---
_id: '19393'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: "To provide a simple instrument to operate residential Load-Shifting or Demand-Side-Management
\r\nsystems, the measurement of the actual grid frequency seems to be an appropriate
method. Due to the present \r\ninflexibility and the lack of sufficient throttling
capabilities of lignite and nuclear power plants, a surplus of \r\nelectricity
generation occurs during periods of high wind and solar power generation. While
the specific CO2-\r\nemission is decreasing then ‒ due to the increased share
of Renewables, the grid frequency is increasing (to a certain \r\nlimit). Using
the grid frequency as an indicator to switch-on and off certain loads (loads that
do not require power \r\npermanently (e.g. dishwashers, washing machines, dryers,
fridges and freezers, heaters) could provide a simple, \r\ninexpensive demand-side
management indicator to lower specific CO2‒emssions and costs (if a dynamic \r\nconsumption
tariff is available). To check the truthfulness of that hypothesis, the grid and
frequency data of the \r\nGerman grid of the year 2018 have been collected and
a the correlation between grid frequency, power surplus, share \r\nof renewables
vs. CO2-contents and price at the European energy exchange (EEX) have been calculated.
The results \r\nshow: Correlation between frequency and share of renewables is
quite low (r = 0.155) due to the fact that primary \r\ngrid control quickly compensates
deviations from the 50 Hz nominal frequency. There is a good anti-correlation
(r = -\r\n0.687) between the EEX‒prices and the share of renewables in the grid.
Over the years, correlation between \r\nelectricity trading prices (EEX) and CO2
emissions is quite good (r =0.665), within the one year (2018) that \r\ncorrelation
almost doesn’t exist, possibly due to the inflexibility of the bulky lignite power
plants that even operate at \r\nnegative prices. \r\n"
author:
- first_name: Stefan
full_name: Krauter, Stefan
id: '28836'
last_name: Krauter
orcid: 0000-0002-3594-260X
- first_name: L.
full_name: Zhang, L.
last_name: Zhang
citation:
ama: 'Krauter S, Zhang L. Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation of electricity
prices, share of renewables, CO2‒contents, and grid‒frequency in the German electricity
grid. In: Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference,
07 - 11 September 2020. ; 2020:1815-1817. doi:10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9'
apa: 'Krauter, S., & Zhang, L. (2020). Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation
of electricity prices, share of renewables, CO2‒contents, and grid‒frequency in
the German electricity grid. Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic
Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020., 1815–1817. https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9'
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Krauter_Zhang_2020, title={Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management:
Correlation of electricity prices, share of renewables, CO2‒contents, and grid‒frequency
in the German electricity grid.}, DOI={10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9},
booktitle={Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference,
07 - 11 September 2020.}, author={Krauter, Stefan and Zhang, L.}, year={2020},
pages={1815–1817} }'
chicago: 'Krauter, Stefan, and L. Zhang. “Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation
of Electricity Prices, Share of Renewables, CO2‒contents, and Grid‒frequency in
the German Electricity Grid.” In Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic
Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020., 1815–17, 2020. https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9.'
ieee: 'S. Krauter and L. Zhang, “Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation
of electricity prices, share of renewables, CO2‒contents, and grid‒frequency in
the German electricity grid.,” in Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic
Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020., online, 2020, pp. 1815–1817,
doi: 10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9.'
mla: 'Krauter, Stefan, and L. Zhang. “Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation
of Electricity Prices, Share of Renewables, CO2‒contents, and Grid‒frequency in
the German Electricity Grid.” Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic
Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020., 2020, pp. 1815–17, doi:10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9.'
short: 'S. Krauter, L. Zhang, in: Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic
Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020., 2020, pp. 1815–1817.'
conference:
end_date: 2020-09-11
location: online
name: 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EUPVSEC
2020)
start_date: 2020-09-07
date_created: 2020-09-14T12:43:43Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T12:42:22Z
ddc:
- '620'
department:
- _id: '53'
doi: 10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9
file:
- access_level: closed
content_type: application/pdf
creator: krauter
date_created: 2022-01-06T12:35:49Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T12:35:49Z
file_id: '29172'
file_name: Krauter Zhang - Triggering DSM - EUPVSEC 2020.pdf
file_size: 1309449
relation: main_file
success: 1
file_date_updated: 2022-01-06T12:35:49Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
keyword:
- 'Keywords: Load-Shifting'
- Demand-Side-Management
- DSM
- grid frequency
- EEX
- electricity trading prices
- renewable share
- flexibility
- emissions
- CO2
language:
- iso: eng
page: 1815 - 1817
publication: Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference,
07 - 11 September 2020.
publication_identifier:
issn:
- "\t3-936338-73-6"
publication_status: published
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: 'Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation of electricity prices, share
of renewables, CO2‒contents, and grid‒frequency in the German electricity grid.'
type: conference
user_id: '28836'
year: '2020'
...
---
_id: '19383'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: 'Due to the present inflexibility and the lack of sufficient throttling capabilities
of lignite and nuclear power plants, a surplus of electricity generation occurs
during periods of high wind and solar power generation in the German electricity
grid. While the specific CO2-emission is decreasing then - due to the increased
share of Renewables, the grid frequency should be increasing (to a certain limit).
Using the grid frequency as an indicator to switch-on and -off certain loads (loads
that do not require power permanently (e.g. dishwashers, washing machines, dryers,
fridges and freezers, heaters) could provide a simple, inexpensive demand-side-management
indicator to lower specific CO2-emissions and costs (if a dynamic consumption
tariff is applied). To check the truthfulness of that hypothesis, the grid and
frequency data of the German grid of the year 2018 have been collected and the
correlations between grid frequency, share of renewables, CO2-contents, and actual
price at the European energy exchange (EEX) have been calculated. The results
show: Correlation between grid frequency and the share of renewables is quite
low (r=0.155) due to the fact that primary grid control quickly compensates deviations
from the 50 Hz nominal frequency. As expected, there is a good anti-correlation
(r=-0.687) between the EEX-prices and the share of renewables in the grid. Over
the years, correlation between electricity trading prices (EEX) and CO2 emissions
is quite good (r=0.665), within the one year (2018) that correlation almost doesn''t
exist, possibly due to the inflexibility of the bulky lignite baseload power plants
that even operate at negative prices.'
author:
- first_name: Stefan
full_name: Krauter, Stefan
id: '28836'
last_name: Krauter
orcid: 0000-0002-3594-260X
- first_name: L.
full_name: Zhang, L.
last_name: Zhang
citation:
ama: 'Krauter S, Zhang L. Correlation of grid-frequency, electricity prices, share
of Renewables and CO2-contents of German electricity grid to enable inexpensive
triggering of Demand-Side-Management. In: IEEE, ed. Proceedings of the 47th
IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) 2020. ; 2020:1672-1674.
doi:10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487'
apa: Krauter, S., & Zhang, L. (2020). Correlation of grid-frequency, electricity
prices, share of Renewables and CO2-contents of German electricity grid to enable
inexpensive triggering of Demand-Side-Management. In IEEE (Ed.), Proceedings
of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) 2020 (pp. 1672–1674).
https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Krauter_Zhang_2020, title={Correlation of grid-frequency,
electricity prices, share of Renewables and CO2-contents of German electricity
grid to enable inexpensive triggering of Demand-Side-Management}, DOI={10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487},
booktitle={Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC
47) 2020}, author={Krauter, Stefan and Zhang, L.}, editor={IEEE}, year={2020},
pages={1672–1674} }'
chicago: Krauter, Stefan, and L. Zhang. “Correlation of Grid-Frequency, Electricity
Prices, Share of Renewables and CO2-Contents of German Electricity Grid to Enable
Inexpensive Triggering of Demand-Side-Management.” In Proceedings of the 47th
IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) 2020, edited by IEEE, 1672–74,
2020. https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487.
ieee: 'S. Krauter and L. Zhang, “Correlation of grid-frequency, electricity prices,
share of Renewables and CO2-contents of German electricity grid to enable inexpensive
triggering of Demand-Side-Management,” in Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic
Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) 2020, online, 2020, pp. 1672–1674, doi: 10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487.'
mla: Krauter, Stefan, and L. Zhang. “Correlation of Grid-Frequency, Electricity
Prices, Share of Renewables and CO2-Contents of German Electricity Grid to Enable
Inexpensive Triggering of Demand-Side-Management.” Proceedings of the 47th
IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) 2020, edited by IEEE, 2020,
pp. 1672–74, doi:10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487.
short: 'S. Krauter, L. Zhang, in: IEEE (Ed.), Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic
Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) 2020, 2020, pp. 1672–1674.'
conference:
end_date: 2020-06-21
location: online
name: 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47)
start_date: 2020-06-15
corporate_editor:
- IEEE
date_created: 2020-09-14T12:39:41Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T13:52:16Z
department:
- _id: '53'
doi: 10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487
keyword:
- CO2
- EEX
- Grid frequency
- DSM
- electricity price
- Renewable share
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9300487
page: 1672-1674
publication: Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC
47) 2020
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Correlation of grid-frequency, electricity prices, share of Renewables and
CO2-contents of German electricity grid to enable inexpensive triggering of Demand-Side-Management
type: conference
user_id: '28836'
year: '2020'
...
---
_id: '5218'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: 'In order to avoid over-regulation, some countries have experimented with
what might be called threat-based regulation. The idea is - similarly to the contestable
market model - that actual regulation may not be necessary as long as the threat
of regulation is credible. In that case, so the idea, even monopolies will abstain
from setting monopolistic prices in order to avoid being regulated. As experience
from Germany and New Zealand has demonstrated, there are quite a number of problems
associated with threat-based regulatory systems. The most significant problem
has turned out to be the likely under-regulation and according welfare losses
from market power, and in this context, a critical issue that has been identified
is the credibility of the regulatory threat. If the threat of regulation is not
credible, a light-handed regulatory regime (LHRR) amounts to leaving monopolistic
firms unregulated, clearly an undesirable situation from a welfare point of view.
This failure of threat-based regulatory systems results from potential free-rider
problems associated with good corporate behaviour (as in the case of Germany''s
electricity market) as well as the lack of credibility of the threat either because
of the weakness of the enforcement authorities or due to political constraints.
Furthermore, a problem emerges if exercising the threat of regulation implies
an abandonment of the LHRR and a corresponding substitution with heavy-handed
ex ante regulation. An innovative way out of this dilemma has been the quasi-automatic
threshold system originally designed for New Zealand''s electricity distribution
networks, which aims at simulating the pressures that companies would face in
competitive markets. '
author:
- first_name: Justus
full_name: Haucap, Justus
last_name: Haucap
- first_name: Ulrich
full_name: Heimeshoff, Ulrich
last_name: Heimeshoff
- first_name: André
full_name: Uhde, André
id: '36049'
last_name: Uhde
orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8058-8857
citation:
ama: 'Haucap J, Heimeshoff U, Uhde A. Credible Threats as an Instrument of Regulation
for Network Industries. In: Welfens P, ed. REGULATORY CHANGES, INNOVATIONS
AND INVESTMENT DYNAMICS IN THE DIGITAL WORLD ECONOMY. Berlin; 2006:171-202.'
apa: Haucap, J., Heimeshoff, U., & Uhde, A. (2006). Credible Threats as an Instrument
of Regulation for Network Industries. In P. Welfens (Ed.), REGULATORY CHANGES,
INNOVATIONS AND INVESTMENT DYNAMICS IN THE DIGITAL WORLD ECONOMY (pp. 171–202).
Berlin.
bibtex: '@inbook{Haucap_Heimeshoff_Uhde_2006, place={Berlin}, title={Credible Threats
as an Instrument of Regulation for Network Industries}, booktitle={REGULATORY
CHANGES, INNOVATIONS AND INVESTMENT DYNAMICS IN THE DIGITAL WORLD ECONOMY}, author={Haucap,
Justus and Heimeshoff, Ulrich and Uhde, André}, editor={Welfens, P.Editor}, year={2006},
pages={171–202} }'
chicago: Haucap, Justus, Ulrich Heimeshoff, and André Uhde. “Credible Threats as
an Instrument of Regulation for Network Industries.” In REGULATORY CHANGES,
INNOVATIONS AND INVESTMENT DYNAMICS IN THE DIGITAL WORLD ECONOMY, edited by
P. Welfens, 171–202. Berlin, 2006.
ieee: J. Haucap, U. Heimeshoff, and A. Uhde, “Credible Threats as an Instrument
of Regulation for Network Industries,” in REGULATORY CHANGES, INNOVATIONS AND
INVESTMENT DYNAMICS IN THE DIGITAL WORLD ECONOMY, P. Welfens, Ed. Berlin,
2006, pp. 171–202.
mla: Haucap, Justus, et al. “Credible Threats as an Instrument of Regulation for
Network Industries.” REGULATORY CHANGES, INNOVATIONS AND INVESTMENT DYNAMICS
IN THE DIGITAL WORLD ECONOMY, edited by P. Welfens, 2006, pp. 171–202.
short: 'J. Haucap, U. Heimeshoff, A. Uhde, in: P. Welfens (Ed.), REGULATORY CHANGES,
INNOVATIONS AND INVESTMENT DYNAMICS IN THE DIGITAL WORLD ECONOMY, Berlin, 2006,
pp. 171–202.'
date_created: 2018-10-31T14:18:42Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T07:01:47Z
department:
- _id: '186'
- _id: '188'
editor:
- first_name: P.
full_name: Welfens, P.
last_name: Welfens
extern: '1'
jel:
- L96
- L94
- L50
- K23
keyword:
- light-handed regulation
- network industries
- electricity
- telecommunications
language:
- iso: eng
page: 171-202
place: Berlin
publication: REGULATORY CHANGES, INNOVATIONS AND INVESTMENT DYNAMICS IN THE DIGITAL
WORLD ECONOMY
publication_status: published
status: public
title: Credible Threats as an Instrument of Regulation for Network Industries
type: book_chapter
user_id: '21810'
year: '2006'
...