---
_id: '65460'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "Beamsplitters represent fundamental components in both classical and quantum
    optical systems, enabling the distribution of light, as well as the generation
    of interference, superposition, and entanglement. However, optical networks constructed
    from conventional bulk 2 × 2-beamsplitters encounter inherent scalability issues,
    as the number of required beamsplitters scales quadratically with the number of
    optical modes for a fully connected network. Metasurfaces offer a promising route
    to\r\novercome these constraints. By manipulating light at the wavelength scale,
    compact optical components with advanced functionalities can be constructed, which
    address several modes simultaneously. In this work, we design and experimentally
    utilize a metasurface as a multiport beamsplitter. Furthermore, we realized a
    multimode interferometer composed of two cascaded metasurfaces. We characterize
    the individual and cascaded metasurfaces by using classical light, showing controllable
    splitting ratios through tunable phase relations. We then expand the approach
    to quantum light, employing single photons to demonstrate second- and third-order
    photon correlations as well as single photon interference across multiple spatial
    paths. These results establish metasurface-based multiport beamsplitters as a
    scalable and reconfigurable platform bridging classical and quantum photonics. "
article_number: acsphotonics.6c00096
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Rebecca
  full_name: Aschwanden, Rebecca
  last_name: Aschwanden
- first_name: Nicolás
  full_name: Claro-Rodríguez, Nicolás
  last_name: Claro-Rodríguez
- first_name: Ruizhe
  full_name: Zhao, Ruizhe
  last_name: Zhao
- first_name: Patricia Anna Maria
  full_name: Kallert, Patricia Anna Maria
  id: '72332'
  last_name: Kallert
  orcid: 0009-0007-5230-0223
- first_name: Tobias
  full_name: Krieger, Tobias
  last_name: Krieger
- first_name: Quirin
  full_name: Buchinger, Quirin
  last_name: Buchinger
- first_name: Saimon F.
  full_name: Covre da Silva, Saimon F.
  last_name: Covre da Silva
- first_name: Sandra
  full_name: Stroj, Sandra
  last_name: Stroj
- first_name: Michele
  full_name: Rota, Michele
  last_name: Rota
- first_name: Sven
  full_name: Höfling, Sven
  last_name: Höfling
- first_name: Tobias
  full_name: Huber-Loyola, Tobias
  last_name: Huber-Loyola
- first_name: Armando
  full_name: Rastelli, Armando
  last_name: Rastelli
- first_name: Rinaldo
  full_name: Trotta, Rinaldo
  last_name: Trotta
- first_name: Lingling
  full_name: Huang, Lingling
  last_name: Huang
- first_name: Tim
  full_name: Bartley, Tim
  id: '49683'
  last_name: Bartley
- first_name: Klaus
  full_name: Jöns, Klaus
  id: '85353'
  last_name: Jöns
- first_name: Thomas
  full_name: Zentgraf, Thomas
  id: '30525'
  last_name: Zentgraf
  orcid: 0000-0002-8662-1101
citation:
  ama: Aschwanden R, Claro-Rodríguez N, Zhao R, et al. Cascaded Metasurface Interferometer
    for Multipath Interference with Classical and Quantum Light. <i>ACS Photonics</i>.
    Published online 2026. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.6c00096">10.1021/acsphotonics.6c00096</a>
  apa: Aschwanden, R., Claro-Rodríguez, N., Zhao, R., Kallert, P. A. M., Krieger,
    T., Buchinger, Q., Covre da Silva, S. F., Stroj, S., Rota, M., Höfling, S., Huber-Loyola,
    T., Rastelli, A., Trotta, R., Huang, L., Bartley, T., Jöns, K., &#38; Zentgraf,
    T. (2026). Cascaded Metasurface Interferometer for Multipath Interference with
    Classical and Quantum Light. <i>ACS Photonics</i>, Article acsphotonics.6c00096.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.6c00096">https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.6c00096</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Aschwanden_Claro-Rodríguez_Zhao_Kallert_Krieger_Buchinger_Covre
    da Silva_Stroj_Rota_Höfling_et al._2026, title={Cascaded Metasurface Interferometer
    for Multipath Interference with Classical and Quantum Light}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.6c00096">10.1021/acsphotonics.6c00096</a>},
    number={acsphotonics.6c00096}, journal={ACS Photonics}, publisher={American Chemical
    Society (ACS)}, author={Aschwanden, Rebecca and Claro-Rodríguez, Nicolás and Zhao,
    Ruizhe and Kallert, Patricia Anna Maria and Krieger, Tobias and Buchinger, Quirin
    and Covre da Silva, Saimon F. and Stroj, Sandra and Rota, Michele and Höfling,
    Sven and et al.}, year={2026} }'
  chicago: Aschwanden, Rebecca, Nicolás Claro-Rodríguez, Ruizhe Zhao, Patricia Anna
    Maria Kallert, Tobias Krieger, Quirin Buchinger, Saimon F. Covre da Silva, et
    al. “Cascaded Metasurface Interferometer for Multipath Interference with Classical
    and Quantum Light.” <i>ACS Photonics</i>, 2026. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.6c00096">https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.6c00096</a>.
  ieee: 'R. Aschwanden <i>et al.</i>, “Cascaded Metasurface Interferometer for Multipath
    Interference with Classical and Quantum Light,” <i>ACS Photonics</i>, Art. no.
    acsphotonics.6c00096, 2026, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.6c00096">10.1021/acsphotonics.6c00096</a>.'
  mla: Aschwanden, Rebecca, et al. “Cascaded Metasurface Interferometer for Multipath
    Interference with Classical and Quantum Light.” <i>ACS Photonics</i>, acsphotonics.6c00096,
    American Chemical Society (ACS), 2026, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.6c00096">10.1021/acsphotonics.6c00096</a>.
  short: R. Aschwanden, N. Claro-Rodríguez, R. Zhao, P.A.M. Kallert, T. Krieger, Q.
    Buchinger, S.F. Covre da Silva, S. Stroj, M. Rota, S. Höfling, T. Huber-Loyola,
    A. Rastelli, R. Trotta, L. Huang, T. Bartley, K. Jöns, T. Zentgraf, ACS Photonics
    (2026).
date_created: 2026-04-20T04:52:59Z
date_updated: 2026-04-20T05:01:00Z
department:
- _id: '15'
- _id: '230'
- _id: '289'
- _id: '623'
doi: 10.1021/acsphotonics.6c00096
external_id:
  arxiv:
  - '2603.25090'
keyword:
- metasurface
- beamsplitter
- interferometer
- quantum network
- single photons
- nanophotonics
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsphotonics.6c00096
project:
- _id: '54'
  name: TRR 142 - Project Area A
- _id: '65'
  name: 'TRR 142; TP A08: Nichtlineare Kopplung von Zwischenschicht-Exzitonen in van
    der Waals-Heterostrukturen an plasmonische und dielektrische Nanokavitäten'
- _id: '53'
  name: 'TRR 142: Maßgeschneiderte nichtlineare Photonik: Von grundlegenden Konzepten
    zu funktionellen Strukturen'
publication: ACS Photonics
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2330-4022
  - 2330-4022
publication_status: published
publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Cascaded Metasurface Interferometer for Multipath Interference with Classical
  and Quantum Light
type: journal_article
user_id: '30525'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '64053'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: The utilization and preparation of functional hybrid films for optical sensing
    applications and membranes is of utmost importance. In this work, we report the
    convenient and scalable preparation of self-crosslinking particle-based films
    derived by directed self-assembly of alkoxysilane-based cross-linkers as part
    of a core-shell particle architecture. The synthesis of well-designed monodisperse
    core-shell particles by emulsion polymerization is the basic prerequisite for
    subsequent particle processing via the melt-shear organization technique. In more
    detail, the core particles consist of polystyrene (PS) or poly(methyl methacrylate)
    (PMMA), while the comparably soft particle shell consists of poly(ethyl acrylate)
    (PEA) and different alkoxysilane-based poly(methacrylate)s. For hybrid film formation
    and convenient self-cross-linking, different alkyl groups at the siloxane moieties
    were investigated in detail by solid-state Magic-Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic
    Resonance (MAS, NMR) spectroscopy revealing different crosslinking capabilities,
    which strongly influence the properties of the core or shell particle films with
    respect to transparency and iridescent reflection colors. Furthermore, solid-state
    NMR spectroscopy and investigation of the thermal properties by differential scanning
    calorimetry (DSC) measurements allow for insights into the cross-linking capabilities
    prior to and after synthesis, as well as after the thermally and pressure-induced
    processing steps. Subsequently, free-standing and self-crosslinked particle-based
    films featuring excellent particle order are obtained by application of the melt-shear
    organization technique, as shown by microscopy (TEM, SEM).
author:
- first_name: S.
  full_name: Vowinkel, S.
  last_name: Vowinkel
- first_name: S.
  full_name: Paul, S.
  last_name: Paul
- first_name: Torsten
  full_name: Gutmann, Torsten
  id: '118165'
  last_name: Gutmann
- first_name: M.
  full_name: Gallei, M.
  last_name: Gallei
citation:
  ama: Vowinkel S, Paul S, Gutmann T, Gallei M. Free-Standing and Self-Crosslinkable
    Hybrid Films by Core-Shell Particle Design and Processing. <i>Nanomaterials</i>.
    2017;7(11):390. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7110390">10.3390/nano7110390</a>
  apa: Vowinkel, S., Paul, S., Gutmann, T., &#38; Gallei, M. (2017). Free-Standing
    and Self-Crosslinkable Hybrid Films by Core-Shell Particle Design and Processing.
    <i>Nanomaterials</i>, <i>7</i>(11), 390. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7110390">https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7110390</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Vowinkel_Paul_Gutmann_Gallei_2017, title={Free-Standing and Self-Crosslinkable
    Hybrid Films by Core-Shell Particle Design and Processing}, volume={7}, DOI={<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7110390">10.3390/nano7110390</a>}, number={11},
    journal={Nanomaterials}, author={Vowinkel, S. and Paul, S. and Gutmann, Torsten
    and Gallei, M.}, year={2017}, pages={390} }'
  chicago: 'Vowinkel, S., S. Paul, Torsten Gutmann, and M. Gallei. “Free-Standing
    and Self-Crosslinkable Hybrid Films by Core-Shell Particle Design and Processing.”
    <i>Nanomaterials</i> 7, no. 11 (2017): 390. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7110390">https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7110390</a>.'
  ieee: 'S. Vowinkel, S. Paul, T. Gutmann, and M. Gallei, “Free-Standing and Self-Crosslinkable
    Hybrid Films by Core-Shell Particle Design and Processing,” <i>Nanomaterials</i>,
    vol. 7, no. 11, p. 390, 2017, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7110390">10.3390/nano7110390</a>.'
  mla: Vowinkel, S., et al. “Free-Standing and Self-Crosslinkable Hybrid Films by
    Core-Shell Particle Design and Processing.” <i>Nanomaterials</i>, vol. 7, no.
    11, 2017, p. 390, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7110390">10.3390/nano7110390</a>.
  short: S. Vowinkel, S. Paul, T. Gutmann, M. Gallei, Nanomaterials 7 (2017) 390.
date_created: 2026-02-07T16:15:23Z
date_updated: 2026-02-17T16:12:54Z
doi: 10.3390/nano7110390
extern: '1'
intvolume: '         7'
issue: '11'
keyword:
- Materials Science
- Science & Technology - Other Topics
- solid-state nmr
- spectroscopy
- catalysts
- colloidal crystals
- colloids
- cross-linking
- elastomeric opal films
- emulsion polymerization
- gamma-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane
- hybrid films
- melt-shear organization
- nanoparticles
- particle
- photons
- polymers
- processing
- self-assembly
- transition
language:
- iso: eng
page: '390'
publication: Nanomaterials
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2079-4991
status: public
title: Free-Standing and Self-Crosslinkable Hybrid Films by Core-Shell Particle Design
  and Processing
type: journal_article
user_id: '100715'
volume: 7
year: '2017'
...