@inproceedings{19393,
  abstract     = {{To provide a simple instrument to operate residential Load-Shifting or Demand-Side-Management 
systems, the measurement of the actual grid frequency seems to be an appropriate method. Due to the present 
inflexibility and the lack of sufficient throttling capabilities of lignite and nuclear power plants, a surplus of 
electricity generation occurs during periods of high wind and solar power generation. While the specific CO2-
emission is decreasing then ‒ due to the increased share of Renewables, the grid frequency is increasing (to a certain 
limit). Using the grid frequency as an indicator to switch-on and off certain loads (loads that do not require power 
permanently (e.g. dishwashers, washing machines, dryers, fridges and freezers, heaters) could provide a simple, 
inexpensive demand-side management indicator to lower specific CO2‒emssions and costs (if a dynamic 
consumption tariff is available). To check the truthfulness of that hypothesis, the grid and frequency data of the 
German grid of the year 2018 have been collected and a the correlation between grid frequency, power surplus, share 
of renewables vs. CO2-contents and price at the European energy exchange (EEX) have been calculated. The results 
show: Correlation between frequency and share of renewables is quite low (r = 0.155) due to the fact that primary 
grid control quickly compensates deviations from the 50 Hz nominal frequency. There is a good anti-correlation (r = -
0.687) between the EEX‒prices and the share of renewables in the grid. Over the years, correlation between 
electricity trading prices (EEX) and CO2 emissions is quite good (r =0.665), within the one year (2018) that 
correlation almost doesn’t exist, possibly due to the inflexibility of the bulky lignite power plants that even operate at 
negative prices. 
}},
  author       = {{Krauter, Stefan and Zhang, L.}},
  booktitle    = {{Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020.}},
  issn         = {{	3-936338-73-6}},
  keywords     = {{Keywords: Load-Shifting, Demand-Side-Management, DSM, grid frequency, EEX, electricity trading prices, renewable share, flexibility, emissions, CO2}},
  location     = {{online}},
  pages        = {{1815 -- 1817}},
  title        = {{{Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation of electricity prices, share of renewables, CO2‒contents, and grid‒frequency in the German electricity grid.}}},
  doi          = {{10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}

@article{6632,
  abstract     = {{Many processes in industrial and domestic applications require heating or cooling at certain steps of a process. Even if the process itself cannot be shifted towards periods of high PV output (which would be favorable), the heating and cooling necessities can be carried out via an inexpensive thermal storage instead of a costly electrical storage. Examples are: distillation units, washing machines, dishwashers, coolers, freezers. The resulting “shiftability” of power consumption can be a business model by offering that availability of load dispatching on the balancing power market. An example using PCM as cooling storage for refrigerators that has been investigated: A focus of this paper is the use of that load shifting ability to provide balancing power. Another emphasis is on the protection of individual consumer data: To keep the state of use of each individual consumer (actually: interactive consumer or “prosumer”) anonymous, but still performing the sales of balancing power, the orders for load-dispatching can be transmitted via transmitted via a regional, non-individual broadcasting message within the GSM network. Demonstrating DSMs capacities, abilities and limits concerning domestic applications is an important task to prepare large-scale implementation and to convince stakeholders. To reaching that goal, several realistic DSM scenarios for cooling applications and freezers have been developed with the prerequisite that DSM activities are supposed to be without comfort losses and without restrictions for consumers while the limits for lower and upper temperature for food are maintained.}},
  author       = {{Krauter, Stefan and Prior, Dirk}},
  issn         = {{1876-6102}},
  journal      = {{Energy Procedia}},
  keywords     = {{DSM, load management, load shifting, PCM, thermal storage, balancing power}},
  pages        = {{210 -- 226}},
  title        = {{{Minimizing storage costs by substituting centralized electrical storage by thermal storage at the end user, also suppling balancing power for grid operation}}},
  doi          = {{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.09.505}},
  volume       = {{135}},
  year         = {{2017}},
}