[{"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The widespread adoption of ultra-high strength steels, due to their high bulk resistivity, intensifies expulsion issues in resistance spot welding (RSW), deteriorating both the spot weld and surface quality. This study presents a novel approach to prevent expulsion by employing a preheating current. Through characteristic analysis of joint formation under critical welding current, the importance of plastic material encapsulation around the weld nugget (plastic shell) at high temperatures in preventing expulsion is highlighted. To evaluate the effect of preheating on the plastic shell and understand its mechanism in expulsion prevention, a two-dimensional welding simulation model for dissimilar ultra-high strength steel joints was established. The results showed that optimal preheating enhances the thickness of the plastic shell, improving its ability to encapsulate the weld nugget during the primary welding phase, thereby diminishing expulsion risks. Experimental validation confirmed that by employing the optimal preheating current, the maximum nugget diameter was enhanced to 9.42 mm, marking an increase of 13.4 % and extending the weldable current range by 27.5 %. Under quasi-static cross-tensile loading, joints with preheating demonstrated a 7.9 % enhancement in maximum load-bearing capacity compared to joints without preheating, showing a reproducible and complete pull-out failure mode within the heat-affected zone. This study offers a prevention method based on underlying mechanisms, providing a new perspective for future research on welding parameter optimization with the aim of expulsion prevention."}],"file":[{"content_type":"application/pdf","success":1,"relation":"main_file","date_updated":"2024-06-23T21:59:20Z","date_created":"2024-06-23T21:59:20Z","creator":"kekeyang","file_size":12432409,"access_level":"closed","file_id":"54848","file_name":"1-s2.0-S1526612524006145-main.pdf"}],"publication":"Journal of Manufacturing Processes","keyword":["Expulsion Resistance spot welding Finite element modelling Preheating Weldable current range Ultra-high strength steel"],"ddc":["670"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"year":"2024","quality_controlled":"1","title":"Expulsion prevention in resistance spot welding of dissimilar joints with ultra-high strength steel: An analysis of the mechanism and effect of preheating current","publisher":"Elsevier BV","date_created":"2024-06-23T21:58:29Z","status":"public","type":"journal_article","article_type":"original","file_date_updated":"2024-06-23T21:59:20Z","_id":"54847","department":[{"_id":"157"}],"user_id":"65085","intvolume":"       124","page":"489-502","citation":{"short":"K. Yang, B. El-Sari, V. Olfert, Z. Wang, M. Biegler, M. Rethmeier, G. Meschut, Journal of Manufacturing Processes 124 (2024) 489–502.","mla":"Yang, Keke, et al. “Expulsion Prevention in Resistance Spot Welding of Dissimilar Joints with Ultra-High Strength Steel: An Analysis of the Mechanism and Effect of Preheating Current.” <i>Journal of Manufacturing Processes</i>, vol. 124, Elsevier BV, 2024, pp. 489–502, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2024.06.034\">10.1016/j.jmapro.2024.06.034</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Yang_El-Sari_Olfert_Wang_Biegler_Rethmeier_Meschut_2024, title={Expulsion prevention in resistance spot welding of dissimilar joints with ultra-high strength steel: An analysis of the mechanism and effect of preheating current}, volume={124}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2024.06.034\">10.1016/j.jmapro.2024.06.034</a>}, journal={Journal of Manufacturing Processes}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Yang, Keke and El-Sari, Bassel and Olfert, Viktoria and Wang, Zhuoqun and Biegler, Max and Rethmeier, Michael and Meschut, Gerson}, year={2024}, pages={489–502} }","apa":"Yang, K., El-Sari, B., Olfert, V., Wang, Z., Biegler, M., Rethmeier, M., &#38; Meschut, G. (2024). Expulsion prevention in resistance spot welding of dissimilar joints with ultra-high strength steel: An analysis of the mechanism and effect of preheating current. <i>Journal of Manufacturing Processes</i>, <i>124</i>, 489–502. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2024.06.034\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2024.06.034</a>","ieee":"K. Yang <i>et al.</i>, “Expulsion prevention in resistance spot welding of dissimilar joints with ultra-high strength steel: An analysis of the mechanism and effect of preheating current,” <i>Journal of Manufacturing Processes</i>, vol. 124, pp. 489–502, 2024, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2024.06.034\">10.1016/j.jmapro.2024.06.034</a>.","chicago":"Yang, Keke, Bassel El-Sari, Viktoria Olfert, Zhuoqun Wang, Max Biegler, Michael Rethmeier, and Gerson Meschut. “Expulsion Prevention in Resistance Spot Welding of Dissimilar Joints with Ultra-High Strength Steel: An Analysis of the Mechanism and Effect of Preheating Current.” <i>Journal of Manufacturing Processes</i> 124 (2024): 489–502. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2024.06.034\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2024.06.034</a>.","ama":"Yang K, El-Sari B, Olfert V, et al. Expulsion prevention in resistance spot welding of dissimilar joints with ultra-high strength steel: An analysis of the mechanism and effect of preheating current. <i>Journal of Manufacturing Processes</i>. 2024;124:489-502. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2024.06.034\">10.1016/j.jmapro.2024.06.034</a>"},"publication_identifier":{"issn":["1526-6125"]},"has_accepted_license":"1","publication_status":"published","doi":"10.1016/j.jmapro.2024.06.034","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1526612524006145"}],"oa":"1","date_updated":"2024-10-18T06:59:27Z","volume":124,"author":[{"orcid":"0000-0001-9201-9304","last_name":"Yang","id":"65085","full_name":"Yang, Keke","first_name":"Keke"},{"first_name":"Bassel","full_name":"El-Sari, Bassel","last_name":"El-Sari"},{"first_name":"Viktoria","last_name":"Olfert","id":"5974","full_name":"Olfert, Viktoria"},{"first_name":"Zhuoqun","last_name":"Wang","full_name":"Wang, Zhuoqun"},{"full_name":"Biegler, Max","last_name":"Biegler","first_name":"Max"},{"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Rethmeier","full_name":"Rethmeier, Michael"},{"first_name":"Gerson","orcid":"0000-0002-2763-1246","last_name":"Meschut","id":"32056","full_name":"Meschut, Gerson"}]},{"year":"2023","quality_controlled":"1","title":"3D-structure of intermetallic interface layer in Al–steel clad material","publisher":"Elsevier BV","date_created":"2023-04-08T17:24:40Z","abstract":[{"text":"This paper reveals the 3D character of the intermetallic layer at the aluminum–steel interface which pops\r\nup above the original sample surface during annealing. Popping out of the intermetallics was proven using\r\natomic force microscopy. The phase expands out of the plane due to the exothermic formation of the Al5Fe2\r\nphase and the feasibility of surface diffusion. Milling by a focused ion beam enabled the comparison of the\r\nchemical composition of the surface layer with the bulk interface, showing no difference. The growth direction\r\nis both towards aluminum and steel — the main diffusion flux is from aluminum towards steel, and the new\r\nintermetallic phase emerges at the steel side. The shortage of Al atoms causes a shift of the intermetallic as a\r\nwhole towards aluminum.","lang":"eng"}],"publication":"Vacuum","keyword":["Al-steel clad","twin-roll casting","3D characterization","atomic force microscopy","diffusion direction","surface growth"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"citation":{"bibtex":"@article{Šlapáková_Kihoulou_Veselý_Minárik_Fekete_Knapek_Králík_Grydin_Stolbchenko_Schaper_2023, title={3D-structure of intermetallic interface layer in Al–steel clad material}, volume={212}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2023.112043\">10.1016/j.vacuum.2023.112043</a>}, number={112043}, journal={Vacuum}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Šlapáková, Michaela and Kihoulou, Barbora and Veselý, Jozef and Minárik, Peter and Fekete, Klaudia and Knapek, Michal and Králík, Rostislav and Grydin, Olexandr and Stolbchenko, Mykhailo and Schaper, Mirko}, year={2023} }","mla":"Šlapáková, Michaela, et al. “3D-Structure of Intermetallic Interface Layer in Al–Steel Clad Material.” <i>Vacuum</i>, vol. 212, 112043, Elsevier BV, 2023, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2023.112043\">10.1016/j.vacuum.2023.112043</a>.","short":"M. Šlapáková, B. Kihoulou, J. Veselý, P. Minárik, K. Fekete, M. Knapek, R. Králík, O. Grydin, M. Stolbchenko, M. Schaper, Vacuum 212 (2023).","apa":"Šlapáková, M., Kihoulou, B., Veselý, J., Minárik, P., Fekete, K., Knapek, M., Králík, R., Grydin, O., Stolbchenko, M., &#38; Schaper, M. (2023). 3D-structure of intermetallic interface layer in Al–steel clad material. <i>Vacuum</i>, <i>212</i>, Article 112043. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2023.112043\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2023.112043</a>","ama":"Šlapáková M, Kihoulou B, Veselý J, et al. 3D-structure of intermetallic interface layer in Al–steel clad material. <i>Vacuum</i>. 2023;212. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2023.112043\">10.1016/j.vacuum.2023.112043</a>","chicago":"Šlapáková, Michaela, Barbora Kihoulou, Jozef Veselý, Peter Minárik, Klaudia Fekete, Michal Knapek, Rostislav Králík, Olexandr Grydin, Mykhailo Stolbchenko, and Mirko Schaper. “3D-Structure of Intermetallic Interface Layer in Al–Steel Clad Material.” <i>Vacuum</i> 212 (2023). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2023.112043\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2023.112043</a>.","ieee":"M. Šlapáková <i>et al.</i>, “3D-structure of intermetallic interface layer in Al–steel clad material,” <i>Vacuum</i>, vol. 212, Art. no. 112043, 2023, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2023.112043\">10.1016/j.vacuum.2023.112043</a>."},"intvolume":"       212","publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0042-207X"]},"doi":"10.1016/j.vacuum.2023.112043","date_updated":"2023-06-01T14:22:15Z","author":[{"first_name":"Michaela","last_name":"Šlapáková","full_name":"Šlapáková, Michaela"},{"last_name":"Kihoulou","full_name":"Kihoulou, Barbora","first_name":"Barbora"},{"first_name":"Jozef","full_name":"Veselý, Jozef","last_name":"Veselý"},{"full_name":"Minárik, Peter","last_name":"Minárik","first_name":"Peter"},{"full_name":"Fekete, Klaudia","last_name":"Fekete","first_name":"Klaudia"},{"first_name":"Michal","last_name":"Knapek","full_name":"Knapek, Michal"},{"first_name":"Rostislav","full_name":"Králík, Rostislav","last_name":"Králík"},{"first_name":"Olexandr","id":"43822","full_name":"Grydin, Olexandr","last_name":"Grydin"},{"full_name":"Stolbchenko, Mykhailo","last_name":"Stolbchenko","first_name":"Mykhailo"},{"first_name":"Mirko","full_name":"Schaper, Mirko","id":"43720","last_name":"Schaper"}],"volume":212,"status":"public","type":"journal_article","article_type":"original","article_number":"112043","_id":"43441","user_id":"43720","department":[{"_id":"158"}]},{"title":"Integrating Prospective LCA in the Development of Automotive Components","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/13/10041"}],"doi":"10.3390/su151310041","oa":"1","date_updated":"2023-06-27T06:39:47Z","publisher":"MDPI AG","date_created":"2023-06-27T06:35:20Z","author":[{"first_name":"Julian","last_name":"Grenz","full_name":"Grenz, Julian"},{"first_name":"Moritz","last_name":"Ostermann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1146-0443","full_name":"Ostermann, Moritz","id":"44763"},{"last_name":"Käsewieter","full_name":"Käsewieter, Karoline","first_name":"Karoline"},{"first_name":"Felipe","full_name":"Cerdas, Felipe","last_name":"Cerdas"},{"first_name":"Thorsten","last_name":"Marten","id":"338","full_name":"Marten, Thorsten"},{"full_name":"Herrmann, Christoph","last_name":"Herrmann","first_name":"Christoph"},{"first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Tröster","id":"553","full_name":"Tröster, Thomas"}],"volume":15,"year":"2023","citation":{"ama":"Grenz J, Ostermann M, Käsewieter K, et al. Integrating Prospective LCA in the Development of Automotive Components. <i>Sustainability</i>. 2023;15(13). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310041\">10.3390/su151310041</a>","ieee":"J. Grenz <i>et al.</i>, “Integrating Prospective LCA in the Development of Automotive Components,” <i>Sustainability</i>, vol. 15, no. 13, Art. no. 10041, 2023, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310041\">10.3390/su151310041</a>.","chicago":"Grenz, Julian, Moritz Ostermann, Karoline Käsewieter, Felipe Cerdas, Thorsten Marten, Christoph Herrmann, and Thomas Tröster. “Integrating Prospective LCA in the Development of Automotive Components.” <i>Sustainability</i> 15, no. 13 (2023). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310041\">https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310041</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Grenz_Ostermann_Käsewieter_Cerdas_Marten_Herrmann_Tröster_2023, title={Integrating Prospective LCA in the Development of Automotive Components}, volume={15}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310041\">10.3390/su151310041</a>}, number={1310041}, journal={Sustainability}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Grenz, Julian and Ostermann, Moritz and Käsewieter, Karoline and Cerdas, Felipe and Marten, Thorsten and Herrmann, Christoph and Tröster, Thomas}, year={2023} }","short":"J. Grenz, M. Ostermann, K. Käsewieter, F. Cerdas, T. Marten, C. Herrmann, T. Tröster, Sustainability 15 (2023).","mla":"Grenz, Julian, et al. “Integrating Prospective LCA in the Development of Automotive Components.” <i>Sustainability</i>, vol. 15, no. 13, 10041, MDPI AG, 2023, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310041\">10.3390/su151310041</a>.","apa":"Grenz, J., Ostermann, M., Käsewieter, K., Cerdas, F., Marten, T., Herrmann, C., &#38; Tröster, T. (2023). Integrating Prospective LCA in the Development of Automotive Components. <i>Sustainability</i>, <i>15</i>(13), Article 10041. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310041\">https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310041</a>"},"intvolume":"        15","publication_status":"published","quality_controlled":"1","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2071-1050"]},"issue":"13","related_material":{"link":[{"relation":"supplementary_material","url":" https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/su151310041/s1"}]},"article_number":"10041","keyword":["prospective LCA","life cycle engineering (LCE)","lightweight design","automotive components","body parts","circular economy","steel","aluminum","hybrid materials","fiber metal laminates"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"45782","user_id":"44763","department":[{"_id":"9"},{"_id":"321"},{"_id":"149"}],"abstract":[{"text":"<jats:p>The development of automotive components with reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is needed to reduce overall vehicle emissions. Life Cycle Engineering (LCE) based on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) supports this by providing holistic information and improvement potentials regarding eco-efficient products. Key factors influencing LCAs of automotive components, such as material production, will change in the future. First approaches for integrating future scenarios for these key factors into LCE already exist, but they only consider a limited number of parameters and scenarios. This work aims to develop a method that can be practically applied in the industry for integrating prospective LCAs (pLCA) into the LCE of automotive components, considering relevant parameters and consistent scenarios. Therefore, pLCA methods are further developed to investigate the influence of future scenarios on the GHG emissions of automotive components. The practical application is demonstrated for a vehicle component with different design options. This paper shows that different development paths of the foreground and background system can shift the ecological optimum of design alternatives. Therefore, future pathways of relevant parameters must be considered comprehensively to reduce GHG emissions of future vehicles. This work contributes to the methodological and practical integration of pLCA into automotive development processes and provides quantitative results.</jats:p>","lang":"eng"}],"status":"public","type":"journal_article","publication":"Sustainability"},{"title":"Experimental failure analysis of adhesively bonded steel/CFRP joints under quasi-static and cyclic tensile-shear and peel loading","publisher":"Elsevier","date_created":"2021-03-22T14:15:22Z","year":"2021","quality_controlled":"1","keyword":["Epoxy adhesive","fatigue strength","shear","peel","Steel-CFRP joints"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication":"International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives","doi":"10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2021.102851","date_updated":"2023-01-16T10:18:26Z","volume":107,"author":[{"first_name":"Jannik","id":"32252","full_name":"Kowatz, Jannik","orcid":"0000-0002-4972-4718","last_name":"Kowatz"},{"last_name":"Teutenberg","full_name":"Teutenberg, Dominik","id":"537","first_name":"Dominik"},{"first_name":"Gerson","id":"32056","full_name":"Meschut, Gerson","orcid":"0000-0002-2763-1246","last_name":"Meschut"}],"intvolume":"       107","citation":{"apa":"Kowatz, J., Teutenberg, D., &#38; Meschut, G. (2021). Experimental failure analysis of adhesively bonded steel/CFRP joints under quasi-static and cyclic tensile-shear and peel loading. <i>International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives</i>, <i>107</i>, Article 102851. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2021.102851\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2021.102851</a>","short":"J. Kowatz, D. Teutenberg, G. Meschut, International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 107 (2021).","mla":"Kowatz, Jannik, et al. “Experimental Failure Analysis of Adhesively Bonded Steel/CFRP Joints under Quasi-Static and Cyclic Tensile-Shear and Peel Loading.” <i>International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives</i>, vol. 107, 102851, Elsevier, 2021, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2021.102851\">10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2021.102851</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Kowatz_Teutenberg_Meschut_2021, title={Experimental failure analysis of adhesively bonded steel/CFRP joints under quasi-static and cyclic tensile-shear and peel loading}, volume={107}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2021.102851\">10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2021.102851</a>}, number={102851}, journal={International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Kowatz, Jannik and Teutenberg, Dominik and Meschut, Gerson}, year={2021} }","ama":"Kowatz J, Teutenberg D, Meschut G. Experimental failure analysis of adhesively bonded steel/CFRP joints under quasi-static and cyclic tensile-shear and peel loading. <i>International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives</i>. 2021;107. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2021.102851\">10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2021.102851</a>","chicago":"Kowatz, Jannik, Dominik Teutenberg, and Gerson Meschut. “Experimental Failure Analysis of Adhesively Bonded Steel/CFRP Joints under Quasi-Static and Cyclic Tensile-Shear and Peel Loading.” <i>International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives</i> 107 (2021). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2021.102851\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2021.102851</a>.","ieee":"J. Kowatz, D. Teutenberg, and G. Meschut, “Experimental failure analysis of adhesively bonded steel/CFRP joints under quasi-static and cyclic tensile-shear and peel loading,” <i>International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives</i>, vol. 107, Art. no. 102851, 2021, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2021.102851\">10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2021.102851</a>."},"publication_identifier":{"issn":["0143-7496"]},"publication_status":"published","article_type":"original","article_number":"102851","_id":"21549","department":[{"_id":"157"}],"user_id":"32252","status":"public","type":"journal_article"},{"place":"Liège","citation":{"bibtex":"@inproceedings{Arian_Homberg_Riepold_Trächtler_Rozo Vasquez_Walther_2021, place={Liège}, title={Forming of metastable austenitic stainless steel tubes with axially graded martensite content by flow-forming}, publisher={ULiège Library}, author={Arian, Bahman and Homberg, Werner and Riepold, Markus and Trächtler, Ansgar and Rozo Vasquez, Julian and Walther, Frank}, year={2021} }","mla":"Arian, Bahman, et al. <i>Forming of Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubes with Axially Graded Martensite Content by Flow-Forming</i>. ULiège Library, 2021.","short":"B. Arian, W. Homberg, M. Riepold, A. Trächtler, J. Rozo Vasquez, F. Walther, in: ULiège Library, Liège, 2021.","apa":"Arian, B., Homberg, W., Riepold, M., Trächtler, A., Rozo Vasquez, J., &#38; Walther, F. (2021). <i>Forming of metastable austenitic stainless steel tubes with axially graded martensite content by flow-forming</i>. 24th International Conference on Material Forming - ESAFORM 2021, Liège, Belgium.","chicago":"Arian, Bahman, Werner Homberg, Markus Riepold, Ansgar Trächtler, Julian Rozo Vasquez, and Frank Walther. “Forming of Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubes with Axially Graded Martensite Content by Flow-Forming.” Liège: ULiège Library, 2021.","ieee":"B. Arian, W. Homberg, M. Riepold, A. Trächtler, J. Rozo Vasquez, and F. Walther, “Forming of metastable austenitic stainless steel tubes with axially graded martensite content by flow-forming,” presented at the 24th International Conference on Material Forming - ESAFORM 2021, Liège, Belgium, 2021.","ama":"Arian B, Homberg W, Riepold M, Trächtler A, Rozo Vasquez J, Walther F. Forming of metastable austenitic stainless steel tubes with axially graded martensite content by flow-forming. In: ULiège Library; 2021."},"publication_identifier":{"eisbn":["978-2-87019-303-7"],"isbn":["978-2-87019-302-0"]},"publication_status":"published","conference":{"start_date":"2021-04-14","name":"24th International Conference on Material Forming - ESAFORM 2021","location":"Liège, Belgium","end_date":"2021-04-16"},"main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://popups.uliege.be/esaform21/index.php?id=2759"}],"oa":"1","date_updated":"2023-05-02T08:27:48Z","author":[{"first_name":"Bahman","id":"36287","full_name":"Arian, Bahman","last_name":"Arian"},{"last_name":"Homberg","id":"233","full_name":"Homberg, Werner","first_name":"Werner"},{"first_name":"Markus","full_name":"Riepold, Markus","last_name":"Riepold"},{"last_name":"Trächtler","id":"552","full_name":"Trächtler, Ansgar","first_name":"Ansgar"},{"first_name":"Julian","full_name":"Rozo Vasquez, Julian","last_name":"Rozo Vasquez"},{"first_name":"Frank","last_name":"Walther","full_name":"Walther, Frank"}],"status":"public","type":"conference","_id":"23465","department":[{"_id":"156"},{"_id":"153"},{"_id":"241"}],"user_id":"36287","year":"2021","quality_controlled":"1","title":"Forming of metastable austenitic stainless steel tubes with axially graded martensite content by flow-forming","publisher":"ULiège Library","date_created":"2021-08-23T13:00:35Z","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"One of the main objectives of production engineering is to reproducibly manufacture (complex) defect-free parts. To achieve this, it is necessary to employ an appropriate process or tool design. While this will generally prove successful, it cannot, however, offset stochastic defects with local variations in material properties. Closed-loop process control represents a promising approach for a solution in this context. The state of the art involves using this approach to control geometric parameters such as a length. So far, no research or applications have been conducted with closed-loop control for microstructure and product properties. In the project on which this paper is based, the local martensite content of parts is to be adjusted in a highly precise and reproducible manner. The forming process employed is a special, property-controlled flow-forming process. A model-based controller is thus to generate corresponding correction values for the tool-path geometry and tool-path velocity on the basis of online martensite content measurements. For the controller model, it is planned to use a special process or microstructure (correlation) model. The planned paper not only describes the experimental setup but also presents results of initial experimental investigations for subsequent use in the closed-loop control of α’-martensite content during flow-forming."}],"keyword":["Flow-forming","Spinning","Process Strategy","Martensite Content","Property Control","Micromagnetic Measurement","Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steel"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}]},{"publication_status":"published","quality_controlled":"1","place":"Cham","year":"2021","citation":{"apa":"Uhe, B., Kuball, C.-M., Merklein, M., &#38; Meschut, G. (2021). Self-Piercing Riveting Using Rivets Made of Stainless Steel with High Strain Hardening. In G. Daehn, J. Cao, B. Kinsey, E. Tekkaya, A. Vivek, &#38; Y. Yoshida (Eds.), <i>Forming the Future - Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on the Technology of Plasticity. The Minerals, Metals &#38; Materials Series.</i> (pp. 1495–1506). Springer. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75381-8_124\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75381-8_124</a>","mla":"Uhe, Benedikt, et al. “Self-Piercing Riveting Using Rivets Made of Stainless Steel with High Strain Hardening.” <i>Forming the Future - Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on the Technology of Plasticity. The Minerals, Metals &#38; Materials Series.</i>, edited by Glenn Daehn et al., Springer, 2021, pp. 1495–506, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75381-8_124\">10.1007/978-3-030-75381-8_124</a>.","short":"B. Uhe, C.-M. Kuball, M. Merklein, G. Meschut, in: G. Daehn, J. Cao, B. Kinsey, E. Tekkaya, A. Vivek, Y. Yoshida (Eds.), Forming the Future - Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on the Technology of Plasticity. The Minerals, Metals &#38; Materials Series., Springer, Cham, 2021, pp. 1495–1506.","bibtex":"@inbook{Uhe_Kuball_Merklein_Meschut_2021, place={Cham}, title={Self-Piercing Riveting Using Rivets Made of Stainless Steel with High Strain Hardening}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75381-8_124\">10.1007/978-3-030-75381-8_124</a>}, booktitle={Forming the Future - Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on the Technology of Plasticity. The Minerals, Metals &#38; Materials Series.}, publisher={Springer}, author={Uhe, Benedikt and Kuball, Clara-Maria and Merklein, Marion and Meschut, Gerson}, editor={Daehn, Glenn and Cao, Jian and Kinsey, Brad and Tekkaya, Erman and Vivek, Anupam and Yoshida, Yoshinori}, year={2021}, pages={1495–1506} }","ama":"Uhe B, Kuball C-M, Merklein M, Meschut G. Self-Piercing Riveting Using Rivets Made of Stainless Steel with High Strain Hardening. In: Daehn G, Cao J, Kinsey B, Tekkaya E, Vivek A, Yoshida Y, eds. <i>Forming the Future - Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on the Technology of Plasticity. The Minerals, Metals &#38; Materials Series.</i> Springer; 2021:1495-1506. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75381-8_124\">10.1007/978-3-030-75381-8_124</a>","chicago":"Uhe, Benedikt, Clara-Maria Kuball, Marion Merklein, and Gerson Meschut. “Self-Piercing Riveting Using Rivets Made of Stainless Steel with High Strain Hardening.” In <i>Forming the Future - Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on the Technology of Plasticity. The Minerals, Metals &#38; Materials Series.</i>, edited by Glenn Daehn, Jian Cao, Brad Kinsey, Erman Tekkaya, Anupam Vivek, and Yoshinori Yoshida, 1495–1506. Cham: Springer, 2021. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75381-8_124\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75381-8_124</a>.","ieee":"B. Uhe, C.-M. Kuball, M. Merklein, and G. Meschut, “Self-Piercing Riveting Using Rivets Made of Stainless Steel with High Strain Hardening,” in <i>Forming the Future - Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on the Technology of Plasticity. The Minerals, Metals &#38; Materials Series.</i>, G. Daehn, J. Cao, B. Kinsey, E. Tekkaya, A. Vivek, and Y. Yoshida, Eds. Cham: Springer, 2021, pp. 1495–1506."},"page":"1495-1506","date_updated":"2026-02-27T10:40:39Z","publisher":"Springer","date_created":"2021-08-04T14:02:32Z","author":[{"first_name":"Benedikt","id":"38131","full_name":"Uhe, Benedikt","last_name":"Uhe"},{"first_name":"Clara-Maria","last_name":"Kuball","full_name":"Kuball, Clara-Maria"},{"full_name":"Merklein, Marion","last_name":"Merklein","first_name":"Marion"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-2763-1246","last_name":"Meschut","id":"32056","full_name":"Meschut, Gerson","first_name":"Gerson"}],"title":"Self-Piercing Riveting Using Rivets Made of Stainless Steel with High Strain Hardening","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-75381-8_124","type":"book_chapter","publication":"Forming the Future - Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on the Technology of Plasticity. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series.","editor":[{"last_name":"Daehn","full_name":"Daehn, Glenn","first_name":"Glenn"},{"first_name":"Jian","last_name":"Cao","full_name":"Cao, Jian"},{"full_name":"Kinsey, Brad","last_name":"Kinsey","first_name":"Brad"},{"last_name":"Tekkaya","full_name":"Tekkaya, Erman","first_name":"Erman"},{"full_name":"Vivek, Anupam","last_name":"Vivek","first_name":"Anupam"},{"full_name":"Yoshida, Yoshinori","last_name":"Yoshida","first_name":"Yoshinori"}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Self-piercing riveting is an established technique for joining multi-material structures in car body manufacturing. Rivets for self-piercing riveting differ in their geometry, the material used, the condition of the material and their surface condition. To shorten the manufacturing process by omitting the heat treatment and the coating process, the authors have elaborated a concept for the use of stainless steel with high strain hardening as a rivet material. The focus of the present investigation is on the evaluation of the influences of the rivet’s geometry and material on its deformation behaviour. Conventional rivets of types P and HD2, a rivet with an improved geometry made of treatable steel 38B2, and rivets made of the stainless steels 1.3815 and 1.4541 are examined. The analysis is conducted by means of multi-step joining tests for two material combinations comprising high-strength steel HCT70X and aluminium EN AW-5083. The joints are cut to provide a cross-section and the deformation behaviour of the different rivets is analysed on the basis of the measured changes in geometry and hardness. In parallel, an examination of the force-stroke curves provides further insights. It can be demonstrated that, besides the geometry, the material strength, in particular, has a significant influence on the deformation behaviour of the rivet. The strength of steel 1.4541 is seen to be too low for the joining task, while the strength of steel 1.3815 is sufficient, and hence the investigation confirms the capability of rivets made of 1.3815 for joining even challenging material combinations."}],"status":"public","_id":"22930","user_id":"53912","department":[{"_id":"157"}],"keyword":["Self-piercing riveting","Lightweight design","Deformation behaviour","Stainless steel","High nitrogen steel"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}]},{"date_created":"2021-05-31T10:17:37Z","author":[{"full_name":"Uhe, Benedikt","id":"38131","last_name":"Uhe","first_name":"Benedikt"},{"last_name":"Kuball","full_name":"Kuball, Clara-Maria","first_name":"Clara-Maria"},{"first_name":"Marion","last_name":"Merklein","full_name":"Merklein, Marion"},{"full_name":"Meschut, Gerson","id":"32056","orcid":"0000-0002-2763-1246","last_name":"Meschut","first_name":"Gerson"}],"date_updated":"2026-02-27T10:25:13Z","conference":{"start_date":"2021-04-14","name":"24th International Conference on Material Forming (ESAFORM)","location":"Liège, Belgien","end_date":"2021-04-16"},"doi":"10.25518/esaform21.1911","title":"Strength of self-piercing riveted Joints with conventional Rivets and Rivets made of High Nitrogen Steel","quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"ama":"Uhe B, Kuball C-M, Merklein M, Meschut G. Strength of self-piercing riveted Joints with conventional Rivets and Rivets made of High Nitrogen Steel. In: ; 2021. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.25518/esaform21.1911\">10.25518/esaform21.1911</a>","apa":"Uhe, B., Kuball, C.-M., Merklein, M., &#38; Meschut, G. (2021). <i>Strength of self-piercing riveted Joints with conventional Rivets and Rivets made of High Nitrogen Steel</i>. 24th International Conference on Material Forming (ESAFORM), Liège, Belgien. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.25518/esaform21.1911\">https://doi.org/10.25518/esaform21.1911</a>","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Uhe_Kuball_Merklein_Meschut_2021, title={Strength of self-piercing riveted Joints with conventional Rivets and Rivets made of High Nitrogen Steel}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.25518/esaform21.1911\">10.25518/esaform21.1911</a>}, author={Uhe, Benedikt and Kuball, Clara-Maria and Merklein, Marion and Meschut, Gerson}, year={2021} }","mla":"Uhe, Benedikt, et al. <i>Strength of Self-Piercing Riveted Joints with Conventional Rivets and Rivets Made of High Nitrogen Steel</i>. 2021, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.25518/esaform21.1911\">10.25518/esaform21.1911</a>.","short":"B. Uhe, C.-M. Kuball, M. Merklein, G. Meschut, in: 2021.","ieee":"B. Uhe, C.-M. Kuball, M. Merklein, and G. Meschut, “Strength of self-piercing riveted Joints with conventional Rivets and Rivets made of High Nitrogen Steel,” presented at the 24th International Conference on Material Forming (ESAFORM), Liège, Belgien, 2021, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.25518/esaform21.1911\">10.25518/esaform21.1911</a>.","chicago":"Uhe, Benedikt, Clara-Maria Kuball, Marion Merklein, and Gerson Meschut. “Strength of Self-Piercing Riveted Joints with Conventional Rivets and Rivets Made of High Nitrogen Steel,” 2021. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.25518/esaform21.1911\">https://doi.org/10.25518/esaform21.1911</a>."},"year":"2021","department":[{"_id":"157"}],"user_id":"53912","_id":"22274","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["Self-piercing Riveting","Joining Technology","Rivet Geometry","Rivet Material","High Nitrogen Steel","Joint Strength"],"type":"conference","status":"public","abstract":[{"text":"The use of high-strength steel and aluminium is rising due to the intensified efforts being made in lightweight design, and self-piercing riveting is becoming increasingly important. Conventional rivets for self-piercing riveting differ in their geometry, the material used, the condition of the material and the coating. To shorten the manufacturing process, the use of stainless steel with high strain hardening as the rivet material represents a promising approach. This allows the coating of the rivets to be omitted due to the corrosion resistance of the material and, since the strength of the stainless steel is achieved by cold forming, heat treatment is no longer required. In addition, it is possible to adjust the local strength within the rivet. Because of that, the authors have elaborated a concept for using high nitrogen steel 1.3815 as the rivet material. The present investigation focusses on the joint strength in order to evaluate the capability of rivets in high nitrogen steel by comparison to conventional rivets made of treatable steel. Due to certain challenges in the forming process of the high nitrogen steel rivets, deviations result from the targeted rivet geometry. Mainly these deviations cause a lower joint strength with these rivets, which is, however, adequate. All in all, the capability of the new rivet is proven by the results of this investigation. ","lang":"eng"}]},{"date_created":"2020-10-12T08:30:08Z","volume":50,"date_updated":"2026-02-27T10:43:48Z","doi":"10.1016/j.promfg.2020.08.052","title":"Process design for the forming of semi-tubular self-piercing rivets made of high nitrogen steel","publication_status":"published","quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"short":"C.-M. Kuball, B. Uhe, G. Meschut, M. Merklein, eds., Process Design for the Forming of Semi-Tubular Self-Piercing Rivets Made of High Nitrogen Steel, 2020.","bibtex":"@book{Kuball_Uhe_Meschut_Merklein_2020, series={Procedia Manufacturing}, title={Process design for the forming of semi-tubular self-piercing rivets made of high nitrogen steel}, volume={50}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.08.052\">10.1016/j.promfg.2020.08.052</a>}, year={2020}, pages={280–285}, collection={Procedia Manufacturing} }","mla":"Kuball, Clara-Maria, et al., editors. <i>Process Design for the Forming of Semi-Tubular Self-Piercing Rivets Made of High Nitrogen Steel</i>. 2020, pp. 280–85, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.08.052\">10.1016/j.promfg.2020.08.052</a>.","apa":"Kuball, C.-M., Uhe, B., Meschut, G., &#38; Merklein, M. (Eds.). (2020). <i>Process design for the forming of semi-tubular self-piercing rivets made of high nitrogen steel</i> (Vol. 50, pp. 280–285). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.08.052\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.08.052</a>","ama":"Kuball C-M, Uhe B, Meschut G, Merklein M, eds. <i>Process Design for the Forming of Semi-Tubular Self-Piercing Rivets Made of High Nitrogen Steel</i>. Vol 50.; 2020:280-285. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.08.052\">10.1016/j.promfg.2020.08.052</a>","chicago":"Kuball, Clara-Maria, Benedikt Uhe, Gerson Meschut, and Marion Merklein, eds. <i>Process Design for the Forming of Semi-Tubular Self-Piercing Rivets Made of High Nitrogen Steel</i>. Vol. 50. Procedia Manufacturing, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.08.052\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.08.052</a>.","ieee":"C.-M. Kuball, B. Uhe, G. Meschut, and M. Merklein, Eds., <i>Process design for the forming of semi-tubular self-piercing rivets made of high nitrogen steel</i>, vol. 50. 2020, pp. 280–285."},"intvolume":"        50","page":"280-285","year":"2020","series_title":"Procedia Manufacturing","user_id":"53912","department":[{"_id":"157"}],"_id":"19976","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["high nitrogen steel","self-piercing riveting","joining by forming","bulk forming","tool design"],"type":"conference_editor","status":"public","editor":[{"first_name":"Clara-Maria","last_name":"Kuball","full_name":"Kuball, Clara-Maria"},{"first_name":"Benedikt","id":"38131","full_name":"Uhe, Benedikt","last_name":"Uhe"},{"id":"32056","full_name":"Meschut, Gerson","last_name":"Meschut","orcid":"0000-0002-2763-1246","first_name":"Gerson"},{"full_name":"Merklein, Marion","last_name":"Merklein","first_name":"Marion"}],"abstract":[{"text":"The aim to reduce pollutant emission has led to a trend towards lightweight construction in car body development during the last years. As a consequence of the resulting need for multi-material design, mechanical joining technologies become increasingly important. Mechanical joining allows for the combination of dissimilar materials, while thermic joining techniques reach their limits. Self-piercing riveting enables the joining of dissimilar materials by using semi-tubular rivets as mechanical fasteners. The rivet production, however, is costly and time-consuming, as the rivets generally have to be hardened, tempered and coated after forming, in order to achieve an adequate strength and corrosion resistance. A promising approach to improve the efficiency of the rivet manufacturing is the use of high-strength high nitrogen steel as rivet material because these additional process steps would not be necessary anymore. As a result of the comparatively high nitrogen content, such steels have various beneficial properties like higher strength, good ductility and improved corrosion resistance. By cold bulk forming of high nitrogen steels high-strength parts can be manufactured due to the strengthening which is caused by the high strain hardening. However, high tool loads thereby have to be expected and are a major challenge during the production process. Consequently, there is a need for appropriate forming strategies. This paper presents key aspects concerning the process design for the manufacturing of semi-tubular self-piercing rivets made of high-strength steel. The aim is to produce the rivets in several forming stages without intermediate heat treatment between the single stages. Due to the high strain hardening of the material, a two stage forming concept will be investigated. Cup-backward extrusion is chosen as the first process step in order to form the rivet shank without forming the rivet foot. Thus, the strain hardening effects in the area of the rivet foot are minimized and the tool loads during the following process step can be reduced. During the second and final forming stage the detailed geometry of the rivet foot and the rivet head is formed. In this context, the effect of different variations, for example concerning the final geometry of the rivet foot, on the tool load is investigated using multistage numerical analysis. Furthermore, the influence of the process temperature on occurring stresses is analysed. Based on the results of the investigations, an adequate forming strategy and a tool concept for the manufacturing of semi-tubular self-piercing rivets made of high-strength steel are presented.","lang":"eng"}]},{"user_id":"53912","department":[{"_id":"157"}],"_id":"19973","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"article_type":"original","keyword":["Self-piercing riveting","Joining technology","Rivet geometry","Multi-material design","High-strength steel","Aluminium"],"type":"journal_article","publication":"Production Engineering","status":"public","abstract":[{"text":"As a result of lightweight design, increased use is being made of high-strength steel and aluminium in car bodies. Self-piercing riveting is an established technique for joining these materials. The dissimilar properties of the two materials have led to a number of different rivet geometries in the past. Each rivet geometry fulfils the requirements of the materials within a limited range. In the present investigation, an improved rivet geometry is developed, which permits the reliable joining of two material combinations that could only be joined by two different rivet geometries up until now. Material combination 1 consists of high-strength steel on both sides, while material combination 2 comprises aluminium on the punch side and high-strength steel on the die side. The material flow and the stress and strain conditions prevailing during the joining process are analysed by means of numerical simulation. The rivet geometry is then improved step-by-step on the basis of this analysis. Finally, the improved rivet geometry is manufactured and the findings of the investigation are verified in experimental joining tests.","lang":"eng"}],"date_created":"2020-10-12T08:14:13Z","author":[{"last_name":"Uhe","full_name":"Uhe, Benedikt","id":"38131","first_name":"Benedikt"},{"last_name":"Kuball","full_name":"Kuball, Clara-Maria","first_name":"Clara-Maria"},{"first_name":"Marion","last_name":"Merklein","full_name":"Merklein, Marion"},{"id":"32056","full_name":"Meschut, Gerson","orcid":"0000-0002-2763-1246","last_name":"Meschut","first_name":"Gerson"}],"volume":14,"date_updated":"2026-02-27T10:41:55Z","doi":"10.1007/s11740-020-00973-w","title":"Improvement of a rivet geometry for the self-piercing riveting of high-strength steel and multi-material joints","publication_status":"published","quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"ama":"Uhe B, Kuball C-M, Merklein M, Meschut G. Improvement of a rivet geometry for the self-piercing riveting of high-strength steel and multi-material joints. <i>Production Engineering</i>. 2020;14:417-423. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11740-020-00973-w\">10.1007/s11740-020-00973-w</a>","chicago":"Uhe, Benedikt, Clara-Maria Kuball, Marion Merklein, and Gerson Meschut. “Improvement of a Rivet Geometry for the Self-Piercing Riveting of High-Strength Steel and Multi-Material Joints.” <i>Production Engineering</i> 14 (2020): 417–23. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11740-020-00973-w\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11740-020-00973-w</a>.","ieee":"B. Uhe, C.-M. Kuball, M. Merklein, and G. Meschut, “Improvement of a rivet geometry for the self-piercing riveting of high-strength steel and multi-material joints,” <i>Production Engineering</i>, vol. 14, pp. 417–423, 2020, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11740-020-00973-w\">10.1007/s11740-020-00973-w</a>.","apa":"Uhe, B., Kuball, C.-M., Merklein, M., &#38; Meschut, G. (2020). Improvement of a rivet geometry for the self-piercing riveting of high-strength steel and multi-material joints. <i>Production Engineering</i>, <i>14</i>, 417–423. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11740-020-00973-w\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11740-020-00973-w</a>","bibtex":"@article{Uhe_Kuball_Merklein_Meschut_2020, title={Improvement of a rivet geometry for the self-piercing riveting of high-strength steel and multi-material joints}, volume={14}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11740-020-00973-w\">10.1007/s11740-020-00973-w</a>}, journal={Production Engineering}, author={Uhe, Benedikt and Kuball, Clara-Maria and Merklein, Marion and Meschut, Gerson}, year={2020}, pages={417–423} }","short":"B. Uhe, C.-M. Kuball, M. Merklein, G. Meschut, Production Engineering 14 (2020) 417–423.","mla":"Uhe, Benedikt, et al. “Improvement of a Rivet Geometry for the Self-Piercing Riveting of High-Strength Steel and Multi-Material Joints.” <i>Production Engineering</i>, vol. 14, 2020, pp. 417–23, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11740-020-00973-w\">10.1007/s11740-020-00973-w</a>."},"page":"417-423","intvolume":"        14","year":"2020"},{"type":"conference_editor","editor":[{"first_name":"Clara-Maria","last_name":"Kuball","full_name":"Kuball, Clara-Maria"},{"full_name":"Jung, R","last_name":"Jung","first_name":"R"},{"first_name":"Benedikt","last_name":"Uhe","full_name":"Uhe, Benedikt","id":"38131"},{"first_name":"Gerson","id":"32056","full_name":"Meschut, Gerson","orcid":"0000-0002-2763-1246","last_name":"Meschut"},{"first_name":"Marion","last_name":"Merklein","full_name":"Merklein, Marion"}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Due to the trend towards lightweight design in car body development mechanical joining technologies become increasingly important. These techniques allow for the joining of dissimilar materials and thus enable multi-material design, while thermic joining methods reach their limits. Semi-tubular self-piercing riveting is an important mechanical joining technology. The rivet production, however, is costly and time-consuming, as the process consists of several process steps including the heat treatment and coating of the rivets in order to achieve an adequate strength and corrosion resistance. The use of high nitrogen steel as rivet material leads to the possibility of reducing process steps and hence increasing the efficiency of the process. However, the high tool loads being expected due to the high strain hardening of the material are a major challenge during the rivet production. Thus, there is a need for appropriate forming strategies, such as the manufacturing of the rivets at elevated temperatures. Prior investigations led to the conclusion that forming already at 200 °C results in a distinct reduction of the yield strength. To create a deeper understanding of the forming behaviour of high nitrogen steel at elevated temperatures, compression tests were conducted in a temperature range between room temperature and 200 °C. The determined true stress – true strain curves are the basis for the further process and tool design of the rivet production. Another key factor for the rivet manufacturing at elevated temperatures is the influence of the process temperature on the tribological conditions. For this reason, ring compression tests at room temperature and 200 °C are carried out. The friction factors are determined on the basis of calibration curves resulting from the numerical analysis of the ring compression process. The investigations indicate that the friction factor at 200 °C is significantly higher compared to room temperature. This essential fact has to be taken into account for the process and tool design for the rivet production using high nitrogen steel."}],"status":"public","_id":"19974","user_id":"53912","series_title":"Journal of Advanced Joining Processes","department":[{"_id":"157"}],"article_number":"100023","keyword":["High nitrogen steel","Self-piercing riveting","Joining by forming","Bulk forming","Strain hardening"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication_status":"published","quality_controlled":"1","year":"2020","citation":{"ieee":"C.-M. Kuball, R. Jung, B. Uhe, G. Meschut, and M. Merklein, Eds., <i>Influence of the process temperature on the forming behaviour and the friction during bulk forming of high nitrogen steel</i>, vol. 1. 2020.","chicago":"Kuball, Clara-Maria, R Jung, Benedikt Uhe, Gerson Meschut, and Marion Merklein, eds. <i>Influence of the Process Temperature on the Forming Behaviour and the Friction during Bulk Forming of High Nitrogen Steel</i>. Vol. 1. Journal of Advanced Joining Processes, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2020.100023\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2020.100023</a>.","ama":"Kuball C-M, Jung R, Uhe B, Meschut G, Merklein M, eds. <i>Influence of the Process Temperature on the Forming Behaviour and the Friction during Bulk Forming of High Nitrogen Steel</i>. Vol 1.; 2020. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2020.100023\">10.1016/j.jajp.2020.100023</a>","mla":"Kuball, Clara-Maria, et al., editors. <i>Influence of the Process Temperature on the Forming Behaviour and the Friction during Bulk Forming of High Nitrogen Steel</i>. 100023, 2020, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2020.100023\">10.1016/j.jajp.2020.100023</a>.","bibtex":"@book{Kuball_Jung_Uhe_Meschut_Merklein_2020, series={Journal of Advanced Joining Processes}, title={Influence of the process temperature on the forming behaviour and the friction during bulk forming of high nitrogen steel}, volume={1}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2020.100023\">10.1016/j.jajp.2020.100023</a>}, number={100023}, year={2020}, collection={Journal of Advanced Joining Processes} }","short":"C.-M. Kuball, R. Jung, B. Uhe, G. Meschut, M. Merklein, eds., Influence of the Process Temperature on the Forming Behaviour and the Friction during Bulk Forming of High Nitrogen Steel, 2020.","apa":"Kuball, C.-M., Jung, R., Uhe, B., Meschut, G., &#38; Merklein, M. (Eds.). (2020). <i>Influence of the process temperature on the forming behaviour and the friction during bulk forming of high nitrogen steel</i> (No. 100023; Vol. 1). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2020.100023\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2020.100023</a>"},"intvolume":"         1","date_updated":"2026-02-27T10:45:08Z","date_created":"2020-10-12T08:23:27Z","volume":1,"title":"Influence of the process temperature on the forming behaviour and the friction during bulk forming of high nitrogen steel","doi":"10.1016/j.jajp.2020.100023"},{"year":"2015","page":"123-131","citation":{"ieee":"D. Frölich <i>et al.</i>, “Investigation of wear resistance of dry and cryogenic turned metastable austenitic steel shafts and dry turned and ground carburized steel shafts in the radial shaft seal ring system,” <i>Wear</i>, vol. 328–329, pp. 123–131, 2015, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2015.02.004\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2015.02.004</a>.","chicago":"Frölich, D., Balázs Magyar, B. Sauer, P. Mayer, B. Kirsch, J.C. Aurich, R. Skorupski, M. Smaga, T. Beck, and D. Eifler. “Investigation of Wear Resistance of Dry and Cryogenic Turned Metastable Austenitic Steel Shafts and Dry Turned and Ground Carburized Steel Shafts in the Radial Shaft Seal Ring System.” <i>Wear</i> 328–329 (2015): 123–31. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2015.02.004\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2015.02.004</a>.","ama":"Frölich D, Magyar B, Sauer B, et al. Investigation of wear resistance of dry and cryogenic turned metastable austenitic steel shafts and dry turned and ground carburized steel shafts in the radial shaft seal ring system. <i>Wear</i>. 2015;328-329:123-131. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2015.02.004\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2015.02.004</a>","apa":"Frölich, D., Magyar, B., Sauer, B., Mayer, P., Kirsch, B., Aurich, J. C., Skorupski, R., Smaga, M., Beck, T., &#38; Eifler, D. (2015). Investigation of wear resistance of dry and cryogenic turned metastable austenitic steel shafts and dry turned and ground carburized steel shafts in the radial shaft seal ring system. <i>Wear</i>, <i>328–329</i>, 123–131. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2015.02.004\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2015.02.004</a>","mla":"Frölich, D., et al. “Investigation of Wear Resistance of Dry and Cryogenic Turned Metastable Austenitic Steel Shafts and Dry Turned and Ground Carburized Steel Shafts in the Radial Shaft Seal Ring System.” <i>Wear</i>, vol. 328–329, 2015, pp. 123–31, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2015.02.004\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2015.02.004</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Frölich_Magyar_Sauer_Mayer_Kirsch_Aurich_Skorupski_Smaga_Beck_Eifler_2015, title={Investigation of wear resistance of dry and cryogenic turned metastable austenitic steel shafts and dry turned and ground carburized steel shafts in the radial shaft seal ring system}, volume={328–329}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2015.02.004\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2015.02.004</a>}, journal={Wear}, author={Frölich, D. and Magyar, Balázs and Sauer, B. and Mayer, P. and Kirsch, B. and Aurich, J.C. and Skorupski, R. and Smaga, M. and Beck, T. and Eifler, D.}, year={2015}, pages={123–131} }","short":"D. Frölich, B. Magyar, B. Sauer, P. Mayer, B. Kirsch, J.C. Aurich, R. Skorupski, M. Smaga, T. Beck, D. Eifler, Wear 328–329 (2015) 123–131."},"publication_identifier":{"issn":["0043-1648"]},"title":"Investigation of wear resistance of dry and cryogenic turned metastable austenitic steel shafts and dry turned and ground carburized steel shafts in the radial shaft seal ring system","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2015.02.004","date_updated":"2022-12-15T10:18:54Z","volume":"328-329","date_created":"2022-12-15T10:17:23Z","author":[{"full_name":"Frölich, D.","last_name":"Frölich","first_name":"D."},{"first_name":"Balázs","id":"97759","full_name":"Magyar, Balázs","last_name":"Magyar"},{"first_name":"B.","full_name":"Sauer, B.","last_name":"Sauer"},{"last_name":"Mayer","full_name":"Mayer, P.","first_name":"P."},{"last_name":"Kirsch","full_name":"Kirsch, B.","first_name":"B."},{"first_name":"J.C.","last_name":"Aurich","full_name":"Aurich, J.C."},{"first_name":"R.","full_name":"Skorupski, R.","last_name":"Skorupski"},{"last_name":"Smaga","full_name":"Smaga, M.","first_name":"M."},{"first_name":"T.","last_name":"Beck","full_name":"Beck, T."},{"last_name":"Eifler","full_name":"Eifler, D.","first_name":"D."}],"abstract":[{"text":"The state of the art industrial manufacturing process to produce shafts as counter surfaces for radial shaft seal rings is plunge grinding. This process consists of three major steps. The blank is turned to a slight diameter-oversize followed by the heat treatment and the hard-finishing by plunge grinding. The geometric surface structures of the resulting shafts in general exhibit a stochastic distribution. These surface characteristics contribute to a reliable and stable sealing functionality. And the surface and subsurface hardness generally leads to a higher wear resistance of the shaft. Motivated by economic benefits and in order to achieve a compact production process for at least ten years, turning is investigated as an alternative manufacturing process. However due to the resulting lead structure on the shaft surface and the associated risk of leakage it has not become prevalent yet. In this paper turned shafts of the metastable austenitic steel AISI 347 (1.4550, X6CrNiNb1810) are investigated as alternative material for counter surfaces of radial shaft seal rings and compared to turned shafts of carburized AISI 5115 (1.7131, 16MnCr5). In addition to surfaces dry turned at room-temperature, cryogenic turned AISI 347 counter surfaces are analyzed. By applying cryogenic cooling, the formation of deformation-induced α′-martensite in the surface layer is possible during the turning process. Endurance tests in radial shaft seal ring test rigs are performed and complemented with detailed investigations of microstructure, micro-hardness and surface topography. The results are compared to results of state of the art ground AISI 5115 shafts.","lang":"eng"}],"status":"public","publication":"Wear","type":"journal_article","keyword":["Radial shaft seal ring","Shaft surface","Cryogenic turning","Metastable austenitic steel","Deformation-induced martensite formation"],"extern":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"34441","department":[{"_id":"146"}],"user_id":"38077"}]