@article{65495,
  abstract     = {{This paper presents a holistic framework for the transition from diesel to electric bus networks,
crucial for meeting EU regulations targeting 100% zero-emission urban buses by
2035. We employ a two-phase solution framework: in phase 1, we solve the Charging Location
and Electric Vehicle Scheduling Problem to generate vehicle schedules that are feasible
for electric operation; in phase 2, these schedules serve as input to a multi-period transition
planning model that minimizes the total cost of ownership while determining fleet
replacement and charging infrastructure deployment. Our experiments show that schedules
obtained from solving the integrated charging location and vehicle scheduling problem
significantly outperform traditional methods, resulting in lower total cost of ownership. Additionally,
transition plans reduce local emissions by up to 85% compared to a diesel-only
scenario. We find that vehicle rotations with long distances and sufficient idle time are
prioritized for electrification, enabling earlier emission reductions and cost savings. This
highlights the importance of adopting vehicle scheduling tailored for electric buses, rather
than relying on legacy diesel schedules.}},
  author       = {{Stumpe, Miriam and Rößler-von Saß, David and Natalia, Kliewer and Schryen, Guido}},
  journal      = {{Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives}},
  keywords     = {{electric bus, multi-period planning, electric vehicle scheduling, charging infrastructure, fleet replacement}},
  title        = {{{Impact of Vehicle Scheduling and Strategic Transition Planning on Zero-Emission Bus Systems}}},
  year         = {{2026}},
}