---
_id: '48543'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Explanation has been identified as an important capability for AI-based systems,
    but research on systematic strategies for achieving understanding in interaction
    with such systems is still sparse. Negation is a linguistic strategy that is often
    used in explanations. It creates a contrast space between the affirmed and the
    negated item that enriches explaining processes with additional contextual information.
    While negation in human speech has been shown to lead to higher processing costs
    and worse task performance in terms of recall or action execution when used in
    isolation, it can decrease processing costs when used in context. So far, it has
    not been considered as a guiding strategy for explanations in human-robot interaction.
    We conducted an empirical study to investigate the use of negation as a guiding
    strategy in explanatory human-robot dialogue, in which a virtual robot explains
    tasks and possible actions to a human explainee to solve them in terms of gestures
    on a touchscreen. Our results show that negation vs. affirmation 1) increases
    processing costs measured as reaction time and 2) increases several aspects of
    task performance. While there was no significant effect of negation on the number
    of initially correctly executed gestures, we found a significantly lower number
    of attempts—measured as breaks in the finger movement data before the correct
    gesture was carried out—when being instructed through a negation. We further found
    that the gestures significantly resembled the presented prototype gesture more
    following an instruction with a negation as opposed to an affirmation. Also, the
    participants rated the benefit of contrastive vs. affirmative explanations significantly
    higher. Repeating the instructions decreased the effects of negation, yielding
    similar processing costs and task performance measures for negation and affirmation
    after several iterations. We discuss our results with respect to possible effects
    of negation on linguistic processing of explanations and limitations of our study.
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: A.
  full_name: Groß, A.
  last_name: Groß
- first_name: Amit
  full_name: Singh, Amit
  id: '91018'
  last_name: Singh
  orcid: 0000-0002-7789-1521
- first_name: Ngoc Chi
  full_name: Banh, Ngoc Chi
  id: '38219'
  last_name: Banh
  orcid: 0000-0002-5946-4542
- first_name: B.
  full_name: Richter, B.
  last_name: Richter
- first_name: Ingrid
  full_name: Scharlau, Ingrid
  id: '451'
  last_name: Scharlau
  orcid: 0000-0003-2364-9489
- first_name: Katharina J.
  full_name: Rohlfing, Katharina J.
  id: '50352'
  last_name: Rohlfing
- first_name: B.
  full_name: Wrede, B.
  last_name: Wrede
citation:
  ama: Groß A, Singh A, Banh NC, et al. Scaffolding the human partner by contrastive
    guidance in an explanatory human-robot dialogue. <i>Frontiers in Robotics and
    AI</i>. 2023;10. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1236184">10.3389/frobt.2023.1236184</a>
  apa: Groß, A., Singh, A., Banh, N. C., Richter, B., Scharlau, I., Rohlfing, K. J.,
    &#38; Wrede, B. (2023). Scaffolding the human partner by contrastive guidance
    in an explanatory human-robot dialogue. <i>Frontiers in Robotics and AI</i>, <i>10</i>.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1236184">https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1236184</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Groß_Singh_Banh_Richter_Scharlau_Rohlfing_Wrede_2023, title={Scaffolding
    the human partner by contrastive guidance in an explanatory human-robot dialogue},
    volume={10}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1236184">10.3389/frobt.2023.1236184</a>},
    journal={Frontiers in Robotics and AI}, author={Groß, A. and Singh, Amit and Banh,
    Ngoc Chi and Richter, B. and Scharlau, Ingrid and Rohlfing, Katharina J. and Wrede,
    B.}, year={2023} }'
  chicago: Groß, A., Amit Singh, Ngoc Chi Banh, B. Richter, Ingrid Scharlau, Katharina
    J. Rohlfing, and B. Wrede. “Scaffolding the Human Partner by Contrastive Guidance
    in an Explanatory Human-Robot Dialogue.” <i>Frontiers in Robotics and AI</i> 10
    (2023). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1236184">https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1236184</a>.
  ieee: 'A. Groß <i>et al.</i>, “Scaffolding the human partner by contrastive guidance
    in an explanatory human-robot dialogue,” <i>Frontiers in Robotics and AI</i>,
    vol. 10, 2023, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1236184">10.3389/frobt.2023.1236184</a>.'
  mla: Groß, A., et al. “Scaffolding the Human Partner by Contrastive Guidance in
    an Explanatory Human-Robot Dialogue.” <i>Frontiers in Robotics and AI</i>, vol.
    10, 2023, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1236184">10.3389/frobt.2023.1236184</a>.
  short: A. Groß, A. Singh, N.C. Banh, B. Richter, I. Scharlau, K.J. Rohlfing, B.
    Wrede, Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10 (2023).
date_created: 2023-10-30T09:29:16Z
date_updated: 2024-06-26T08:01:50Z
department:
- _id: '749'
doi: 10.3389/frobt.2023.1236184
funded_apc: '1'
intvolume: '        10'
keyword:
- HRI
- XAI
- negation
- understanding
- explaining
- touch interaction
- gesture
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frobt.2023.1236184/full
oa: '1'
project:
- _id: '115'
  grant_number: '438445824'
  name: 'TRR 318 - A05: TRR 318 - Echtzeitmessung der Aufmerksamkeit im Mensch-Roboter-Erklärdialog
    (Teilprojekt A05)'
publication: Frontiers in Robotics and AI
publication_status: published
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Scaffolding the human partner by contrastive guidance in an explanatory human-robot
  dialogue
type: journal_article
user_id: '38219'
volume: 10
year: '2023'
...