---
_id: '46536'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: We study the effect of education on vaccination against COVID-19 and influenza
    in Germany and Europe. Our identification strategy makes use of changes in compulsory
    schooling laws and allows to estimate local average treatment effects for individuals
    between 59 and 91 years of age. We find no significant effect of an additional
    year of schooling on vaccination status in Germany. Pooling data from Europe,
    we conclude that schooling increases the likelihood to vaccinate against COVID
    by an economically negligible effect of one percentage point (zero for influenza).
    However, we find indications that additional schooling increases fear of side
    effects from COVID vaccination.
author:
- first_name: Daniel
  full_name: Monsees, Daniel
  last_name: Monsees
- first_name: Hendrik
  full_name: Schmitz, Hendrik
  id: '48879'
  last_name: Schmitz
citation:
  ama: Monsees D, Schmitz H. <i>The Effect of Compulsory Schooling on Vaccination
    against COVID and Influenza</i>. Vol 1011. RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung,
    Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen;
    2023.
  apa: Monsees, D., &#38; Schmitz, H. (2023). <i>The effect of compulsory schooling
    on vaccination against COVID and Influenza</i> (Vol. 1011). RWI - Leibniz-Institut
    für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University
    of Duisburg-Essen.
  bibtex: '@book{Monsees_Schmitz_2023, series={ Ruhr Economic Papers}, title={The
    effect of compulsory schooling on vaccination against COVID and Influenza}, volume={1011},
    publisher={RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum,
    TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen}, author={Monsees, Daniel
    and Schmitz, Hendrik}, year={2023}, collection={ Ruhr Economic Papers} }'
  chicago: Monsees, Daniel, and Hendrik Schmitz. <i>The Effect of Compulsory Schooling
    on Vaccination against COVID and Influenza</i>. Vol. 1011.  Ruhr Economic Papers.
    RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund
    University, University of Duisburg-Essen, 2023.
  ieee: D. Monsees and H. Schmitz, <i>The effect of compulsory schooling on vaccination
    against COVID and Influenza</i>, vol. 1011. RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung,
    Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen,
    2023.
  mla: Monsees, Daniel, and Hendrik Schmitz. <i>The Effect of Compulsory Schooling
    on Vaccination against COVID and Influenza</i>. RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung,
    Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen,
    2023.
  short: D. Monsees, H. Schmitz, The Effect of Compulsory Schooling on Vaccination
    against COVID and Influenza, RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung,
    Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen,
    2023.
date_created: 2023-08-16T09:56:03Z
date_updated: 2023-08-20T17:59:18Z
department:
- _id: '281'
- _id: '475'
intvolume: '      1011'
keyword:
- COVID
- influenza
- vaccination
- education
- compulsory schooling
language:
- iso: eng
publisher: RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum,
  TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen
series_title: ' Ruhr Economic Papers'
status: public
title: The effect of compulsory schooling on vaccination against COVID and Influenza
type: working_paper
user_id: '53779'
volume: 1011
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '46541'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Theoretical papers show that optimal prevention decisions in the sense of
    selfprotection (i.e., primary prevention) depend not only on the level of (second-order)
    risk aversion but also on higher-order risk preferences such as prudence (third-order
    risk aversion). We study empirically whether these theoretical results hold and
    whether prudent individuals show less preventive (self-protection) effort than
    non-prudent individuals. We use a unique dataset that combines data on higher-order
    risk preferences and various measures of observed real-world prevention behavior.
    We find that prudent individuals indeed invest less in self-protection as measured
    by influenza vaccination. This result is driven by high risk individuals such
    as individuals >60 years of age or chronically ill. We do not find a clear empirical
    relationship between riskpreferences and prevention in the sense of self-insurance
    (i.e. secondary prevention). Neither risk aversion nor prudence is related to
    cancer screenings such as mammograms, Pap smears or X-rays of the lung.
author:
- first_name: Thomas
  full_name: Mayrhofer, Thomas
  last_name: Mayrhofer
- first_name: Hendrik
  full_name: Schmitz, Hendrik
  id: '48879'
  last_name: Schmitz
citation:
  ama: 'Mayrhofer T, Schmitz H. <i>Prudence and Prevention: Empirical Evidence</i>.
    Vol 863. RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum,
    TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen; 2020.'
  apa: 'Mayrhofer, T., &#38; Schmitz, H. (2020). <i>Prudence and prevention: Empirical
    evidence</i> (Vol. 863). RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University
    Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen.'
  bibtex: '@book{Mayrhofer_Schmitz_2020, series={ Ruhr Economic Papers}, title={Prudence
    and prevention: Empirical evidence}, volume={863}, publisher={RWI - Leibniz-Institut
    für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University
    of Duisburg-Essen}, author={Mayrhofer, Thomas and Schmitz, Hendrik}, year={2020},
    collection={ Ruhr Economic Papers} }'
  chicago: 'Mayrhofer, Thomas, and Hendrik Schmitz. <i>Prudence and Prevention: Empirical
    Evidence</i>. Vol. 863.  Ruhr Economic Papers. RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung,
    Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen,
    2020.'
  ieee: 'T. Mayrhofer and H. Schmitz, <i>Prudence and prevention: Empirical evidence</i>,
    vol. 863. RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum,
    TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen, 2020.'
  mla: 'Mayrhofer, Thomas, and Hendrik Schmitz. <i>Prudence and Prevention: Empirical
    Evidence</i>. RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University
    Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen, 2020.'
  short: 'T. Mayrhofer, H. Schmitz, Prudence and Prevention: Empirical Evidence, RWI
    - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund
    University, University of Duisburg-Essen, 2020.'
date_created: 2023-08-16T10:50:11Z
date_updated: 2023-08-20T17:55:46Z
department:
- _id: '281'
- _id: '475'
intvolume: '       863'
keyword:
- prudence
- risk preferences
- prevention
- vaccination
- screening
language:
- iso: eng
publisher: RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum,
  TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen
series_title: ' Ruhr Economic Papers'
status: public
title: 'Prudence and prevention: Empirical evidence'
type: working_paper
user_id: '53779'
volume: 863
year: '2020'
...