[{"department":[{"_id":"660"}],"user_id":"57578","_id":"61156","project":[{"_id":"111","name":"TRR 318; TP A01: Adaptives Erklären"},{"name":"TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten","_id":"112"},{"_id":"113","name":"TRR 318 - Subproject A3"},{"_id":"114","name":"TRR 318; TP A04: Integration des technischen Modells in das Partnermodell bei der Erklärung von digitalen Artefakten"},{"name":"TRR 318; TP A05: Echtzeitmessung der Aufmerksamkeit im Mensch-Roboter-Erklärdialog","_id":"115"},{"_id":"122","name":"TRR 318 - Subproject B3"},{"_id":"123","name":"TRR 318 - Subproject B5"},{"name":"TRR 318 - Project Area Ö","_id":"119"}],"file_date_updated":"2025-12-01T21:02:20Z","article_number":"101419","article_type":"original","type":"journal_article","status":"public","volume":94,"author":[{"first_name":"Hendrik","last_name":"Buschmeier","orcid":"0000-0002-9613-5713","full_name":"Buschmeier, Hendrik","id":"76456"},{"last_name":"Buhl","id":"27152","full_name":"Buhl, Heike M.","first_name":"Heike M."},{"first_name":"Friederike","full_name":"Kern, Friederike","last_name":"Kern"},{"first_name":"Angela","last_name":"Grimminger","full_name":"Grimminger, Angela","id":"57578"},{"full_name":"Beierling, Helen","id":"50995","last_name":"Beierling","first_name":"Helen"},{"id":"56345","full_name":"Fisher, Josephine Beryl","last_name":"Fisher","orcid":"0000-0002-9997-9241","first_name":"Josephine Beryl"},{"last_name":"Groß","orcid":"0000-0002-9593-7220","full_name":"Groß, André","id":"93405","first_name":"André"},{"id":"68836","full_name":"Horwath, Ilona","last_name":"Horwath","first_name":"Ilona"},{"first_name":"Nils","full_name":"Klowait, Nils","id":"98454","last_name":"Klowait","orcid":"0000-0002-7347-099X"},{"first_name":"Stefan Teodorov","last_name":"Lazarov","orcid":"0009-0009-0892-9483","id":"90345","full_name":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov"},{"last_name":"Lenke","full_name":"Lenke, Michael","first_name":"Michael"},{"first_name":"Vivien","full_name":"Lohmer, Vivien","last_name":"Lohmer"},{"first_name":"Katharina","last_name":"Rohlfing","orcid":"0000-0002-5676-8233","id":"50352","full_name":"Rohlfing, Katharina"},{"first_name":"Ingrid","id":"451","full_name":"Scharlau, Ingrid","orcid":"0000-0003-2364-9489","last_name":"Scharlau"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-7789-1521","last_name":"Singh","full_name":"Singh, Amit","id":"91018","first_name":"Amit"},{"full_name":"Terfloth, Lutz","id":"37320","last_name":"Terfloth","first_name":"Lutz"},{"last_name":"Vollmer","full_name":"Vollmer, Anna-Lisa","id":"86589","first_name":"Anna-Lisa"},{"first_name":"Yu","full_name":"Wang, Yu","last_name":"Wang"},{"first_name":"Annedore","full_name":"Wilmes, Annedore","last_name":"Wilmes"},{"first_name":"Britta","last_name":"Wrede","full_name":"Wrede, Britta"}],"date_updated":"2025-12-05T15:32:25Z","oa":"1","doi":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389041725000993?via%3Dihub","open_access":"1"}],"has_accepted_license":"1","publication_status":"published","intvolume":"        94","citation":{"chicago":"Buschmeier, Hendrik, Heike M. Buhl, Friederike Kern, Angela Grimminger, Helen Beierling, Josephine Beryl Fisher, André Groß, et al. “Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations.” <i>Cognitive Systems Research</i> 94 (2025). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419</a>.","ieee":"H. Buschmeier <i>et al.</i>, “Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations,” <i>Cognitive Systems Research</i>, vol. 94, Art. no. 101419, 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419\">10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419</a>.","ama":"Buschmeier H, Buhl HM, Kern F, et al. Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations. <i>Cognitive Systems Research</i>. 2025;94. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419\">10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419</a>","short":"H. Buschmeier, H.M. Buhl, F. Kern, A. Grimminger, H. Beierling, J.B. Fisher, A. Groß, I. Horwath, N. Klowait, S.T. Lazarov, M. Lenke, V. Lohmer, K. Rohlfing, I. Scharlau, A. Singh, L. Terfloth, A.-L. Vollmer, Y. Wang, A. Wilmes, B. Wrede, Cognitive Systems Research 94 (2025).","bibtex":"@article{Buschmeier_Buhl_Kern_Grimminger_Beierling_Fisher_Groß_Horwath_Klowait_Lazarov_et al._2025, title={Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations}, volume={94}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419\">10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419</a>}, number={101419}, journal={Cognitive Systems Research}, author={Buschmeier, Hendrik and Buhl, Heike M. and Kern, Friederike and Grimminger, Angela and Beierling, Helen and Fisher, Josephine Beryl and Groß, André and Horwath, Ilona and Klowait, Nils and Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and et al.}, year={2025} }","mla":"Buschmeier, Hendrik, et al. “Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations.” <i>Cognitive Systems Research</i>, vol. 94, 101419, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419\">10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419</a>.","apa":"Buschmeier, H., Buhl, H. M., Kern, F., Grimminger, A., Beierling, H., Fisher, J. B., Groß, A., Horwath, I., Klowait, N., Lazarov, S. T., Lenke, M., Lohmer, V., Rohlfing, K., Scharlau, I., Singh, A., Terfloth, L., Vollmer, A.-L., Wang, Y., Wilmes, A., &#38; Wrede, B. (2025). Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations. <i>Cognitive Systems Research</i>, <i>94</i>, Article 101419. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419</a>"},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["understanding","explaining","explanations","explainable","AI","interdisciplinarity","comprehension","enabledness","agency"],"ddc":["006"],"publication":"Cognitive Systems Research","file":[{"content_type":"application/pdf","success":1,"relation":"main_file","date_updated":"2025-12-01T21:02:20Z","creator":"hbuschme","date_created":"2025-12-01T21:02:20Z","file_size":10114981,"file_id":"62730","access_level":"closed","file_name":"Buschmeier-etal-2025-COGSYS.pdf"}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Explainability has become an important topic in computer science and artificial intelligence, leading to a subfield called Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI). The goal of providing or seeking explanations is to achieve (better) ‘understanding’ on the part of the explainee. However, what it means to ‘understand’ is still not clearly defined, and the concept itself is rarely the subject of scientific investigation. This conceptual article aims to present a model of forms of understanding for XAI-explanations and beyond. From an interdisciplinary perspective bringing together computer science, linguistics, sociology, philosophy and psychology, a definition of understanding and its forms, assessment, and dynamics during the process of giving everyday explanations are explored. Two types of understanding are considered as possible outcomes of explanations, namely enabledness, ‘knowing how’ to do or decide something, and comprehension, ‘knowing that’ – both in different degrees (from shallow to deep). Explanations regularly start with shallow understanding in a specific domain and can lead to deep comprehension and enabledness of the explanandum, which we see as a prerequisite for human users to gain agency. In this process, the increase of comprehension and enabledness are highly interdependent. Against the background of this systematization, special challenges of understanding in XAI are discussed."}],"date_created":"2025-09-08T14:24:32Z","title":"Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations","quality_controlled":"1","year":"2025"},{"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/is.23033.laz#metrics_content","open_access":"1"}],"doi":"10.1075/is.23033.laz","author":[{"first_name":"Stefan Teodorov","orcid":"0009-0009-0892-9483","last_name":"Lazarov","full_name":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov","id":"90345"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-2879-2359","last_name":"Biermeier","full_name":"Biermeier, Kai","id":"55908","first_name":"Kai"},{"last_name":"Grimminger","id":"57578","full_name":"Grimminger, Angela","first_name":"Angela"}],"volume":25,"oa":"1","date_updated":"2025-06-27T13:57:36Z","citation":{"bibtex":"@article{Lazarov_Biermeier_Grimminger_2024, title={Changes in the topical structure of explanations are related to explainees’ multimodal behaviour}, volume={25}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1075/is.23033.laz\">10.1075/is.23033.laz</a>}, number={3}, journal={Interaction Studies}, publisher={John Benjamins}, author={Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and Biermeier, Kai and Grimminger, Angela}, year={2024}, pages={257–280} }","mla":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, et al. “Changes in the Topical Structure of Explanations Are Related to Explainees’ Multimodal Behaviour.” <i>Interaction Studies</i>, vol. 25, no. 3, John Benjamins, 2024, pp. 257–80, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1075/is.23033.laz\">10.1075/is.23033.laz</a>.","short":"S.T. Lazarov, K. Biermeier, A. Grimminger, Interaction Studies 25 (2024) 257–280.","apa":"Lazarov, S. T., Biermeier, K., &#38; Grimminger, A. (2024). Changes in the topical structure of explanations are related to explainees’ multimodal behaviour. <i>Interaction Studies</i>, <i>25</i>(3), 257–280. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1075/is.23033.laz\">https://doi.org/10.1075/is.23033.laz</a>","chicago":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, Kai Biermeier, and Angela Grimminger. “Changes in the Topical Structure of Explanations Are Related to Explainees’ Multimodal Behaviour.” <i>Interaction Studies</i> 25, no. 3 (2024): 257–80. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1075/is.23033.laz\">https://doi.org/10.1075/is.23033.laz</a>.","ieee":"S. T. Lazarov, K. Biermeier, and A. Grimminger, “Changes in the topical structure of explanations are related to explainees’ multimodal behaviour,” <i>Interaction Studies</i>, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 257–280, 2024, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1075/is.23033.laz\">10.1075/is.23033.laz</a>.","ama":"Lazarov ST, Biermeier K, Grimminger A. Changes in the topical structure of explanations are related to explainees’ multimodal behaviour. <i>Interaction Studies</i>. 2024;25(3):257-280. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1075/is.23033.laz\">10.1075/is.23033.laz</a>"},"intvolume":"        25","page":"257 - 280","publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1572-0381"]},"article_type":"original","user_id":"90345","project":[{"grant_number":"438445824","_id":"112","name":"TRR 318 - A02: TRR 318 - Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten (Teilprojekt A02)"}],"_id":"59888","status":"public","type":"journal_article","title":"Changes in the topical structure of explanations are related to explainees’ multimodal behaviour","date_created":"2025-05-14T06:25:13Z","publisher":"John Benjamins","year":"2024","issue":"3","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["explanations","multimodal behaviour","elaborations","conditional probabilities"],"abstract":[{"text":"Everyday explanations are interactive processes with the aim to provide a less knowledgeable person with reasonable information about other people, objects, or events. Because explanations are interactive communicative processes, the topical structure of an explanation may vary dynamically depending on the immediate feedback of the explainee. In this paper, we analyse topical transitions in medical explanations organised by different physicians (explainers) related to different forms of multimodal behaviour of caregivers (explainees) attending an explanation about the procedures of\r\nan upcoming surgery of a child. The analyses reveal that explainees’ multimodal behaviour with gaze shifts (and particularly gaze aversion) can predict a transition from an elaborated topic to a new one, whereas explainees’ forms of multimodal behaviour with static gaze cannot be related to changes of the topical structure.","lang":"eng"}],"publication":"Interaction Studies"},{"publication":"Second International Multimodal Communication Symposium (MMSYM) - Book of Abstract","type":"conference_abstract","status":"public","_id":"61403","project":[{"name":"TRR 318; TP A04: Integration des technischen Modells in das Partnermodell bei der Erklärung von digitalen Artefakten","_id":"114"}],"user_id":"99097","keyword":["gesture","explanations","conversation analysis"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication_status":"published","year":"2024","citation":{"ama":"Lohmer V, Kern F. The role of interactive gestures in explanatory interactions. In: <i>Second International Multimodal Communication Symposium (MMSYM) - Book of Abstract</i>. ; 2024.","chicago":"Lohmer, Vivien, and Friederike Kern. “The Role of Interactive Gestures in Explanatory Interactions.” In <i>Second International Multimodal Communication Symposium (MMSYM) - Book of Abstract</i>, 2024.","ieee":"V. Lohmer and F. Kern, “The role of interactive gestures in explanatory interactions,” presented at the  2nd International Multimodal Communication Symposium, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Deutschland, 2024.","short":"V. Lohmer, F. Kern, in: Second International Multimodal Communication Symposium (MMSYM) - Book of Abstract, 2024.","mla":"Lohmer, Vivien, and Friederike Kern. “The Role of Interactive Gestures in Explanatory Interactions.” <i>Second International Multimodal Communication Symposium (MMSYM) - Book of Abstract</i>, 2024.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Lohmer_Kern_2024, title={The role of interactive gestures in explanatory interactions}, booktitle={Second International Multimodal Communication Symposium (MMSYM) - Book of Abstract}, author={Lohmer, Vivien and Kern, Friederike}, year={2024} }","apa":"Lohmer, V., &#38; Kern, F. (2024). The role of interactive gestures in explanatory interactions. <i>Second International Multimodal Communication Symposium (MMSYM) - Book of Abstract</i>.  2nd International Multimodal Communication Symposium, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Deutschland."},"date_updated":"2025-09-23T10:13:59Z","author":[{"first_name":"Vivien","full_name":"Lohmer, Vivien","last_name":"Lohmer"},{"full_name":"Kern, Friederike","last_name":"Kern","first_name":"Friederike"}],"date_created":"2025-09-23T09:53:51Z","title":"The role of interactive gestures in explanatory interactions","conference":{"end_date":"2024-09-27","location":"Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Deutschland","name":" 2nd International Multimodal Communication Symposium","start_date":"2024-09-25"}},{"citation":{"apa":"Liedeker, F., &#38; Cimiano, P. (2023). <i>A Prototype of an Interactive Clinical Decision Support System with Counterfactual Explanations</i>. xAI-2023 Late-breaking Work, Demos and Doctoral Consortium co-located with the 1st World Conference on eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (xAI-2023), Lissabon.","short":"F. Liedeker, P. Cimiano, in: 2023.","mla":"Liedeker, Felix, and Philipp Cimiano. <i>A Prototype of an Interactive Clinical Decision Support System with Counterfactual Explanations</i>. 2023.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Liedeker_Cimiano_2023, title={A Prototype of an Interactive Clinical Decision Support System with Counterfactual Explanations}, author={Liedeker, Felix and Cimiano, Philipp}, year={2023} }","ama":"Liedeker F, Cimiano P. A Prototype of an Interactive Clinical Decision Support System with Counterfactual Explanations. In: ; 2023.","ieee":"F. Liedeker and P. Cimiano, “A Prototype of an Interactive Clinical Decision Support System with Counterfactual Explanations,” presented at the xAI-2023 Late-breaking Work, Demos and Doctoral Consortium co-located with the 1st World Conference on eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (xAI-2023), Lissabon, 2023.","chicago":"Liedeker, Felix, and Philipp Cimiano. “A Prototype of an Interactive Clinical Decision Support System with Counterfactual Explanations,” 2023."},"year":"2023","conference":{"location":"Lissabon","end_date":"2023-07-28","start_date":"2023-07-26","name":"xAI-2023 Late-breaking Work, Demos and Doctoral Consortium co-located with the 1st World Conference on eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (xAI-2023)"},"title":"A Prototype of an Interactive Clinical Decision Support System with Counterfactual Explanations","date_created":"2024-10-09T14:50:09Z","author":[{"first_name":"Felix","full_name":"Liedeker, Felix","id":"93275","last_name":"Liedeker"},{"first_name":"Philipp","full_name":"Cimiano, Philipp","last_name":"Cimiano"}],"date_updated":"2024-10-09T15:04:53Z","status":"public","abstract":[{"text":"We describe a prototype of a Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS) that provides (counterfactual) explanations to support accurate medical diagnosis. The prototype is based on an inherently interpretable Bayesian network (BN). Our research aims to investigate which explanations are most useful for medical experts and whether co-constructing explanations can foster trust and acceptance of CDSS.","lang":"eng"}],"type":"conference","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["Explainable AI","Clinical decision support","Bayesian network","Counterfactual explanations"],"user_id":"93275","department":[{"_id":"660"}],"project":[{"_id":"128","name":"TRR 318 - C5: TRR 318 - Subproject C5"}],"_id":"56477"},{"date_created":"2025-09-23T09:50:20Z","author":[{"last_name":"Lohmer","full_name":"Lohmer, Vivien","first_name":"Vivien"},{"first_name":"Lutz","last_name":"Terfloth","full_name":"Terfloth, Lutz"},{"first_name":"Friederike","last_name":"Kern","full_name":"Kern, Friederike"}],"date_updated":"2025-09-23T10:13:42Z","conference":{"start_date":"2023-04-26","name":"1st International Multimodal Communication Symposium","location":"Universität Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona","end_date":"2023-04-28"},"title":"Explaining the Technical Artifact Quarto!: How Gestures are used in Everyday Explanations","publication_status":"published","citation":{"apa":"Lohmer, V., Terfloth, L., &#38; Kern, F. (2023). Explaining the Technical Artifact Quarto!: How Gestures are used in Everyday Explanations. <i>First International Multimodal Communication Symposium - Book of Abstract</i>. 1st International Multimodal Communication Symposium, Universität Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Lohmer_Terfloth_Kern_2023, title={Explaining the Technical Artifact Quarto!: How Gestures are used in Everyday Explanations}, booktitle={First International Multimodal Communication Symposium - Book of Abstract}, author={Lohmer, Vivien and Terfloth, Lutz and Kern, Friederike}, year={2023} }","mla":"Lohmer, Vivien, et al. “Explaining the Technical Artifact Quarto!: How Gestures Are Used in Everyday Explanations.” <i>First International Multimodal Communication Symposium - Book of Abstract</i>, 2023.","short":"V. Lohmer, L. Terfloth, F. Kern, in: First International Multimodal Communication Symposium - Book of Abstract, 2023.","ama":"Lohmer V, Terfloth L, Kern F. Explaining the Technical Artifact Quarto!: How Gestures are used in Everyday Explanations. In: <i>First International Multimodal Communication Symposium - Book of Abstract</i>. ; 2023.","chicago":"Lohmer, Vivien, Lutz Terfloth, and Friederike Kern. “Explaining the Technical Artifact Quarto!: How Gestures Are Used in Everyday Explanations.” In <i>First International Multimodal Communication Symposium - Book of Abstract</i>, 2023.","ieee":"V. Lohmer, L. Terfloth, and F. Kern, “Explaining the Technical Artifact Quarto!: How Gestures are used in Everyday Explanations,” presented at the 1st International Multimodal Communication Symposium, Universität Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, 2023."},"year":"2023","user_id":"99097","_id":"61402","project":[{"_id":"114","name":"TRR 318; TP A04: Integration des technischen Modells in das Partnermodell bei der Erklärung von digitalen Artefakten"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["gesture","dual nature","explanations","architecture","relevance"],"publication":"First International Multimodal Communication Symposium - Book of Abstract","type":"conference_abstract","status":"public"}]