[{"issue":"3","quality_controlled":"1","year":"2024","date_created":"2024-02-20T06:46:43Z","publisher":"MDPI AG","title":"Diagnostics of Piezoelectric Bending Actuators Subjected to Varying Operating Conditions","publication":"Electronics","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"In applications of piezoelectric actuators and sensors, the dependability and particularly the reliability throughout their lifetime are vital to manufacturers and end-users and are enabled through condition-monitoring approaches. Existing approaches often utilize impedance measurements over a range of frequencies or velocity measurements and require additional equipment or sensors, such as a laser Doppler vibrometer. Furthermore, the non-negligible effects of varying operating conditions are often unconsidered. To minimize the need for additional sensors while maintaining the dependability of piezoelectric bending actuators irrespective of varying operating conditions, an online diagnostics approach is proposed. To this end, time- and frequency-domain features are extracted from monitored current signals to reflect hairline crack development in bending actuators. For validation of applicability, the presented analysis method was evaluated on piezoelectric bending actuators subjected to accelerated lifetime tests at varying voltage amplitudes and under external damping conditions. In the presence of a crack and due to a diminished stiffness, the resonance frequency decreases and the root-mean-square amplitude of the current signal simultaneously abruptly drops during the lifetime tests. Furthermore, the piezoelectric crack surfaces clapping is reflected in higher harmonics of the current signal. Thus, time-domain features and harmonics of the current signals are sufficient to diagnose hairline cracks in the actuators."}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["piezoelectric transducer","self-sensing","fault detection","diagnostics","hairline crack","condition monitoring"],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["2079-9292"]},"publication_status":"published","intvolume":"        13","citation":{"apa":"Aimiyekagbon, O. K., Bender, A., Hemsel, T., &#38; Sextro, W. (2024). Diagnostics of Piezoelectric Bending Actuators Subjected to Varying Operating Conditions. <i>Electronics</i>, <i>13</i>(3), Article 521. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13030521\">https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13030521</a>","bibtex":"@article{Aimiyekagbon_Bender_Hemsel_Sextro_2024, title={Diagnostics of Piezoelectric Bending Actuators Subjected to Varying Operating Conditions}, volume={13}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13030521\">10.3390/electronics13030521</a>}, number={3521}, journal={Electronics}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Aimiyekagbon, Osarenren Kennedy and Bender, Amelie and Hemsel, Tobias and Sextro, Walter}, year={2024} }","short":"O.K. Aimiyekagbon, A. Bender, T. Hemsel, W. Sextro, Electronics 13 (2024).","mla":"Aimiyekagbon, Osarenren Kennedy, et al. “Diagnostics of Piezoelectric Bending Actuators Subjected to Varying Operating Conditions.” <i>Electronics</i>, vol. 13, no. 3, 521, MDPI AG, 2024, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13030521\">10.3390/electronics13030521</a>.","ama":"Aimiyekagbon OK, Bender A, Hemsel T, Sextro W. Diagnostics of Piezoelectric Bending Actuators Subjected to Varying Operating Conditions. <i>Electronics</i>. 2024;13(3). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13030521\">10.3390/electronics13030521</a>","ieee":"O. K. Aimiyekagbon, A. Bender, T. Hemsel, and W. Sextro, “Diagnostics of Piezoelectric Bending Actuators Subjected to Varying Operating Conditions,” <i>Electronics</i>, vol. 13, no. 3, Art. no. 521, 2024, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13030521\">10.3390/electronics13030521</a>.","chicago":"Aimiyekagbon, Osarenren Kennedy, Amelie Bender, Tobias Hemsel, and Walter Sextro. “Diagnostics of Piezoelectric Bending Actuators Subjected to Varying Operating Conditions.” <i>Electronics</i> 13, no. 3 (2024). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13030521\">https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13030521</a>."},"volume":13,"author":[{"last_name":"Aimiyekagbon","id":"9557","full_name":"Aimiyekagbon, Osarenren Kennedy","first_name":"Osarenren Kennedy"},{"last_name":"Bender","full_name":"Bender, Amelie","id":"54290","first_name":"Amelie"},{"last_name":"Hemsel","id":"210","full_name":"Hemsel, Tobias","first_name":"Tobias"},{"first_name":"Walter","last_name":"Sextro","full_name":"Sextro, Walter","id":"21220"}],"date_updated":"2024-03-15T16:15:56Z","doi":"10.3390/electronics13030521","type":"journal_article","status":"public","department":[{"_id":"151"}],"user_id":"9557","_id":"51518","funded_apc":"1","article_number":"521","article_type":"original"},{"title":"Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Power Transducers","doi":"10.1016/b978-0-12-819728-8.00047-4","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128197288000474"}],"date_updated":"2022-09-30T09:41:47Z","publisher":"Elsevier","author":[{"id":"210","full_name":"Hemsel, Tobias","last_name":"Hemsel","first_name":"Tobias"},{"last_name":"Twiefel","full_name":"Twiefel, Jens","first_name":"Jens"}],"date_created":"2022-09-30T09:35:16Z","year":"2022","citation":{"ama":"Hemsel T, Twiefel J. Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Power Transducers. In: <i>Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering</i>. Elsevier; 2022. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-819728-8.00047-4\">10.1016/b978-0-12-819728-8.00047-4</a>","chicago":"Hemsel, Tobias, and Jens Twiefel. “Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Power Transducers.” In <i>Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering</i>. Elsevier, 2022. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-819728-8.00047-4\">https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-819728-8.00047-4</a>.","ieee":"T. Hemsel and J. Twiefel, “Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Power Transducers,” in <i>Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering</i>, Elsevier, 2022.","bibtex":"@inbook{Hemsel_Twiefel_2022, title={Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Power Transducers}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-819728-8.00047-4\">10.1016/b978-0-12-819728-8.00047-4</a>}, booktitle={Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Hemsel, Tobias and Twiefel, Jens}, year={2022} }","mla":"Hemsel, Tobias, and Jens Twiefel. “Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Power Transducers.” <i>Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering</i>, Elsevier, 2022, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-819728-8.00047-4\">10.1016/b978-0-12-819728-8.00047-4</a>.","short":"T. Hemsel, J. Twiefel, in: Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering, Elsevier, 2022.","apa":"Hemsel, T., &#38; Twiefel, J. (2022). Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Power Transducers. In <i>Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering</i>. Elsevier. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-819728-8.00047-4\">https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-819728-8.00047-4</a>"},"publication_identifier":{"isbn":["978-0-12-803581-8"]},"quality_controlled":"1","publication_status":"published","keyword":["Equivalent circuit model","Langevin transducer","Lumped parameter model","Piezoelectric transducer","Ultrasonic processes","Ultrasound"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"33500","department":[{"_id":"151"}],"user_id":"210","abstract":[{"text":"This article is dedicated to piezoelectric ultrasonic power transducers that differ to well known medical ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus or non destructive testing devices by the level of power in use; typically several tens of up to more than thousand watts are used in a multitude of different applications. After a short introduction including historical development, the first focus is on theoretical background of the operating principle, design and mechanical modeling. As piezoelectric elements transform electrical to mechanical energy and vice versa, equivalent circuit modeling is also described. After that, sample applications are delineated by the matter wherein ultrasound generates unique effects: incredible high pressure level as well in air as in water, micro-bubbles generating temperature peaks for very short time instances in fluids, acoustoplastic effect, enhancement of diffusion and recrystallization in solids, friction manipulation, incremental deformation and micro-cracking of surfaces, or even generation of macroscopic movements in motors. At the end, some future directions ranging from novel modeling approaches to advanced control and new materials are addressed.","lang":"eng"}],"status":"public","publication":"Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering","type":"book_chapter"},{"quality_controlled":"1","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0041-624X"]},"page":"e747 - e752","citation":{"apa":"Fu, B., Hemsel, T., &#38; Wallaschek, J. (2006). Piezoelectric transducer design via multiobjective optimization. <i>Ultrasonics</i>, <i>44</i>, <i>Supplement</i>, e747–e752. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2006.05.087\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2006.05.087</a>","short":"B. Fu, T. Hemsel, J. Wallaschek, Ultrasonics 44, Supplement (2006) e747–e752.","mla":"Fu, Bo, et al. “Piezoelectric Transducer Design via Multiobjective Optimization.” <i>Ultrasonics</i>, vol. 44, Supplement, 2006, pp. e747–52, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2006.05.087\">10.1016/j.ultras.2006.05.087</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Fu_Hemsel_Wallaschek_2006, title={Piezoelectric transducer design via multiobjective optimization}, volume={44, Supplement}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2006.05.087\">10.1016/j.ultras.2006.05.087</a>}, journal={Ultrasonics}, author={Fu, Bo and Hemsel, Tobias and Wallaschek, Jörg}, year={2006}, pages={e747–e752} }","ama":"Fu B, Hemsel T, Wallaschek J. Piezoelectric transducer design via multiobjective optimization. <i>Ultrasonics</i>. 2006;44, Supplement:e747-e752. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2006.05.087\">10.1016/j.ultras.2006.05.087</a>","chicago":"Fu, Bo, Tobias Hemsel, and Jörg Wallaschek. “Piezoelectric Transducer Design via Multiobjective Optimization.” <i>Ultrasonics</i> 44, Supplement (2006): e747–52. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2006.05.087\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2006.05.087</a>.","ieee":"B. Fu, T. Hemsel, and J. Wallaschek, “Piezoelectric transducer design via multiobjective optimization,” <i>Ultrasonics</i>, vol. 44, Supplement, pp. e747–e752, 2006."},"year":"2006","volume":"44, Supplement","author":[{"last_name":"Fu","full_name":"Fu, Bo","first_name":"Bo"},{"last_name":"Hemsel","id":"210","full_name":"Hemsel, Tobias","first_name":"Tobias"},{"first_name":"Jörg","full_name":"Wallaschek, Jörg","last_name":"Wallaschek"}],"date_created":"2019-04-29T08:50:23Z","date_updated":"2022-01-06T07:04:16Z","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2006.05.087","title":"Piezoelectric transducer design via multiobjective optimization","publication":"Ultrasonics","type":"journal_article","status":"public","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The design of piezoelectric transducers is usually based on single-objective optimization only. In most practical applications of piezoelectric transducers, however, there exist multiple design objectives that often are contradictory to each other by their very nature. It is impossible to find a solution at which each objective function gets its optimal value simultaneously. Our design approach is to first find a set of Pareto-optimal solutions, which can be considered to be best compromises among multiple design objectives. Among these Pareto-optimal solutions, the designer can then select the one solution which he considers to be the best one. In this paper we investigate the optimal design of a Langevin transducer. The design problem is formulated mathematically as a constrained multiobjective optimization problem. The maximum vibration amplitude and the minimum electrical input power are considered as optimization objectives. Design variables involve continuous variables (dimensions of the transducer) and discrete variables (the number of piezoelectric rings and material types). In order to formulate the optimization problem, the behavior of piezoelectric transducers is modeled using the transfer matrix method based on analytical models. Multiobjective evolutionary algorithms are applied in the optimization process and a set of Pareto-optimal designs is calculated. The optimized results are analyzed and the preferred design is determined. "}],"department":[{"_id":"151"}],"user_id":"55222","_id":"9533","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["Piezoelectric transducer"]}]