---
_id: '66036'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Light-assisted metal oxide-based chemiresistive gas sensors are widely explored
    for operation at relatively low temperatures, yet the investigation of the role
    of irradiance, as opposed to wavelength, remains underrepresented. Here, we systematically
    quantify the irradiance-dependent behavior of ordered mesoporous In2O3 under visible
    light illumination. Photoconductivity measurements reveal two distinct irradiance
    regimes consistent with trap-limited transport at low power and recombination-
    or saturation-limited transport at high power. Gas sensing experiments towards
    CO and H2 show a pronounced non-monotonic response, reaching maximum responses
    of 0.74 for 135 ppm CO at 67 mW cm−2 and 0.64 for 90 ppm H2 at 11 mW cm−2, followed
    by strong suppression at higher irradiance. Illumination also accelerated the
    response kinetics. At 60 ppm, t90 decreases from 96 to 12 s for CO and 141 to
    27 s for H2, corresponding to an 8- and 5-fold faster response time, respectively.
    Near-ambient pressure-XPS under controlled atmosphere and density functional theory
    calculations indicate defect-mediated excitation. Oxygen vacancy states and illumination-induced
    modification of surface oxygen species govern this behavior. The results establish
    irradiance as a critical mechanistic parameter that determines whether In2O3 operates
    in a surface-controlled or bulk photoconductive regime. These findings highlight
    the need to explicitly optimize and report irradiance in illuminated gas sensor
    studies, and not only the power consumption of the light source.
article_number: acssensors.6c01100
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Sven
  full_name: Voth, Sven
  last_name: Voth
- first_name: Zhenyu
  full_name: Zhao, Zhenyu
  last_name: Zhao
- first_name: Dominik
  full_name: Baier, Dominik
  last_name: Baier
- first_name: Alexandra
  full_name: Glass, Alexandra
  last_name: Glass
- first_name: Hossam
  full_name: Elgabarty, Hossam
  id: '60250'
  last_name: Elgabarty
  orcid: 0000-0002-4945-1481
- first_name: Oskar J.
  full_name: Sandberg, Oskar J.
  last_name: Sandberg
- first_name: Guido
  full_name: Grundmeier, Guido
  id: '194'
  last_name: Grundmeier
- first_name: Michael
  full_name: Tiemann, Michael
  id: '23547'
  last_name: Tiemann
  orcid: 0000-0003-1711-2722
- first_name: Jan-Henrik
  full_name: Smått, Jan-Henrik
  last_name: Smått
- first_name: Nicklas
  full_name: Anttu, Nicklas
  last_name: Anttu
- first_name: Teresa
  full_name: de los Arcos, Teresa
  last_name: de los Arcos
- first_name: Christian
  full_name: Weinberger, Christian
  id: '11848'
  last_name: Weinberger
citation:
  ama: 'Voth S, Zhao Z, Baier D, et al. Role of Irradiance in Light-Activated In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>Gas
    Sensors: Why More Light Is Not Always Better. <i>ACS Sensors</i>. 2026;11(7).
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.6c01100">10.1021/acssensors.6c01100</a>'
  apa: 'Voth, S., Zhao, Z., Baier, D., Glass, A., Elgabarty, H., Sandberg, O. J.,
    Grundmeier, G., Tiemann, M., Smått, J.-H., Anttu, N., de los Arcos, T., &#38;
    Weinberger, C. (2026). Role of Irradiance in Light-Activated In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>Gas
    Sensors: Why More Light Is Not Always Better. <i>ACS Sensors</i>, <i>11</i>(7),
    Article acssensors.6c01100. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.6c01100">https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.6c01100</a>'
  bibtex: '@article{Voth_Zhao_Baier_Glass_Elgabarty_Sandberg_Grundmeier_Tiemann_Smått_Anttu_et
    al._2026, title={Role of Irradiance in Light-Activated In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>Gas
    Sensors: Why More Light Is Not Always Better}, volume={11}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.6c01100">10.1021/acssensors.6c01100</a>},
    number={7acssensors.6c01100}, journal={ACS Sensors}, publisher={American Chemical
    Society (ACS)}, author={Voth, Sven and Zhao, Zhenyu and Baier, Dominik and Glass,
    Alexandra and Elgabarty, Hossam and Sandberg, Oskar J. and Grundmeier, Guido and
    Tiemann, Michael and Smått, Jan-Henrik and Anttu, Nicklas and et al.}, year={2026}
    }'
  chicago: 'Voth, Sven, Zhenyu Zhao, Dominik Baier, Alexandra Glass, Hossam Elgabarty,
    Oskar J. Sandberg, Guido Grundmeier, et al. “Role of Irradiance in Light-Activated
    In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>Gas Sensors: Why More Light Is Not Always Better.”
    <i>ACS Sensors</i> 11, no. 7 (2026). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.6c01100">https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.6c01100</a>.'
  ieee: 'S. Voth <i>et al.</i>, “Role of Irradiance in Light-Activated In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>Gas
    Sensors: Why More Light Is Not Always Better,” <i>ACS Sensors</i>, vol. 11, no.
    7, Art. no. acssensors.6c01100, 2026, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.6c01100">10.1021/acssensors.6c01100</a>.'
  mla: 'Voth, Sven, et al. “Role of Irradiance in Light-Activated In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>Gas
    Sensors: Why More Light Is Not Always Better.” <i>ACS Sensors</i>, vol. 11, no.
    7, acssensors.6c01100, American Chemical Society (ACS), 2026, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.6c01100">10.1021/acssensors.6c01100</a>.'
  short: S. Voth, Z. Zhao, D. Baier, A. Glass, H. Elgabarty, O.J. Sandberg, G. Grundmeier,
    M. Tiemann, J.-H. Smått, N. Anttu, T. de los Arcos, C. Weinberger, ACS Sensors
    11 (2026).
date_created: 2026-06-24T10:36:11Z
date_updated: 2026-07-27T12:18:15Z
doi: 10.1021/acssensors.6c01100
intvolume: '        11'
issue: '7'
keyword:
- resistive gas sensing
- indium oxide
- photoactivation
- irradiance
- photoconductivity
- charge carrier dynamics
- oxygen vacancies
language:
- iso: eng
project:
- _id: '1130'
  name: Exploration of optoelectronic properties of metal oxides used in gas sensors
    and solar cells
publication: ACS Sensors
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2379-3694
  - 2379-3694
publication_status: published
publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
status: public
title: 'Role of Irradiance in Light-Activated In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>Gas Sensors:
  Why More Light Is Not Always Better'
type: journal_article
user_id: '11848'
volume: 11
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '21265'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: <jats:p>Fast-growing energy demand of the world makes the researchers focus
    on finding new energy sources or optimizing already-developed approaches. For
    an efficient use of solar and wind energy in an energy system, correct design
    and sizing of a power system is of high importance and improving or optimizing
    the process of data obtaining for this purpose leads to higher performance and
    lower cost per unit of energy. It is essential to have the most precise possible
    estimation of solar and wind energy potential and other local weather parameters
    in order to fully feed the demand and avoid extra costs. There are various methods
    for obtaining local data, such as local measurements, official organizational
    data, satellite obtained, and reanalysis data. In this paper, the Modern-Era Retrospective
    analysis for Research and Applications dataset version 2 (MERRA-2) dataset provided
    by NASA is introduced and its performance is evaluated by comparison to various
    locally measured datasets offered by meteorological institutions such as Meteonorm
    and Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD, or Germany’s National Meteorological Service)
    around the world. After comparison, correlation coefficients from 0.95 to 0.99
    are observed for monthly global horizontal irradiance values. In the case of air
    temperature, correlation coefficients of 0.99 and for wind speed from 0.81 to
    0.99 are observed. High correlation with ground measurements and relatively low
    errors are confirmed, especially for irradiance and temperature values, that makes
    MERRA-2 a valuable dataset, considering its world coverage and availability.</jats:p>
article_number: '882'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Arash
  full_name: Khatibi, Arash
  id: '43538'
  last_name: Khatibi
- first_name: Stefan
  full_name: Krauter, Stefan
  id: '28836'
  last_name: Krauter
  orcid: 0000-0002-3594-260X
citation:
  ama: Khatibi A, Krauter S. Validation and Performance of Satellite Meteorological
    Dataset MERRA-2 for Solar and Wind Applications. <i>Energies</i>. 2021;14(4).
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/en14040882">10.3390/en14040882</a>
  apa: Khatibi, A., &#38; Krauter, S. (2021). Validation and Performance of Satellite
    Meteorological Dataset MERRA-2 for Solar and Wind Applications. <i>Energies</i>,
    <i>14</i>(4), Article 882. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/en14040882">https://doi.org/10.3390/en14040882</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Khatibi_Krauter_2021, title={Validation and Performance of Satellite
    Meteorological Dataset MERRA-2 for Solar and Wind Applications}, volume={14},
    DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/en14040882">10.3390/en14040882</a>}, number={4882},
    journal={Energies}, publisher={MDPI}, author={Khatibi, Arash and Krauter, Stefan},
    year={2021} }'
  chicago: Khatibi, Arash, and Stefan Krauter. “Validation and Performance of Satellite
    Meteorological Dataset MERRA-2 for Solar and Wind Applications.” <i>Energies</i>
    14, no. 4 (2021). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/en14040882">https://doi.org/10.3390/en14040882</a>.
  ieee: 'A. Khatibi and S. Krauter, “Validation and Performance of Satellite Meteorological
    Dataset MERRA-2 for Solar and Wind Applications,” <i>Energies</i>, vol. 14, no.
    4, Art. no. 882, 2021, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/en14040882">10.3390/en14040882</a>.'
  mla: Khatibi, Arash, and Stefan Krauter. “Validation and Performance of Satellite
    Meteorological Dataset MERRA-2 for Solar and Wind Applications.” <i>Energies</i>,
    vol. 14, no. 4, 882, MDPI, 2021, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/en14040882">10.3390/en14040882</a>.
  short: A. Khatibi, S. Krauter, Energies 14 (2021).
date_created: 2021-02-23T10:18:05Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T13:37:34Z
ddc:
- '620'
department:
- _id: '53'
doi: 10.3390/en14040882
file:
- access_level: closed
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: krauter
  date_created: 2022-01-06T13:33:09Z
  date_updated: 2022-01-06T13:33:09Z
  file_id: '29177'
  file_name: energies-14-00882 Khatibi Krauter MERRA 2.pdf
  file_size: 3837152
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2022-01-06T13:33:09Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        14'
issue: '4'
keyword:
- Solar irradiance
- MERRA 2
- Meteonorm
- DWD
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/4/882/htm
oa: '1'
publication: Energies
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1996-1073
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Validation and Performance of Satellite Meteorological Dataset MERRA-2 for
  Solar and Wind Applications
type: journal_article
user_id: '28836'
volume: 14
year: '2021'
...