[{"keyword":["COVID","influenza","vaccination","education","compulsory schooling"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"46536","department":[{"_id":"281"},{"_id":"475"}],"user_id":"53779","series_title":" Ruhr Economic Papers","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"We study the effect of education on vaccination against COVID-19 and influenza in Germany and Europe. Our identification strategy makes use of changes in compulsory schooling laws and allows to estimate local average treatment effects for individuals between 59 and 91 years of age. We find no significant effect of an additional year of schooling on vaccination status in Germany. Pooling data from Europe, we conclude that schooling increases the likelihood to vaccinate against COVID by an economically negligible effect of one percentage point (zero for influenza). However, we find indications that additional schooling increases fear of side effects from COVID vaccination."}],"status":"public","type":"working_paper","title":"The effect of compulsory schooling on vaccination against COVID and Influenza","publisher":"RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen","date_updated":"2023-08-20T17:59:18Z","volume":1011,"author":[{"first_name":"Daniel","full_name":"Monsees, Daniel","last_name":"Monsees"},{"first_name":"Hendrik","last_name":"Schmitz","full_name":"Schmitz, Hendrik","id":"48879"}],"date_created":"2023-08-16T09:56:03Z","year":"2023","intvolume":"      1011","citation":{"apa":"Monsees, D., &#38; Schmitz, H. (2023). <i>The effect of compulsory schooling on vaccination against COVID and Influenza</i> (Vol. 1011). RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen.","short":"D. Monsees, H. Schmitz, The Effect of Compulsory Schooling on Vaccination against COVID and Influenza, RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen, 2023.","bibtex":"@book{Monsees_Schmitz_2023, series={ Ruhr Economic Papers}, title={The effect of compulsory schooling on vaccination against COVID and Influenza}, volume={1011}, publisher={RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen}, author={Monsees, Daniel and Schmitz, Hendrik}, year={2023}, collection={ Ruhr Economic Papers} }","mla":"Monsees, Daniel, and Hendrik Schmitz. <i>The Effect of Compulsory Schooling on Vaccination against COVID and Influenza</i>. RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen, 2023.","ama":"Monsees D, Schmitz H. <i>The Effect of Compulsory Schooling on Vaccination against COVID and Influenza</i>. Vol 1011. RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen; 2023.","chicago":"Monsees, Daniel, and Hendrik Schmitz. <i>The Effect of Compulsory Schooling on Vaccination against COVID and Influenza</i>. Vol. 1011.  Ruhr Economic Papers. RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen, 2023.","ieee":"D. Monsees and H. Schmitz, <i>The effect of compulsory schooling on vaccination against COVID and Influenza</i>, vol. 1011. RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen, 2023."}},{"status":"public","abstract":[{"text":"Theoretical papers show that optimal prevention decisions in the sense of selfprotection (i.e., primary prevention) depend not only on the level of (second-order) risk aversion but also on higher-order risk preferences such as prudence (third-order risk aversion). We study empirically whether these theoretical results hold and whether prudent individuals show less preventive (self-protection) effort than non-prudent individuals. We use a unique dataset that combines data on higher-order risk preferences and various measures of observed real-world prevention behavior. We find that prudent individuals indeed invest less in self-protection as measured by influenza vaccination. This result is driven by high risk individuals such as individuals >60 years of age or chronically ill. We do not find a clear empirical relationship between riskpreferences and prevention in the sense of self-insurance (i.e. secondary prevention). Neither risk aversion nor prudence is related to cancer screenings such as mammograms, Pap smears or X-rays of the lung.","lang":"eng"}],"type":"working_paper","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["prudence","risk preferences","prevention","vaccination","screening"],"department":[{"_id":"281"},{"_id":"475"}],"user_id":"53779","series_title":" Ruhr Economic Papers","_id":"46541","intvolume":"       863","citation":{"short":"T. Mayrhofer, H. Schmitz, Prudence and Prevention: Empirical Evidence, RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen, 2020.","bibtex":"@book{Mayrhofer_Schmitz_2020, series={ Ruhr Economic Papers}, title={Prudence and prevention: Empirical evidence}, volume={863}, publisher={RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen}, author={Mayrhofer, Thomas and Schmitz, Hendrik}, year={2020}, collection={ Ruhr Economic Papers} }","mla":"Mayrhofer, Thomas, and Hendrik Schmitz. <i>Prudence and Prevention: Empirical Evidence</i>. RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen, 2020.","apa":"Mayrhofer, T., &#38; Schmitz, H. (2020). <i>Prudence and prevention: Empirical evidence</i> (Vol. 863). RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen.","ama":"Mayrhofer T, Schmitz H. <i>Prudence and Prevention: Empirical Evidence</i>. Vol 863. RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen; 2020.","chicago":"Mayrhofer, Thomas, and Hendrik Schmitz. <i>Prudence and Prevention: Empirical Evidence</i>. Vol. 863.  Ruhr Economic Papers. RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen, 2020.","ieee":"T. Mayrhofer and H. Schmitz, <i>Prudence and prevention: Empirical evidence</i>, vol. 863. RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen, 2020."},"year":"2020","title":"Prudence and prevention: Empirical evidence","volume":863,"author":[{"first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Mayrhofer","full_name":"Mayrhofer, Thomas"},{"last_name":"Schmitz","id":"48879","full_name":"Schmitz, Hendrik","first_name":"Hendrik"}],"date_created":"2023-08-16T10:50:11Z","date_updated":"2023-08-20T17:55:46Z","publisher":"RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen"}]