--- _id: '19393' abstract: - lang: eng text: "To provide a simple instrument to operate residential Load-Shifting or Demand-Side-Management \r\nsystems, the measurement of the actual grid frequency seems to be an appropriate method. Due to the present \r\ninflexibility and the lack of sufficient throttling capabilities of lignite and nuclear power plants, a surplus of \r\nelectricity generation occurs during periods of high wind and solar power generation. While the specific CO2-\r\nemission is decreasing then ‒ due to the increased share of Renewables, the grid frequency is increasing (to a certain \r\nlimit). Using the grid frequency as an indicator to switch-on and off certain loads (loads that do not require power \r\npermanently (e.g. dishwashers, washing machines, dryers, fridges and freezers, heaters) could provide a simple, \r\ninexpensive demand-side management indicator to lower specific CO2‒emssions and costs (if a dynamic \r\nconsumption tariff is available). To check the truthfulness of that hypothesis, the grid and frequency data of the \r\nGerman grid of the year 2018 have been collected and a the correlation between grid frequency, power surplus, share \r\nof renewables vs. CO2-contents and price at the European energy exchange (EEX) have been calculated. The results \r\nshow: Correlation between frequency and share of renewables is quite low (r = 0.155) due to the fact that primary \r\ngrid control quickly compensates deviations from the 50 Hz nominal frequency. There is a good anti-correlation (r = -\r\n0.687) between the EEX‒prices and the share of renewables in the grid. Over the years, correlation between \r\nelectricity trading prices (EEX) and CO2 emissions is quite good (r =0.665), within the one year (2018) that \r\ncorrelation almost doesn’t exist, possibly due to the inflexibility of the bulky lignite power plants that even operate at \r\nnegative prices. \r\n" author: - first_name: Stefan full_name: Krauter, Stefan id: '28836' last_name: Krauter orcid: 0000-0002-3594-260X - first_name: L. full_name: Zhang, L. last_name: Zhang citation: ama: 'Krauter S, Zhang L. Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation of electricity prices, share of renewables, CO2‒contents, and grid‒frequency in the German electricity grid. In: Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020. ; 2020:1815-1817. doi:10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9' apa: 'Krauter, S., & Zhang, L. (2020). Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation of electricity prices, share of renewables, CO2‒contents, and grid‒frequency in the German electricity grid. Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020., 1815–1817. https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9' bibtex: '@inproceedings{Krauter_Zhang_2020, title={Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation of electricity prices, share of renewables, CO2‒contents, and grid‒frequency in the German electricity grid.}, DOI={10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020.}, author={Krauter, Stefan and Zhang, L.}, year={2020}, pages={1815–1817} }' chicago: 'Krauter, Stefan, and L. Zhang. “Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation of Electricity Prices, Share of Renewables, CO2‒contents, and Grid‒frequency in the German Electricity Grid.” In Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020., 1815–17, 2020. https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9.' ieee: 'S. Krauter and L. Zhang, “Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation of electricity prices, share of renewables, CO2‒contents, and grid‒frequency in the German electricity grid.,” in Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020., online, 2020, pp. 1815–1817, doi: 10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9.' mla: 'Krauter, Stefan, and L. Zhang. “Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation of Electricity Prices, Share of Renewables, CO2‒contents, and Grid‒frequency in the German Electricity Grid.” Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020., 2020, pp. 1815–17, doi:10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9.' short: 'S. Krauter, L. Zhang, in: Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020., 2020, pp. 1815–1817.' conference: end_date: 2020-09-11 location: online name: 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EUPVSEC 2020) start_date: 2020-09-07 date_created: 2020-09-14T12:43:43Z date_updated: 2022-01-06T12:42:22Z ddc: - '620' department: - _id: '53' doi: 10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9 file: - access_level: closed content_type: application/pdf creator: krauter date_created: 2022-01-06T12:35:49Z date_updated: 2022-01-06T12:35:49Z file_id: '29172' file_name: Krauter Zhang - Triggering DSM - EUPVSEC 2020.pdf file_size: 1309449 relation: main_file success: 1 file_date_updated: 2022-01-06T12:35:49Z has_accepted_license: '1' keyword: - 'Keywords: Load-Shifting' - Demand-Side-Management - DSM - grid frequency - EEX - electricity trading prices - renewable share - flexibility - emissions - CO2 language: - iso: eng page: 1815 - 1817 publication: Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020. publication_identifier: issn: - "\t3-936338-73-6" publication_status: published quality_controlled: '1' status: public title: 'Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation of electricity prices, share of renewables, CO2‒contents, and grid‒frequency in the German electricity grid.' type: conference user_id: '28836' year: '2020' ... --- _id: '19383' abstract: - lang: eng text: 'Due to the present inflexibility and the lack of sufficient throttling capabilities of lignite and nuclear power plants, a surplus of electricity generation occurs during periods of high wind and solar power generation in the German electricity grid. While the specific CO2-emission is decreasing then - due to the increased share of Renewables, the grid frequency should be increasing (to a certain limit). Using the grid frequency as an indicator to switch-on and -off certain loads (loads that do not require power permanently (e.g. dishwashers, washing machines, dryers, fridges and freezers, heaters) could provide a simple, inexpensive demand-side-management indicator to lower specific CO2-emissions and costs (if a dynamic consumption tariff is applied). To check the truthfulness of that hypothesis, the grid and frequency data of the German grid of the year 2018 have been collected and the correlations between grid frequency, share of renewables, CO2-contents, and actual price at the European energy exchange (EEX) have been calculated. The results show: Correlation between grid frequency and the share of renewables is quite low (r=0.155) due to the fact that primary grid control quickly compensates deviations from the 50 Hz nominal frequency. As expected, there is a good anti-correlation (r=-0.687) between the EEX-prices and the share of renewables in the grid. Over the years, correlation between electricity trading prices (EEX) and CO2 emissions is quite good (r=0.665), within the one year (2018) that correlation almost doesn''t exist, possibly due to the inflexibility of the bulky lignite baseload power plants that even operate at negative prices.' author: - first_name: Stefan full_name: Krauter, Stefan id: '28836' last_name: Krauter orcid: 0000-0002-3594-260X - first_name: L. full_name: Zhang, L. last_name: Zhang citation: ama: 'Krauter S, Zhang L. Correlation of grid-frequency, electricity prices, share of Renewables and CO2-contents of German electricity grid to enable inexpensive triggering of Demand-Side-Management. In: IEEE, ed. Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) 2020. ; 2020:1672-1674. doi:10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487' apa: Krauter, S., & Zhang, L. (2020). Correlation of grid-frequency, electricity prices, share of Renewables and CO2-contents of German electricity grid to enable inexpensive triggering of Demand-Side-Management. In IEEE (Ed.), Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) 2020 (pp. 1672–1674). https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487 bibtex: '@inproceedings{Krauter_Zhang_2020, title={Correlation of grid-frequency, electricity prices, share of Renewables and CO2-contents of German electricity grid to enable inexpensive triggering of Demand-Side-Management}, DOI={10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) 2020}, author={Krauter, Stefan and Zhang, L.}, editor={IEEE}, year={2020}, pages={1672–1674} }' chicago: Krauter, Stefan, and L. Zhang. “Correlation of Grid-Frequency, Electricity Prices, Share of Renewables and CO2-Contents of German Electricity Grid to Enable Inexpensive Triggering of Demand-Side-Management.” In Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) 2020, edited by IEEE, 1672–74, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487. ieee: 'S. Krauter and L. Zhang, “Correlation of grid-frequency, electricity prices, share of Renewables and CO2-contents of German electricity grid to enable inexpensive triggering of Demand-Side-Management,” in Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) 2020, online, 2020, pp. 1672–1674, doi: 10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487.' mla: Krauter, Stefan, and L. Zhang. “Correlation of Grid-Frequency, Electricity Prices, Share of Renewables and CO2-Contents of German Electricity Grid to Enable Inexpensive Triggering of Demand-Side-Management.” Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) 2020, edited by IEEE, 2020, pp. 1672–74, doi:10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487. short: 'S. Krauter, L. Zhang, in: IEEE (Ed.), Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) 2020, 2020, pp. 1672–1674.' conference: end_date: 2020-06-21 location: online name: 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) start_date: 2020-06-15 corporate_editor: - IEEE date_created: 2020-09-14T12:39:41Z date_updated: 2022-01-06T13:52:16Z department: - _id: '53' doi: 10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487 keyword: - CO2 - EEX - Grid frequency - DSM - electricity price - Renewable share language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9300487 page: 1672-1674 publication: Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) 2020 quality_controlled: '1' status: public title: Correlation of grid-frequency, electricity prices, share of Renewables and CO2-contents of German electricity grid to enable inexpensive triggering of Demand-Side-Management type: conference user_id: '28836' year: '2020' ... --- _id: '5218' abstract: - lang: eng text: 'In order to avoid over-regulation, some countries have experimented with what might be called threat-based regulation. The idea is - similarly to the contestable market model - that actual regulation may not be necessary as long as the threat of regulation is credible. In that case, so the idea, even monopolies will abstain from setting monopolistic prices in order to avoid being regulated. As experience from Germany and New Zealand has demonstrated, there are quite a number of problems associated with threat-based regulatory systems. The most significant problem has turned out to be the likely under-regulation and according welfare losses from market power, and in this context, a critical issue that has been identified is the credibility of the regulatory threat. If the threat of regulation is not credible, a light-handed regulatory regime (LHRR) amounts to leaving monopolistic firms unregulated, clearly an undesirable situation from a welfare point of view. This failure of threat-based regulatory systems results from potential free-rider problems associated with good corporate behaviour (as in the case of Germany''s electricity market) as well as the lack of credibility of the threat either because of the weakness of the enforcement authorities or due to political constraints. Furthermore, a problem emerges if exercising the threat of regulation implies an abandonment of the LHRR and a corresponding substitution with heavy-handed ex ante regulation. An innovative way out of this dilemma has been the quasi-automatic threshold system originally designed for New Zealand''s electricity distribution networks, which aims at simulating the pressures that companies would face in competitive markets. ' author: - first_name: Justus full_name: Haucap, Justus last_name: Haucap - first_name: Ulrich full_name: Heimeshoff, Ulrich last_name: Heimeshoff - first_name: André full_name: Uhde, André id: '36049' last_name: Uhde orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8058-8857 citation: ama: 'Haucap J, Heimeshoff U, Uhde A. Credible Threats as an Instrument of Regulation for Network Industries. In: Welfens P, ed. REGULATORY CHANGES, INNOVATIONS AND INVESTMENT DYNAMICS IN THE DIGITAL WORLD ECONOMY. Berlin; 2006:171-202.' apa: Haucap, J., Heimeshoff, U., & Uhde, A. (2006). Credible Threats as an Instrument of Regulation for Network Industries. In P. Welfens (Ed.), REGULATORY CHANGES, INNOVATIONS AND INVESTMENT DYNAMICS IN THE DIGITAL WORLD ECONOMY (pp. 171–202). Berlin. bibtex: '@inbook{Haucap_Heimeshoff_Uhde_2006, place={Berlin}, title={Credible Threats as an Instrument of Regulation for Network Industries}, booktitle={REGULATORY CHANGES, INNOVATIONS AND INVESTMENT DYNAMICS IN THE DIGITAL WORLD ECONOMY}, author={Haucap, Justus and Heimeshoff, Ulrich and Uhde, André}, editor={Welfens, P.Editor}, year={2006}, pages={171–202} }' chicago: Haucap, Justus, Ulrich Heimeshoff, and André Uhde. “Credible Threats as an Instrument of Regulation for Network Industries.” In REGULATORY CHANGES, INNOVATIONS AND INVESTMENT DYNAMICS IN THE DIGITAL WORLD ECONOMY, edited by P. Welfens, 171–202. Berlin, 2006. ieee: J. Haucap, U. Heimeshoff, and A. Uhde, “Credible Threats as an Instrument of Regulation for Network Industries,” in REGULATORY CHANGES, INNOVATIONS AND INVESTMENT DYNAMICS IN THE DIGITAL WORLD ECONOMY, P. Welfens, Ed. Berlin, 2006, pp. 171–202. mla: Haucap, Justus, et al. “Credible Threats as an Instrument of Regulation for Network Industries.” REGULATORY CHANGES, INNOVATIONS AND INVESTMENT DYNAMICS IN THE DIGITAL WORLD ECONOMY, edited by P. Welfens, 2006, pp. 171–202. short: 'J. Haucap, U. Heimeshoff, A. Uhde, in: P. Welfens (Ed.), REGULATORY CHANGES, INNOVATIONS AND INVESTMENT DYNAMICS IN THE DIGITAL WORLD ECONOMY, Berlin, 2006, pp. 171–202.' date_created: 2018-10-31T14:18:42Z date_updated: 2022-01-06T07:01:47Z department: - _id: '186' - _id: '188' editor: - first_name: P. full_name: Welfens, P. last_name: Welfens extern: '1' jel: - L96 - L94 - L50 - K23 keyword: - light-handed regulation - network industries - electricity - telecommunications language: - iso: eng page: 171-202 place: Berlin publication: REGULATORY CHANGES, INNOVATIONS AND INVESTMENT DYNAMICS IN THE DIGITAL WORLD ECONOMY publication_status: published status: public title: Credible Threats as an Instrument of Regulation for Network Industries type: book_chapter user_id: '21810' year: '2006' ...