---
_id: '51518'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: In applications of piezoelectric actuators and sensors, the dependability
    and particularly the reliability throughout their lifetime are vital to manufacturers
    and end-users and are enabled through condition-monitoring approaches. Existing
    approaches often utilize impedance measurements over a range of frequencies or
    velocity measurements and require additional equipment or sensors, such as a laser
    Doppler vibrometer. Furthermore, the non-negligible effects of varying operating
    conditions are often unconsidered. To minimize the need for additional sensors
    while maintaining the dependability of piezoelectric bending actuators irrespective
    of varying operating conditions, an online diagnostics approach is proposed. To
    this end, time- and frequency-domain features are extracted from monitored current
    signals to reflect hairline crack development in bending actuators. For validation
    of applicability, the presented analysis method was evaluated on piezoelectric
    bending actuators subjected to accelerated lifetime tests at varying voltage amplitudes
    and under external damping conditions. In the presence of a crack and due to a
    diminished stiffness, the resonance frequency decreases and the root-mean-square
    amplitude of the current signal simultaneously abruptly drops during the lifetime
    tests. Furthermore, the piezoelectric crack surfaces clapping is reflected in
    higher harmonics of the current signal. Thus, time-domain features and harmonics
    of the current signals are sufficient to diagnose hairline cracks in the actuators.
article_number: '521'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Osarenren Kennedy
  full_name: Aimiyekagbon, Osarenren Kennedy
  id: '9557'
  last_name: Aimiyekagbon
- first_name: Amelie
  full_name: Bender, Amelie
  id: '54290'
  last_name: Bender
- first_name: Tobias
  full_name: Hemsel, Tobias
  id: '210'
  last_name: Hemsel
- first_name: Walter
  full_name: Sextro, Walter
  id: '21220'
  last_name: Sextro
citation:
  ama: Aimiyekagbon OK, Bender A, Hemsel T, Sextro W. Diagnostics of Piezoelectric
    Bending Actuators Subjected to Varying Operating Conditions. <i>Electronics</i>.
    2024;13(3). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13030521">10.3390/electronics13030521</a>
  apa: Aimiyekagbon, O. K., Bender, A., Hemsel, T., &#38; Sextro, W. (2024). Diagnostics
    of Piezoelectric Bending Actuators Subjected to Varying Operating Conditions.
    <i>Electronics</i>, <i>13</i>(3), Article 521. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13030521">https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13030521</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Aimiyekagbon_Bender_Hemsel_Sextro_2024, title={Diagnostics of
    Piezoelectric Bending Actuators Subjected to Varying Operating Conditions}, volume={13},
    DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13030521">10.3390/electronics13030521</a>},
    number={3521}, journal={Electronics}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Aimiyekagbon,
    Osarenren Kennedy and Bender, Amelie and Hemsel, Tobias and Sextro, Walter}, year={2024}
    }'
  chicago: Aimiyekagbon, Osarenren Kennedy, Amelie Bender, Tobias Hemsel, and Walter
    Sextro. “Diagnostics of Piezoelectric Bending Actuators Subjected to Varying Operating
    Conditions.” <i>Electronics</i> 13, no. 3 (2024). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13030521">https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13030521</a>.
  ieee: 'O. K. Aimiyekagbon, A. Bender, T. Hemsel, and W. Sextro, “Diagnostics of
    Piezoelectric Bending Actuators Subjected to Varying Operating Conditions,” <i>Electronics</i>,
    vol. 13, no. 3, Art. no. 521, 2024, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13030521">10.3390/electronics13030521</a>.'
  mla: Aimiyekagbon, Osarenren Kennedy, et al. “Diagnostics of Piezoelectric Bending
    Actuators Subjected to Varying Operating Conditions.” <i>Electronics</i>, vol.
    13, no. 3, 521, MDPI AG, 2024, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13030521">10.3390/electronics13030521</a>.
  short: O.K. Aimiyekagbon, A. Bender, T. Hemsel, W. Sextro, Electronics 13 (2024).
date_created: 2024-02-20T06:46:43Z
date_updated: 2024-03-15T16:15:56Z
department:
- _id: '151'
doi: 10.3390/electronics13030521
funded_apc: '1'
intvolume: '        13'
issue: '3'
keyword:
- piezoelectric transducer
- self-sensing
- fault detection
- diagnostics
- hairline crack
- condition monitoring
language:
- iso: eng
publication: Electronics
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2079-9292
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI AG
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Diagnostics of Piezoelectric Bending Actuators Subjected to Varying Operating
  Conditions
type: journal_article
user_id: '9557'
volume: 13
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '33500'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'This article is dedicated to piezoelectric ultrasonic power transducers that
    differ to well known medical ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus or non destructive
    testing devices by the level of power in use; typically several tens of up to
    more than thousand watts are used in a multitude of different applications. After
    a short introduction including historical development, the first focus is on theoretical
    background of the operating principle, design and mechanical modeling. As piezoelectric
    elements transform electrical to mechanical energy and vice versa, equivalent
    circuit modeling is also described. After that, sample applications are delineated
    by the matter wherein ultrasound generates unique effects: incredible high pressure
    level as well in air as in water, micro-bubbles generating temperature peaks for
    very short time instances in fluids, acoustoplastic effect, enhancement of diffusion
    and recrystallization in solids, friction manipulation, incremental deformation
    and micro-cracking of surfaces, or even generation of macroscopic movements in
    motors. At the end, some future directions ranging from novel modeling approaches
    to advanced control and new materials are addressed.'
author:
- first_name: Tobias
  full_name: Hemsel, Tobias
  id: '210'
  last_name: Hemsel
- first_name: Jens
  full_name: Twiefel, Jens
  last_name: Twiefel
citation:
  ama: 'Hemsel T, Twiefel J. Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Power Transducers. In: <i>Reference
    Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering</i>. Elsevier; 2022. doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-819728-8.00047-4">10.1016/b978-0-12-819728-8.00047-4</a>'
  apa: Hemsel, T., &#38; Twiefel, J. (2022). Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Power Transducers.
    In <i>Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering</i>. Elsevier.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-819728-8.00047-4">https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-819728-8.00047-4</a>
  bibtex: '@inbook{Hemsel_Twiefel_2022, title={Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Power Transducers},
    DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-819728-8.00047-4">10.1016/b978-0-12-819728-8.00047-4</a>},
    booktitle={Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering}, publisher={Elsevier},
    author={Hemsel, Tobias and Twiefel, Jens}, year={2022} }'
  chicago: Hemsel, Tobias, and Jens Twiefel. “Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Power Transducers.”
    In <i>Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering</i>. Elsevier,
    2022. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-819728-8.00047-4">https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-819728-8.00047-4</a>.
  ieee: T. Hemsel and J. Twiefel, “Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Power Transducers,” in
    <i>Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering</i>, Elsevier,
    2022.
  mla: Hemsel, Tobias, and Jens Twiefel. “Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Power Transducers.”
    <i>Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering</i>, Elsevier,
    2022, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-819728-8.00047-4">10.1016/b978-0-12-819728-8.00047-4</a>.
  short: 'T. Hemsel, J. Twiefel, in: Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials
    Engineering, Elsevier, 2022.'
date_created: 2022-09-30T09:35:16Z
date_updated: 2022-09-30T09:41:47Z
department:
- _id: '151'
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819728-8.00047-4
keyword:
- Equivalent circuit model
- Langevin transducer
- Lumped parameter model
- Piezoelectric transducer
- Ultrasonic processes
- Ultrasound
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128197288000474
publication: Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering
publication_identifier:
  isbn:
  - 978-0-12-803581-8
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Power Transducers
type: book_chapter
user_id: '210'
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '9533'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'The design of piezoelectric transducers is usually based on single-objective
    optimization only. In most practical applications of piezoelectric transducers,
    however, there exist multiple design objectives that often are contradictory to
    each other by their very nature. It is impossible to find a solution at which
    each objective function gets its optimal value simultaneously. Our design approach
    is to first find a set of Pareto-optimal solutions, which can be considered to
    be best compromises among multiple design objectives. Among these Pareto-optimal
    solutions, the designer can then select the one solution which he considers to
    be the best one. In this paper we investigate the optimal design of a Langevin
    transducer. The design problem is formulated mathematically as a constrained multiobjective
    optimization problem. The maximum vibration amplitude and the minimum electrical
    input power are considered as optimization objectives. Design variables involve
    continuous variables (dimensions of the transducer) and discrete variables (the
    number of piezoelectric rings and material types). In order to formulate the optimization
    problem, the behavior of piezoelectric transducers is modeled using the transfer
    matrix method based on analytical models. Multiobjective evolutionary algorithms
    are applied in the optimization process and a set of Pareto-optimal designs is
    calculated. The optimized results are analyzed and the preferred design is determined. '
author:
- first_name: Bo
  full_name: Fu, Bo
  last_name: Fu
- first_name: Tobias
  full_name: Hemsel, Tobias
  id: '210'
  last_name: Hemsel
- first_name: Jörg
  full_name: Wallaschek, Jörg
  last_name: Wallaschek
citation:
  ama: Fu B, Hemsel T, Wallaschek J. Piezoelectric transducer design via multiobjective
    optimization. <i>Ultrasonics</i>. 2006;44, Supplement:e747-e752. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2006.05.087">10.1016/j.ultras.2006.05.087</a>
  apa: Fu, B., Hemsel, T., &#38; Wallaschek, J. (2006). Piezoelectric transducer design
    via multiobjective optimization. <i>Ultrasonics</i>, <i>44</i>, <i>Supplement</i>,
    e747–e752. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2006.05.087">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2006.05.087</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Fu_Hemsel_Wallaschek_2006, title={Piezoelectric transducer design
    via multiobjective optimization}, volume={44, Supplement}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2006.05.087">10.1016/j.ultras.2006.05.087</a>},
    journal={Ultrasonics}, author={Fu, Bo and Hemsel, Tobias and Wallaschek, Jörg},
    year={2006}, pages={e747–e752} }'
  chicago: 'Fu, Bo, Tobias Hemsel, and Jörg Wallaschek. “Piezoelectric Transducer
    Design via Multiobjective Optimization.” <i>Ultrasonics</i> 44, Supplement (2006):
    e747–52. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2006.05.087">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2006.05.087</a>.'
  ieee: B. Fu, T. Hemsel, and J. Wallaschek, “Piezoelectric transducer design via
    multiobjective optimization,” <i>Ultrasonics</i>, vol. 44, Supplement, pp. e747–e752,
    2006.
  mla: Fu, Bo, et al. “Piezoelectric Transducer Design via Multiobjective Optimization.”
    <i>Ultrasonics</i>, vol. 44, Supplement, 2006, pp. e747–52, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2006.05.087">10.1016/j.ultras.2006.05.087</a>.
  short: B. Fu, T. Hemsel, J. Wallaschek, Ultrasonics 44, Supplement (2006) e747–e752.
date_created: 2019-04-29T08:50:23Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T07:04:16Z
department:
- _id: '151'
doi: 10.1016/j.ultras.2006.05.087
keyword:
- Piezoelectric transducer
language:
- iso: eng
page: e747 - e752
publication: Ultrasonics
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0041-624X
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Piezoelectric transducer design via multiobjective optimization
type: journal_article
user_id: '55222'
volume: 44, Supplement
year: '2006'
...