---
_id: '65757'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Electrifying the heating sector is essential for achieving global climate
targets like the Paris Agreement’s 1.5 °C goal. In Germany, where 80 % of household
energy goes to space heating and hot water, shifting to low-carbon solutions is
crucial. Fossil-fuelled district heating networks can incorporate renewable energy
via heat pumps, improving efficiency. Although heat pump design typically favours
minimal temperature lifts, higher lifts can be economically viable with low electricity
prices and abundant renewables. Adding thermal energy storage boosts operational
flexibility. This study explores a flexible heat pump operation incorporating
part load behaviour with a thermal energy storage in a German city’s district
heating system to minimise costs and carbon dioxide emissions. Using a mixed-integer
linear programming model, it examines the impact of temperature adjustments and
storage on system efficiency. The results show that the integration of a heat
pump in a district heating system reduces operating costs. Compared to a supply
without a heat pump, with levelised cost of heating of 9.98 cent/kWhth and a fixed
operating mode with costs between 9.96 cent/kWhth and 11.49 cent/kWhth, the flexible
use results in lowest costs of 9.85 cent/kWhth, while also reducing overall CO2
emissions. Using a full factorial sensitivity analysis, the levelised cost of
heating ranged between 9.15 cent/kWhth in the best case and 10.37 cent/kWhth in
the worst case for the selected configuration.
article_number: '121714'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Henning Christoph
full_name: Rahlf, Henning Christoph
id: '56955'
last_name: Rahlf
orcid: 0009-0006-8106-2132
- first_name: Denis
full_name: Divkovic, Denis
id: '89059'
last_name: Divkovic
- first_name: Lukas
full_name: Knorr, Lukas
id: '90391'
last_name: Knorr
orcid: 0009-0005-4727-7511
- first_name: Florian
full_name: Schlosser, Florian
id: '88614'
last_name: Schlosser
- first_name: Henning
full_name: Meschede, Henning
id: '86954'
last_name: Meschede
orcid: 0000-0002-1538-089X
citation:
ama: Rahlf HC, Divkovic D, Knorr L, Schlosser F, Meschede H. Flexible operation
strategies for heat pumps in district heating systems using dynamic electricity
prices. Energy Conversion and Management. 2026;364. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714
apa: Rahlf, H. C., Divkovic, D., Knorr, L., Schlosser, F., & Meschede, H. (2026).
Flexible operation strategies for heat pumps in district heating systems using
dynamic electricity prices. Energy Conversion and Management, 364,
Article 121714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714
bibtex: '@article{Rahlf_Divkovic_Knorr_Schlosser_Meschede_2026, title={Flexible
operation strategies for heat pumps in district heating systems using dynamic
electricity prices}, volume={364}, DOI={10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714},
number={121714}, journal={Energy Conversion and Management}, publisher={Elsevier
BV}, author={Rahlf, Henning Christoph and Divkovic, Denis and Knorr, Lukas and
Schlosser, Florian and Meschede, Henning}, year={2026} }'
chicago: Rahlf, Henning Christoph, Denis Divkovic, Lukas Knorr, Florian Schlosser,
and Henning Meschede. “Flexible Operation Strategies for Heat Pumps in District
Heating Systems Using Dynamic Electricity Prices.” Energy Conversion and Management
364 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714.
ieee: 'H. C. Rahlf, D. Divkovic, L. Knorr, F. Schlosser, and H. Meschede, “Flexible
operation strategies for heat pumps in district heating systems using dynamic
electricity prices,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 364, Art. no.
121714, 2026, doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714.'
mla: Rahlf, Henning Christoph, et al. “Flexible Operation Strategies for Heat Pumps
in District Heating Systems Using Dynamic Electricity Prices.” Energy Conversion
and Management, vol. 364, 121714, Elsevier BV, 2026, doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714.
short: H.C. Rahlf, D. Divkovic, L. Knorr, F. Schlosser, H. Meschede, Energy Conversion
and Management 364 (2026).
date_created: 2026-06-03T06:34:27Z
date_updated: 2026-06-03T06:44:31Z
department:
- _id: '644'
- _id: '534'
doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121714
intvolume: ' 364'
keyword:
- Heat transition
- Optimisation
- Temperature flexibility
- Decarbonisation
- Multi energy
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196890426006837
oa: '1'
project:
- _id: '1495'
name: FlexLabQuartier
publication: Energy Conversion and Management
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0196-8904
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier BV
status: public
title: Flexible operation strategies for heat pumps in district heating systems using
dynamic electricity prices
type: journal_article
user_id: '56955'
volume: 364
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '29049'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: "This study investigates the conditions under which tax rate changes accelerate
risky investments.\r\nWhile tax rate increases are often expected to harm investment,
analytical\r\nstudies find tax rate increases may foster investment under flexibility.We
design a theorybased\r\nexperimentwith a binomial random walk and entry–exit flexibility.We
find accelerated\r\ninvestment upon tax rate increases irrespective of an exit
option, but no corresponding\r\nresponse to tax cuts. This asymmetry may be due
to tax salience and mechanisms\r\nfrom irreversible choice under uncertainty.
Given this evidence of unexpected tax-reform\r\neffects, tax policymakers should
carefully consider behavioral aspects."
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: René
full_name: Fahr, René
last_name: Fahr
- first_name: Elmar A.
full_name: Janssen, Elmar A.
last_name: Janssen
- first_name: Caren
full_name: Sureth-Sloane, Caren
id: '530'
last_name: Sureth-Sloane
orcid: ' 0000-0002-8183-5901'
citation:
ama: Fahr R, Janssen EA, Sureth-Sloane C. Can Tax Rate Changes Accelerate Investment
under Entry and Exit Flexibility? – Insights from an Economic Experiment. FinanzArchiv
/ European Journal of Public Finance. 2022;78(1-2):239-289.
apa: Fahr, R., Janssen, E. A., & Sureth-Sloane, C. (2022). Can Tax Rate Changes
Accelerate Investment under Entry and Exit Flexibility? – Insights from an Economic
Experiment. FinanzArchiv / European Journal of Public Finance, 78(1–2),
239–289.
bibtex: '@article{Fahr_Janssen_Sureth-Sloane_2022, title={Can Tax Rate Changes Accelerate
Investment under Entry and Exit Flexibility? – Insights from an Economic Experiment},
volume={78}, number={1–2}, journal={FinanzArchiv / European Journal of Public
Finance}, author={Fahr, René and Janssen, Elmar A. and Sureth-Sloane, Caren},
year={2022}, pages={239–289} }'
chicago: 'Fahr, René, Elmar A. Janssen, and Caren Sureth-Sloane. “Can Tax Rate Changes
Accelerate Investment under Entry and Exit Flexibility? – Insights from an Economic
Experiment.” FinanzArchiv / European Journal of Public Finance 78, no.
1–2 (2022): 239–89.'
ieee: R. Fahr, E. A. Janssen, and C. Sureth-Sloane, “Can Tax Rate Changes Accelerate
Investment under Entry and Exit Flexibility? – Insights from an Economic Experiment,”
FinanzArchiv / European Journal of Public Finance, vol. 78, no. 1–2, pp.
239–289, 2022.
mla: Fahr, René, et al. “Can Tax Rate Changes Accelerate Investment under Entry
and Exit Flexibility? – Insights from an Economic Experiment.” FinanzArchiv
/ European Journal of Public Finance, vol. 78, no. 1–2, 2022, pp. 239–89.
short: R. Fahr, E.A. Janssen, C. Sureth-Sloane, FinanzArchiv / European Journal
of Public Finance 78 (2022) 239–289.
date_created: 2021-12-20T08:23:13Z
date_updated: 2026-04-09T07:25:41Z
department:
- _id: '187'
intvolume: ' 78'
issue: 1-2
jel:
- H25
- H21
- C91
keyword:
- Economic ExperimentM
- Investment Decisions
- Tax Effects
- Timing Flexibility
- Uncertainty
language:
- iso: eng
page: 239-289
publication: FinanzArchiv / European Journal of Public Finance
publication_status: published
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Can Tax Rate Changes Accelerate Investment under Entry and Exit Flexibility?
– Insights from an Economic Experiment
type: journal_article
user_id: '96670'
volume: 78
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '19393'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: "To provide a simple instrument to operate residential Load-Shifting or Demand-Side-Management
\r\nsystems, the measurement of the actual grid frequency seems to be an appropriate
method. Due to the present \r\ninflexibility and the lack of sufficient throttling
capabilities of lignite and nuclear power plants, a surplus of \r\nelectricity
generation occurs during periods of high wind and solar power generation. While
the specific CO2-\r\nemission is decreasing then ‒ due to the increased share
of Renewables, the grid frequency is increasing (to a certain \r\nlimit). Using
the grid frequency as an indicator to switch-on and off certain loads (loads that
do not require power \r\npermanently (e.g. dishwashers, washing machines, dryers,
fridges and freezers, heaters) could provide a simple, \r\ninexpensive demand-side
management indicator to lower specific CO2‒emssions and costs (if a dynamic \r\nconsumption
tariff is available). To check the truthfulness of that hypothesis, the grid and
frequency data of the \r\nGerman grid of the year 2018 have been collected and
a the correlation between grid frequency, power surplus, share \r\nof renewables
vs. CO2-contents and price at the European energy exchange (EEX) have been calculated.
The results \r\nshow: Correlation between frequency and share of renewables is
quite low (r = 0.155) due to the fact that primary \r\ngrid control quickly compensates
deviations from the 50 Hz nominal frequency. There is a good anti-correlation
(r = -\r\n0.687) between the EEX‒prices and the share of renewables in the grid.
Over the years, correlation between \r\nelectricity trading prices (EEX) and CO2
emissions is quite good (r =0.665), within the one year (2018) that \r\ncorrelation
almost doesn’t exist, possibly due to the inflexibility of the bulky lignite power
plants that even operate at \r\nnegative prices. \r\n"
author:
- first_name: Stefan
full_name: Krauter, Stefan
id: '28836'
last_name: Krauter
orcid: 0000-0002-3594-260X
- first_name: L.
full_name: Zhang, L.
last_name: Zhang
citation:
ama: 'Krauter S, Zhang L. Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation of electricity
prices, share of renewables, CO2‒contents, and grid‒frequency in the German electricity
grid. In: Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference,
07 - 11 September 2020. ; 2020:1815-1817. doi:10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9'
apa: 'Krauter, S., & Zhang, L. (2020). Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation
of electricity prices, share of renewables, CO2‒contents, and grid‒frequency in
the German electricity grid. Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic
Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020., 1815–1817. https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9'
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Krauter_Zhang_2020, title={Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management:
Correlation of electricity prices, share of renewables, CO2‒contents, and grid‒frequency
in the German electricity grid.}, DOI={10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9},
booktitle={Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference,
07 - 11 September 2020.}, author={Krauter, Stefan and Zhang, L.}, year={2020},
pages={1815–1817} }'
chicago: 'Krauter, Stefan, and L. Zhang. “Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation
of Electricity Prices, Share of Renewables, CO2‒contents, and Grid‒frequency in
the German Electricity Grid.” In Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic
Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020., 1815–17, 2020. https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9.'
ieee: 'S. Krauter and L. Zhang, “Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation
of electricity prices, share of renewables, CO2‒contents, and grid‒frequency in
the German electricity grid.,” in Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic
Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020., online, 2020, pp. 1815–1817,
doi: 10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9.'
mla: 'Krauter, Stefan, and L. Zhang. “Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation
of Electricity Prices, Share of Renewables, CO2‒contents, and Grid‒frequency in
the German Electricity Grid.” Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic
Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020., 2020, pp. 1815–17, doi:10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9.'
short: 'S. Krauter, L. Zhang, in: Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic
Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020., 2020, pp. 1815–1817.'
conference:
end_date: 2020-09-11
location: online
name: 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EUPVSEC
2020)
start_date: 2020-09-07
date_created: 2020-09-14T12:43:43Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T12:42:22Z
ddc:
- '620'
department:
- _id: '53'
doi: 10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9
file:
- access_level: closed
content_type: application/pdf
creator: krauter
date_created: 2022-01-06T12:35:49Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T12:35:49Z
file_id: '29172'
file_name: Krauter Zhang - Triggering DSM - EUPVSEC 2020.pdf
file_size: 1309449
relation: main_file
success: 1
file_date_updated: 2022-01-06T12:35:49Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
keyword:
- 'Keywords: Load-Shifting'
- Demand-Side-Management
- DSM
- grid frequency
- EEX
- electricity trading prices
- renewable share
- flexibility
- emissions
- CO2
language:
- iso: eng
page: 1815 - 1817
publication: Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference,
07 - 11 September 2020.
publication_identifier:
issn:
- "\t3-936338-73-6"
publication_status: published
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: 'Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation of electricity prices, share
of renewables, CO2‒contents, and grid‒frequency in the German electricity grid.'
type: conference
user_id: '28836'
year: '2020'
...