including both linear and quadratic approaches, are constructed
    to predict machine parameters for achieving the desired bead geometry at different
    substrate temperatures. Validation experiments confirm the accuracy and reliability
    of the models, particularly in predicting the bead height, bead width, and contact
    angle across a broad range of substrate temperatures. However, the models demonstrated
    limitations in accurately predicting dilution, indicating the need for further
    refinement. Despite some deviations in measured values, successful fabrication
    is achieved, demonstrating robust bonding between the bead and substrate. The
    developed models offer insights into optimizing DED process parameters to achieve
    desired bead characteristics, advancing the precision and reliability of additive
    manufacturing technology. Future work will focus on refining the regression models
    to improve predictions, particularly for dilution, and further investigate non-linear
    interactions between process variables.</jats:p>
article_number: '1353'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Deviprasad
  full_name: Chalicheemalapalli Jayasankar, Deviprasad
  id: '49504'
  last_name: Chalicheemalapalli Jayasankar
  orcid: https://orcid.org/ 0000-0002-3446-2444
- first_name: Stefan
  full_name: Gnaase, Stefan
  id: '25730'
  last_name: Gnaase
- first_name: Dennis
  full_name: Lehnert, Dennis
  id: '90491'
  last_name: Lehnert
- first_name: Artur
  full_name: Walter, Artur
  last_name: Walter
- first_name: Robin
  full_name: Rohling, Robin
  last_name: Rohling
- first_name: Thomas
  full_name: Tröster, Thomas
  id: '553'
  last_name: Tröster
citation:
  ama: 'Chalicheemalapalli Jayasankar D, Gnaase S, Lehnert D, Walter A, Rohling R,
    Tröster T. Effect of Substrate Temperature on Bead Track Geometry of 316L in Directed
    Energy Deposition: Investigation and Regression Modeling. <i>Metals</i>. 2024;14(12).
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/met14121353">10.3390/met14121353</a>'
  apa: 'Chalicheemalapalli Jayasankar, D., Gnaase, S., Lehnert, D., Walter, A., Rohling,
    R., &#38; Tröster, T. (2024). Effect of Substrate Temperature on Bead Track Geometry
    of 316L in Directed Energy Deposition: Investigation and Regression Modeling.
    <i>Metals</i>, <i>14</i>(12), Article 1353. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/met14121353">https://doi.org/10.3390/met14121353</a>'
  bibtex: '@article{Chalicheemalapalli Jayasankar_Gnaase_Lehnert_Walter_Rohling_Tröster_2024,
    title={Effect of Substrate Temperature on Bead Track Geometry of 316L in Directed
    Energy Deposition: Investigation and Regression Modeling}, volume={14}, DOI={<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.3390/met14121353">10.3390/met14121353</a>}, number={121353},
    journal={Metals}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Chalicheemalapalli Jayasankar,
    Deviprasad and Gnaase, Stefan and Lehnert, Dennis and Walter, Artur and Rohling,
    Robin and Tröster, Thomas}, year={2024} }'
  chicago: 'Chalicheemalapalli Jayasankar, Deviprasad, Stefan Gnaase, Dennis Lehnert,
    Artur Walter, Robin Rohling, and Thomas Tröster. “Effect of Substrate Temperature
    on Bead Track Geometry of 316L in Directed Energy Deposition: Investigation and
    Regression Modeling.” <i>Metals</i> 14, no. 12 (2024). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/met14121353">https://doi.org/10.3390/met14121353</a>.'
  ieee: 'D. Chalicheemalapalli Jayasankar, S. Gnaase, D. Lehnert, A. Walter, R. Rohling,
    and T. Tröster, “Effect of Substrate Temperature on Bead Track Geometry of 316L
    in Directed Energy Deposition: Investigation and Regression Modeling,” <i>Metals</i>,
    vol. 14, no. 12, Art. no. 1353, 2024, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/met14121353">10.3390/met14121353</a>.'
  mla: 'Chalicheemalapalli Jayasankar, Deviprasad, et al. “Effect of Substrate Temperature
    on Bead Track Geometry of 316L in Directed Energy Deposition: Investigation and
    Regression Modeling.” <i>Metals</i>, vol. 14, no. 12, 1353, MDPI AG, 2024, doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.3390/met14121353">10.3390/met14121353</a>.'
  short: D. Chalicheemalapalli Jayasankar, S. Gnaase, D. Lehnert, A. Walter, R. Rohling,
    T. Tröster, Metals 14 (2024).
date_created: 2024-12-10T12:13:23Z
date_updated: 2026-03-20T08:44:28Z
ddc:
- '670'
department:
- _id: '321'
- _id: '149'
- _id: '9'
doi: 10.3390/met14121353
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        14'
issue: '12'
keyword:
- additive manufacturing
- direct energy deposition
- laser metal deposition
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/14/12/1353
oa: '1'
publication: Metals
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2075-4701
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI AG
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: 'Effect of Substrate Temperature on Bead Track Geometry of 316L in Directed
  Energy Deposition: Investigation and Regression Modeling'
type: journal_article
user_id: '49504'
volume: 14
year: '2024'
...