---
_id: '66555'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: 'Scalable plasmonic technologies face a critical trade‐off: few‐body architectures
offer high enhancement but are sensitive to fabrication flaws, while scalable
methods like solid‐state dewetting yield large, low‐enhancement gaps. We introduce
a paradigm shift using a many‐body plasmonic architecture inspired by statistical
mechanics. By moving toward the continuum limit, local geometric variations are
statistically averaged out, effectively decoupling optical performance from microscopic
disorder. We implement this concept via a lithography‐ and etching‐free, multi‐step
dewetting strategy, creating wafer‐scale nanoclusters. This process strategically
forms a robust many‐body system by introducing numerous small satellite nanoparticles
between larger particles. Crucially, this design achieves a high collective enhancement
that surpasses even optimized few‐body systems, despite having larger individual
gaps. Under optimized conditions, these substrates exhibit a surface‐enhanced
Raman scattering enhancement factor approaching 4 × 10^8 with unprecedented reproducibility
(RSD of ∼10%). This scalable, low‐cost concept establishes a practical route toward
reproducible wafer‐scale nanophotonic platforms for sensing, spectroscopy, and
quantum technologies.'
article_number: e71610
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Minjun
full_name: Kim, Minjun
last_name: Kim
- first_name: Vasanthan
full_name: Devaraj, Vasanthan
id: '103814'
last_name: Devaraj
- first_name: Hyeon‐Seok
full_name: Seo, Hyeon‐Seok
last_name: Seo
- first_name: Seong‐Jae
full_name: Eom, Seong‐Jae
last_name: Eom
- first_name: Jeong‐Su
full_name: Lee, Jeong‐Su
last_name: Lee
- first_name: Donghan
full_name: Lee, Donghan
last_name: Lee
- first_name: Min Yong
full_name: Jeon, Min Yong
last_name: Jeon
- first_name: Thomas
full_name: Zentgraf, Thomas
id: '30525'
last_name: Zentgraf
orcid: 0000-0002-8662-1101
- first_name: Jong‐Min
full_name: Lee, Jong‐Min
last_name: Lee
citation:
ama: Kim M, Devaraj V, Seo H, et al. Engineering Disordered Many‐Particle Plasmonic
Nanoclusters for Wafer‐Scale Uniform and Giant Electromagnetic Field Enhancement.
Laser & Photonics Reviews. Published online 2026. doi:10.1002/lpor.71610
apa: Kim, M., Devaraj, V., Seo, H., Eom, S., Lee, J., Lee, D., Jeon, M. Y., Zentgraf,
T., & Lee, J. (2026). Engineering Disordered Many‐Particle Plasmonic Nanoclusters
for Wafer‐Scale Uniform and Giant Electromagnetic Field Enhancement. Laser
& Photonics Reviews, Article e71610. https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.71610
bibtex: '@article{Kim_Devaraj_Seo_Eom_Lee_Lee_Jeon_Zentgraf_Lee_2026, title={Engineering
Disordered Many‐Particle Plasmonic Nanoclusters for Wafer‐Scale Uniform and Giant
Electromagnetic Field Enhancement}, DOI={10.1002/lpor.71610},
number={e71610}, journal={Laser & Photonics Reviews}, publisher={Wiley},
author={Kim, Minjun and Devaraj, Vasanthan and Seo, Hyeon‐Seok and Eom, Seong‐Jae
and Lee, Jeong‐Su and Lee, Donghan and Jeon, Min Yong and Zentgraf, Thomas and
Lee, Jong‐Min}, year={2026} }'
chicago: Kim, Minjun, Vasanthan Devaraj, Hyeon‐Seok Seo, Seong‐Jae Eom, Jeong‐Su
Lee, Donghan Lee, Min Yong Jeon, Thomas Zentgraf, and Jong‐Min Lee. “Engineering
Disordered Many‐Particle Plasmonic Nanoclusters for Wafer‐Scale Uniform and Giant
Electromagnetic Field Enhancement.” Laser & Photonics Reviews,
2026. https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.71610.
ieee: 'M. Kim et al., “Engineering Disordered Many‐Particle Plasmonic Nanoclusters
for Wafer‐Scale Uniform and Giant Electromagnetic Field Enhancement,” Laser
& Photonics Reviews, Art. no. e71610, 2026, doi: 10.1002/lpor.71610.'
mla: Kim, Minjun, et al. “Engineering Disordered Many‐Particle Plasmonic Nanoclusters
for Wafer‐Scale Uniform and Giant Electromagnetic Field Enhancement.” Laser
& Photonics Reviews, e71610, Wiley, 2026, doi:10.1002/lpor.71610.
short: M. Kim, V. Devaraj, H. Seo, S. Eom, J. Lee, D. Lee, M.Y. Jeon, T. Zentgraf,
J. Lee, Laser & Photonics Reviews (2026).
date_created: 2026-07-22T05:49:50Z
date_updated: 2026-07-22T05:52:38Z
department:
- _id: '15'
- _id: '230'
- _id: '289'
- _id: '623'
doi: 10.1002/lpor.71610
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/lpor.71610
oa: '1'
publication: Laser & Photonics Reviews
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 1863-8880
- 1863-8899
publication_status: published
publisher: Wiley
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Engineering Disordered Many‐Particle Plasmonic Nanoclusters for Wafer‐Scale
Uniform and Giant Electromagnetic Field Enhancement
type: journal_article
user_id: '30525'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '66632'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Three‐dimensional (3D) assemblies of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) offer a rich
platform for plasmonic coupling and near‐field engineering, yet their optical
behavior is often complex due to structural disorder and fabrication‐induced variability.
Here, we present a systematic optical investigation of large‐scale 3D AuNP assemblies
fabricated via meniscus‐guided assembly, focusing on the reproducibility, spatial
uniformity, and mode evolution of their plasmonic responses. Spatially‐resolved
dark‐field scattering measurements reveal that high‐aspect‐ratio AuNP pillars
exhibit uniform scattering spectra along their height and across different pillars,
despite variations in geometry and structure. Electromagnetic simulations suggest
that this robustness arises from a collective many‐particle plasmonic response
that remains optically active despite structural perturbations. The corresponding
near‐field and surface‐charge distributions remain spatially distributed under
representative structural perturbations, consistent with volumetric averaging
across the three‐dimensional assembly. Building on this robust platform, we introduce
compositional modulation through a core–satellite architecture by incorporating
smaller AuNPs. This yields a composition‐dependent spectral redistribution, including
the emergence of an additional long‐wavelength spectral feature in the core–satellite
assemblies. Wavelength‐dependent surface‐enhanced Raman scattering measurements
reveal contrasting responses under 633 and 785 nm excitation, reflecting redistribution
of local plasmonic coupling pathways. These results provide process‐enabled guidelines
for using meniscus‐guided 3D‐nanoprinting to realize robust nanoparticle assemblies.
article_number: e71686
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Vasanthan
full_name: Devaraj, Vasanthan
id: '103814'
last_name: Devaraj
- first_name: Sunghyun
full_name: Kwak, Sunghyun
last_name: Kwak
- first_name: Hyeongjip
full_name: Kim, Hyeongjip
last_name: Kim
- first_name: Sang‐Keun
full_name: Sung, Sang‐Keun
last_name: Sung
- first_name: Jong‐Min
full_name: Lee, Jong‐Min
last_name: Lee
- first_name: Thomas
full_name: Zentgraf, Thomas
id: '30525'
last_name: Zentgraf
orcid: 0000-0002-8662-1101
- first_name: Won‐Geun
full_name: Kim, Won‐Geun
last_name: Kim
citation:
ama: Devaraj V, Kwak S, Kim H, et al. Spatially Uniform and Defect‐Tolerant Plasmonic
Responses in 3D Printed Gold Nanoparticle Assemblies. Laser & Photonics
Reviews. Published online 2026. doi:10.1002/lpor.71686
apa: Devaraj, V., Kwak, S., Kim, H., Sung, S., Lee, J., Zentgraf, T., & Kim,
W. (2026). Spatially Uniform and Defect‐Tolerant Plasmonic Responses in 3D Printed
Gold Nanoparticle Assemblies. Laser & Photonics Reviews, Article
e71686. https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.71686
bibtex: '@article{Devaraj_Kwak_Kim_Sung_Lee_Zentgraf_Kim_2026, title={Spatially
Uniform and Defect‐Tolerant Plasmonic Responses in 3D Printed Gold Nanoparticle
Assemblies}, DOI={10.1002/lpor.71686},
number={e71686}, journal={Laser & Photonics Reviews}, publisher={Wiley},
author={Devaraj, Vasanthan and Kwak, Sunghyun and Kim, Hyeongjip and Sung, Sang‐Keun
and Lee, Jong‐Min and Zentgraf, Thomas and Kim, Won‐Geun}, year={2026} }'
chicago: Devaraj, Vasanthan, Sunghyun Kwak, Hyeongjip Kim, Sang‐Keun Sung, Jong‐Min
Lee, Thomas Zentgraf, and Won‐Geun Kim. “Spatially Uniform and Defect‐Tolerant
Plasmonic Responses in 3D Printed Gold Nanoparticle Assemblies.” Laser &
Photonics Reviews, 2026. https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.71686.
ieee: 'V. Devaraj et al., “Spatially Uniform and Defect‐Tolerant Plasmonic
Responses in 3D Printed Gold Nanoparticle Assemblies,” Laser & Photonics
Reviews, Art. no. e71686, 2026, doi: 10.1002/lpor.71686.'
mla: Devaraj, Vasanthan, et al. “Spatially Uniform and Defect‐Tolerant Plasmonic
Responses in 3D Printed Gold Nanoparticle Assemblies.” Laser & Photonics
Reviews, e71686, Wiley, 2026, doi:10.1002/lpor.71686.
short: V. Devaraj, S. Kwak, H. Kim, S. Sung, J. Lee, T. Zentgraf, W. Kim, Laser
& Photonics Reviews (2026).
date_created: 2026-08-03T06:43:03Z
date_updated: 2026-08-03T06:45:01Z
department:
- _id: '15'
- _id: '230'
- _id: '289'
- _id: '623'
doi: 10.1002/lpor.71686
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/lpor.71686
oa: '1'
publication: Laser & Photonics Reviews
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 1863-8880
- 1863-8899
publication_status: published
publisher: Wiley
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Spatially Uniform and Defect‐Tolerant Plasmonic Responses in 3D Printed Gold
Nanoparticle Assemblies
type: journal_article
user_id: '30525'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '61352'
author:
- first_name: Vasanthan
full_name: Devaraj, Vasanthan
id: '103814'
last_name: Devaraj
- first_name: Isaac Azahel
full_name: Ruiz Alvarado, Isaac Azahel
id: '79462'
last_name: Ruiz Alvarado
orcid: 0000-0002-4710-1170
- first_name: Jongmin
full_name: Lee, Jongmin
last_name: Lee
- first_name: Jin-Woo
full_name: Oh, Jin-Woo
last_name: Oh
- first_name: Uwe
full_name: Gerstmann, Uwe
id: '171'
last_name: Gerstmann
orcid: 0000-0002-4476-223X
- first_name: Wolf Gero
full_name: Schmidt, Wolf Gero
id: '468'
last_name: Schmidt
orcid: 0000-0002-2717-5076
- first_name: Thomas
full_name: Zentgraf, Thomas
id: '30525'
last_name: Zentgraf
orcid: 0000-0002-8662-1101
citation:
ama: 'Devaraj V, Ruiz Alvarado IA, Lee J, et al. Dynamic and Reversible Plasmonic
Nanogaps From Isolated Dimer Nanoparticles via Self-Assembly. In: 2025 Conference
on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe &Amp; European Quantum Electronics
Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC). IEEE; 2025. doi:10.1109/cleo/europe-eqec65582.2025.11109762'
apa: Devaraj, V., Ruiz Alvarado, I. A., Lee, J., Oh, J.-W., Gerstmann, U., Schmidt,
W. G., & Zentgraf, T. (2025). Dynamic and Reversible Plasmonic Nanogaps From
Isolated Dimer Nanoparticles via Self-Assembly. 2025 Conference on Lasers and
Electro-Optics Europe &Amp; European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC).
https://doi.org/10.1109/cleo/europe-eqec65582.2025.11109762
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Devaraj_Ruiz Alvarado_Lee_Oh_Gerstmann_Schmidt_Zentgraf_2025,
title={Dynamic and Reversible Plasmonic Nanogaps From Isolated Dimer Nanoparticles
via Self-Assembly}, DOI={10.1109/cleo/europe-eqec65582.2025.11109762},
booktitle={2025 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European
Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Devaraj,
Vasanthan and Ruiz Alvarado, Isaac Azahel and Lee, Jongmin and Oh, Jin-Woo and
Gerstmann, Uwe and Schmidt, Wolf Gero and Zentgraf, Thomas}, year={2025} }'
chicago: Devaraj, Vasanthan, Isaac Azahel Ruiz Alvarado, Jongmin Lee, Jin-Woo Oh,
Uwe Gerstmann, Wolf Gero Schmidt, and Thomas Zentgraf. “Dynamic and Reversible
Plasmonic Nanogaps From Isolated Dimer Nanoparticles via Self-Assembly.” In 2025
Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe &Amp; European Quantum
Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC). IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/cleo/europe-eqec65582.2025.11109762.
ieee: 'V. Devaraj et al., “Dynamic and Reversible Plasmonic Nanogaps From
Isolated Dimer Nanoparticles via Self-Assembly,” 2025, doi: 10.1109/cleo/europe-eqec65582.2025.11109762.'
mla: Devaraj, Vasanthan, et al. “Dynamic and Reversible Plasmonic Nanogaps From
Isolated Dimer Nanoparticles via Self-Assembly.” 2025 Conference on Lasers
and Electro-Optics Europe &Amp; European Quantum Electronics Conference
(CLEO/Europe-EQEC), IEEE, 2025, doi:10.1109/cleo/europe-eqec65582.2025.11109762.
short: 'V. Devaraj, I.A. Ruiz Alvarado, J. Lee, J.-W. Oh, U. Gerstmann, W.G. Schmidt,
T. Zentgraf, in: 2025 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe &Amp;
European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC), IEEE, 2025.'
date_created: 2025-09-18T11:09:30Z
date_updated: 2025-12-05T13:32:18Z
department:
- _id: '15'
- _id: '170'
- _id: '295'
- _id: '289'
- _id: '35'
- _id: '230'
- _id: '790'
doi: 10.1109/cleo/europe-eqec65582.2025.11109762
language:
- iso: eng
publication: 2025 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European
Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)
publication_status: published
publisher: IEEE
status: public
title: Dynamic and Reversible Plasmonic Nanogaps From Isolated Dimer Nanoparticles
via Self-Assembly
type: conference
user_id: '16199'
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '58642'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: We present a cost-effective self-assembly method to fabricate low-density
dimer NPs in an NPoM architecture, using the M13 phage as a spacer layer. This
will enable the development of dynamic plasmonic devices and advanced sensing
applications.
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Vasanthan
full_name: Devaraj, Vasanthan
id: '103814'
last_name: Devaraj
- first_name: Isaac Azahel
full_name: Ruiz Alvarado, Isaac Azahel
id: '79462'
last_name: Ruiz Alvarado
orcid: 0000-0002-4710-1170
- first_name: Jong-Min
full_name: Lee, Jong-Min
last_name: Lee
- first_name: Jin-Woo
full_name: Oh, Jin-Woo
last_name: Oh
- first_name: Uwe
full_name: Gerstmann, Uwe
id: '171'
last_name: Gerstmann
orcid: 0000-0002-4476-223X
- first_name: Wolf Gero
full_name: Schmidt, Wolf Gero
id: '468'
last_name: Schmidt
orcid: 0000-0002-2717-5076
- first_name: Thomas
full_name: Zentgraf, Thomas
id: '30525'
last_name: Zentgraf
orcid: 0000-0002-8662-1101
citation:
ama: Devaraj V, Ruiz Alvarado IA, Lee J-M, et al. Self-assembly of isolated plasmonic
dimers with sub-5 nm gaps on a metallic mirror. Nanoscale Horizons. 2025;10:537-548.
doi:10.1039/d4nh00546e
apa: Devaraj, V., Ruiz Alvarado, I. A., Lee, J.-M., Oh, J.-W., Gerstmann, U., Schmidt,
W. G., & Zentgraf, T. (2025). Self-assembly of isolated plasmonic dimers with
sub-5 nm gaps on a metallic mirror. Nanoscale Horizons, 10, 537–548.
https://doi.org/10.1039/d4nh00546e
bibtex: '@article{Devaraj_Ruiz Alvarado_Lee_Oh_Gerstmann_Schmidt_Zentgraf_2025,
title={Self-assembly of isolated plasmonic dimers with sub-5 nm gaps on a metallic
mirror}, volume={10}, DOI={10.1039/d4nh00546e},
journal={Nanoscale Horizons}, publisher={Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)}, author={Devaraj,
Vasanthan and Ruiz Alvarado, Isaac Azahel and Lee, Jong-Min and Oh, Jin-Woo and
Gerstmann, Uwe and Schmidt, Wolf Gero and Zentgraf, Thomas}, year={2025}, pages={537–548}
}'
chicago: 'Devaraj, Vasanthan, Isaac Azahel Ruiz Alvarado, Jong-Min Lee, Jin-Woo
Oh, Uwe Gerstmann, Wolf Gero Schmidt, and Thomas Zentgraf. “Self-Assembly of Isolated
Plasmonic Dimers with Sub-5 Nm Gaps on a Metallic Mirror.” Nanoscale Horizons
10 (2025): 537–48. https://doi.org/10.1039/d4nh00546e.'
ieee: 'V. Devaraj et al., “Self-assembly of isolated plasmonic dimers with
sub-5 nm gaps on a metallic mirror,” Nanoscale Horizons, vol. 10, pp. 537–548,
2025, doi: 10.1039/d4nh00546e.'
mla: Devaraj, Vasanthan, et al. “Self-Assembly of Isolated Plasmonic Dimers with
Sub-5 Nm Gaps on a Metallic Mirror.” Nanoscale Horizons, vol. 10, Royal
Society of Chemistry (RSC), 2025, pp. 537–48, doi:10.1039/d4nh00546e.
short: V. Devaraj, I.A. Ruiz Alvarado, J.-M. Lee, J.-W. Oh, U. Gerstmann, W.G. Schmidt,
T. Zentgraf, Nanoscale Horizons 10 (2025) 537–548.
date_created: 2025-02-14T08:13:10Z
date_updated: 2025-07-09T14:04:39Z
department:
- _id: '15'
- _id: '230'
- _id: '289'
- _id: '623'
- _id: '35'
- _id: '295'
- _id: '170'
- _id: '429'
- _id: '27'
doi: 10.1039/d4nh00546e
intvolume: ' 10'
language:
- iso: eng
page: 537-548
project:
- _id: '53'
grant_number: '231447078'
name: 'TRR 142: TRR 142 - Maßgeschneiderte nichtlineare Photonik: Von grundlegenden
Konzepten zu funktionellen Strukturen'
- _id: '168'
grant_number: '231447078'
name: 'TRR 142 - B07: TRR 142 - Polaronen-Einfluss auf die optischen Eigenschaften
von Lithiumniobat (B07*)'
- _id: '55'
name: 'TRR 142 - B: TRR 142 - Project Area B'
- _id: '445'
grant_number: '367360193'
name: Hochleistungsrechner Noctua in Paderborn
- _id: '52'
name: 'PC2: Computing Resources Provided by the Paderborn Center for Parallel Computing'
publication: Nanoscale Horizons
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 2055-6756
- 2055-6764
publication_status: published
publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Self-assembly of isolated plasmonic dimers with sub-5 nm gaps on a metallic
mirror
type: journal_article
user_id: '16199'
volume: 10
year: '2025'
...