---
_id: '65375'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: "Abstract\r\n Vitamin D
has been associated with depression, potentially via anti-inflammatory mechanisms,
yet data is scarce, particularly in adolescence. We investigated (1) whether lower
vitamin D status is associated with greater depression severity and (2) whether
this association is statistically moderated by inflammation in patients of a child
and adolescent psychiatry department. At admission fasting morning venous blood
was drawn. Serum vitamin D (25(OH)D) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were analyzed
in all participants [n=465 (64.7%♀; 11.3-18.9 years)]. In a subsample [n=177],
we additionally measured tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma and interleukin
(IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10. Depression severity was assessed by the Beck Depression
Inventory-II (BDI-II) [n=450], the Diagnostic System for Mental Disorders in Childhood
and Adolescence via self-assessment (DISYPS Self) [n=441], and parent-assessment
(DISYPS Proxy) [n=422]. Overall, 43.2% [n=201] were at risk for vitamin D deficiency
(<30nmol/L), and 73.5%-83.2% –depending on assessment tool– showed at least
mild depression. Linear regression revealed an inverse association between 25(OH)D
and BDI-II in both crude and CRP-adjusted full-sample models. Logistic regressions
showed a robust inverse association between 25(OH)D and DISYPS Proxy, but not
for DISYPS Self. Although 25(OH)D was inversely correlated with some pro-inflammatory
markers, neither their inclusion in regression models nor formal mediation analyses
supported inflammation as a mediator of the vitamin D–depression association.
Overall, our results suggest that vitamin D relates modestly to both depression
and inflammation in adolescence. However, based on the measured parameters, we
cannot confirm that anti-inflammatory effects are the link between vitamin D and
depression."
author:
- first_name: Laura
full_name: Schlarbaum, Laura
id: '96697'
last_name: Schlarbaum
- first_name: Nicole
full_name: Jankovic, Nicole
id: '105192'
last_name: Jankovic
orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9235-5356
- first_name: Judith
full_name: Bühlmeier, Judith
id: '89838'
last_name: Bühlmeier
- first_name: Harald
full_name: Engler, Harald
last_name: Engler
- first_name: Raphael
full_name: Hirtz, Raphael
last_name: Hirtz
- first_name: Corinna
full_name: Grasemann, Corinna
last_name: Grasemann
- first_name: Triinu
full_name: Peters, Triinu
last_name: Peters
- first_name: Anke
full_name: Hinney, Anke
last_name: Hinney
- first_name: Jochen
full_name: Antel, Jochen
last_name: Antel
- first_name: Johannes
full_name: Hebebrand, Johannes
last_name: Hebebrand
- first_name: Manuel
full_name: Föcker, Manuel
last_name: Föcker
- first_name: Lars
full_name: Libuda, Lars
id: '88682'
last_name: Libuda
orcid: 0000-0003-1603-3133
citation:
ama: Schlarbaum L, Jankovic N, Bühlmeier J, et al. Does inflammation explain the
association between vitamin D and depression? Results of a cross-sectional study
in children and adolescents. British Journal of Nutrition. Published online
2026:1-37. doi:10.1017/s0007114526106928
apa: Schlarbaum, L., Jankovic, N., Bühlmeier, J., Engler, H., Hirtz, R., Grasemann,
C., Peters, T., Hinney, A., Antel, J., Hebebrand, J., Föcker, M., & Libuda,
L. (2026). Does inflammation explain the association between vitamin D and depression?
Results of a cross-sectional study in children and adolescents. British Journal
of Nutrition, 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114526106928
bibtex: '@article{Schlarbaum_Jankovic_Bühlmeier_Engler_Hirtz_Grasemann_Peters_Hinney_Antel_Hebebrand_et
al._2026, title={Does inflammation explain the association between vitamin D and
depression? Results of a cross-sectional study in children and adolescents}, DOI={10.1017/s0007114526106928},
journal={British Journal of Nutrition}, publisher={Cambridge University Press
(CUP)}, author={Schlarbaum, Laura and Jankovic, Nicole and Bühlmeier, Judith and
Engler, Harald and Hirtz, Raphael and Grasemann, Corinna and Peters, Triinu and
Hinney, Anke and Antel, Jochen and Hebebrand, Johannes and et al.}, year={2026},
pages={1–37} }'
chicago: Schlarbaum, Laura, Nicole Jankovic, Judith Bühlmeier, Harald Engler, Raphael
Hirtz, Corinna Grasemann, Triinu Peters, et al. “Does Inflammation Explain the
Association between Vitamin D and Depression? Results of a Cross-Sectional Study
in Children and Adolescents.” British Journal of Nutrition, 2026, 1–37.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114526106928.
ieee: 'L. Schlarbaum et al., “Does inflammation explain the association between
vitamin D and depression? Results of a cross-sectional study in children and adolescents,”
British Journal of Nutrition, pp. 1–37, 2026, doi: 10.1017/s0007114526106928.'
mla: Schlarbaum, Laura, et al. “Does Inflammation Explain the Association between
Vitamin D and Depression? Results of a Cross-Sectional Study in Children and Adolescents.”
British Journal of Nutrition, Cambridge University Press (CUP), 2026, pp.
1–37, doi:10.1017/s0007114526106928.
short: L. Schlarbaum, N. Jankovic, J. Bühlmeier, H. Engler, R. Hirtz, C. Grasemann,
T. Peters, A. Hinney, J. Antel, J. Hebebrand, M. Föcker, L. Libuda, British Journal
of Nutrition (2026) 1–37.
date_created: 2026-04-08T09:06:17Z
date_updated: 2026-04-15T08:58:03Z
doi: 10.1017/s0007114526106928
language:
- iso: eng
page: 1-37
publication: British Journal of Nutrition
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0007-1145
- 1475-2662
publication_status: published
publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
status: public
title: Does inflammation explain the association between vitamin D and depression?
Results of a cross-sectional study in children and adolescents
type: journal_article
user_id: '96697'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '65374'
article_number: '109'
author:
- first_name: Laura
full_name: Schlarbaum, Laura
id: '96697'
last_name: Schlarbaum
- first_name: Nicole
full_name: Jankovic, Nicole
id: '105192'
last_name: Jankovic
orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9235-5356
- first_name: Judith
full_name: Bühlmeier, Judith
id: '89838'
last_name: Bühlmeier
- first_name: Eva
full_name: Hohoff, Eva
last_name: Hohoff
- first_name: Rhea
full_name: Dankers, Rhea
id: '64668'
last_name: Dankers
- first_name: Harald
full_name: Engler, Harald
last_name: Engler
- first_name: Raphael
full_name: Hirtz, Raphael
last_name: Hirtz
- first_name: Denise
full_name: Zwanziger, Denise
last_name: Zwanziger
- first_name: Corinna
full_name: Grasemann, Corinna
last_name: Grasemann
- first_name: Triinu
full_name: Peters, Triinu
last_name: Peters
- first_name: Anke
full_name: Hinney, Anke
last_name: Hinney
- first_name: Jochen
full_name: Antel, Jochen
last_name: Antel
- first_name: Manuel
full_name: Föcker, Manuel
last_name: Föcker
- first_name: Lars
full_name: Libuda, Lars
id: '88682'
last_name: Libuda
orcid: 0000-0003-1603-3133
citation:
ama: Schlarbaum L, Jankovic N, Bühlmeier J, et al. Does inflammation moderate the
effect of vitamin D supplementation on depressive symptoms? Results of an interventional
study in children and adolescents. European Journal of Nutrition. 2026;65(3).
doi:10.1007/s00394-026-03920-0
apa: Schlarbaum, L., Jankovic, N., Bühlmeier, J., Hohoff, E., Dankers, R., Engler,
H., Hirtz, R., Zwanziger, D., Grasemann, C., Peters, T., Hinney, A., Antel, J.,
Föcker, M., & Libuda, L. (2026). Does inflammation moderate the effect of
vitamin D supplementation on depressive symptoms? Results of an interventional
study in children and adolescents. European Journal of Nutrition, 65(3),
Article 109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-026-03920-0
bibtex: '@article{Schlarbaum_Jankovic_Bühlmeier_Hohoff_Dankers_Engler_Hirtz_Zwanziger_Grasemann_Peters_et
al._2026, title={Does inflammation moderate the effect of vitamin D supplementation
on depressive symptoms? Results of an interventional study in children and adolescents},
volume={65}, DOI={10.1007/s00394-026-03920-0},
number={3109}, journal={European Journal of Nutrition}, publisher={Springer Science
and Business Media LLC}, author={Schlarbaum, Laura and Jankovic, Nicole and Bühlmeier,
Judith and Hohoff, Eva and Dankers, Rhea and Engler, Harald and Hirtz, Raphael
and Zwanziger, Denise and Grasemann, Corinna and Peters, Triinu and et al.}, year={2026}
}'
chicago: Schlarbaum, Laura, Nicole Jankovic, Judith Bühlmeier, Eva Hohoff, Rhea
Dankers, Harald Engler, Raphael Hirtz, et al. “Does Inflammation Moderate the
Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Depressive Symptoms? Results of an Interventional
Study in Children and Adolescents.” European Journal of Nutrition 65, no.
3 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-026-03920-0.
ieee: 'L. Schlarbaum et al., “Does inflammation moderate the effect of vitamin
D supplementation on depressive symptoms? Results of an interventional study in
children and adolescents,” European Journal of Nutrition, vol. 65, no.
3, Art. no. 109, 2026, doi: 10.1007/s00394-026-03920-0.'
mla: Schlarbaum, Laura, et al. “Does Inflammation Moderate the Effect of Vitamin
D Supplementation on Depressive Symptoms? Results of an Interventional Study in
Children and Adolescents.” European Journal of Nutrition, vol. 65, no.
3, 109, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2026, doi:10.1007/s00394-026-03920-0.
short: L. Schlarbaum, N. Jankovic, J. Bühlmeier, E. Hohoff, R. Dankers, H. Engler,
R. Hirtz, D. Zwanziger, C. Grasemann, T. Peters, A. Hinney, J. Antel, M. Föcker,
L. Libuda, European Journal of Nutrition 65 (2026).
date_created: 2026-04-08T09:04:52Z
date_updated: 2026-04-15T08:57:13Z
ddc:
- '570'
doi: 10.1007/s00394-026-03920-0
file:
- access_level: closed
content_type: application/pdf
creator: laura36
date_created: 2026-04-08T09:15:10Z
date_updated: 2026-04-08T09:15:10Z
file_id: '65377'
file_name: 394_2026_Article_3920.pdf
file_size: 939647
relation: main_file
success: 1
file_date_updated: 2026-04-08T09:15:10Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: ' 65'
issue: '3'
language:
- iso: eng
publication: European Journal of Nutrition
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 1436-6207
- 1436-6215
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
status: public
title: Does inflammation moderate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on depressive
symptoms? Results of an interventional study in children and adolescents
type: journal_article
user_id: '96697'
volume: 65
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '53787'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: "Abstract\r\n Purpose\r\n
\ Glycemic response to the same meal depends on daytime and
alignment of consumption with the inner clock, which has not been examined by
individual chronotype yet. This study examined whether the 2-h postprandial and
24-h glycemic response to a meal with high glycemic index (GI) differ when consumed
early or late in the day among students with early or late chronotype.\r\n
\ \r\n Methods\r\n
\ From a screening of 327 students aged 18–25 years, those
with early (n = 22) or late (n = 23) chronotype participated in a 7-day randomized
controlled cross-over intervention study. After a 3-day observational phase, standardized
meals were provided on run-in/washout (days 4 and 6) and intervention (days 5
and 7), on which participants received a high GI meal (GI = 72) in the morning
(7 a.m.) or in the evening (8 p.m.). All other meals had a medium GI. Continuous
glucose monitoring was used to measure 2-h postprandial and 24-h glycemic responses
and their variability.\r\n \r\n Results\r\n
\ Among students with early chronotype 2-h postprandial glucose
responses to the high GI meal were higher in the evening than in the morning (iAUC:
234 (± 92) vs. 195 (± 91) (mmol/L) × min, p = 0.042). Likewise, mean and lowest
2-h postprandial glucose values were higher when the high GI meal was consumed
in the evening (p < 0.001; p = 0.017). 24-h glycemic responses were similar
irrespective of meal time. Participants with late chronotype consuming a high
GI meal in the morning or evening showed similar 2-h postprandial (iAUC: 211 (± 110)
vs. 207 (± 95) (mmol/L) × min, p = 0.9) and 24-h glycemic responses at both daytimes.\r\n
\ \r\n Conclusions\r\n
\ Diurnal differences in response to a high GI meal are confined
to those young adults with early chronotype, whilst those with a late chronotype
seem vulnerable to both very early and late high GI meals. Registered at clinicaltrials.gov
(NCT04298645; 22/01/2020).\r\n "
author:
- first_name: Bianca
full_name: Stutz, Bianca
last_name: Stutz
- first_name: Bettina
full_name: Krueger, Bettina
last_name: Krueger
- first_name: Janina
full_name: Goletzke, Janina
last_name: Goletzke
- first_name: Nicole
full_name: Jankovic, Nicole
id: '105192'
last_name: Jankovic
orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9235-5356
- first_name: Ute
full_name: Alexy, Ute
last_name: Alexy
- first_name: Christian
full_name: Herder, Christian
last_name: Herder
- first_name: Jutta
full_name: Dierkes, Jutta
last_name: Dierkes
- first_name: Gabriele
full_name: Berg-Beckhoff, Gabriele
last_name: Berg-Beckhoff
- first_name: Rasmus
full_name: Jakobsmeyer, Rasmus
last_name: Jakobsmeyer
- first_name: Claus
full_name: Reinsberger, Claus
last_name: Reinsberger
- first_name: Anette E.
full_name: Buyken, Anette E.
last_name: Buyken
citation:
ama: 'Stutz B, Krueger B, Goletzke J, et al. Glycemic response to meals with a high
glycemic index differs between morning and evening: a randomized cross-over controlled
trial among students with early or late chronotype. European Journal of Nutrition.
Published online 2024. doi:10.1007/s00394-024-03372-4'
apa: 'Stutz, B., Krueger, B., Goletzke, J., Jankovic, N., Alexy, U., Herder, C.,
Dierkes, J., Berg-Beckhoff, G., Jakobsmeyer, R., Reinsberger, C., & Buyken,
A. E. (2024). Glycemic response to meals with a high glycemic index differs between
morning and evening: a randomized cross-over controlled trial among students with
early or late chronotype. European Journal of Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-024-03372-4'
bibtex: '@article{Stutz_Krueger_Goletzke_Jankovic_Alexy_Herder_Dierkes_Berg-Beckhoff_Jakobsmeyer_Reinsberger_et
al._2024, title={Glycemic response to meals with a high glycemic index differs
between morning and evening: a randomized cross-over controlled trial among students
with early or late chronotype}, DOI={10.1007/s00394-024-03372-4},
journal={European Journal of Nutrition}, publisher={Springer Science and Business
Media LLC}, author={Stutz, Bianca and Krueger, Bettina and Goletzke, Janina and
Jankovic, Nicole and Alexy, Ute and Herder, Christian and Dierkes, Jutta and Berg-Beckhoff,
Gabriele and Jakobsmeyer, Rasmus and Reinsberger, Claus and et al.}, year={2024}
}'
chicago: 'Stutz, Bianca, Bettina Krueger, Janina Goletzke, Nicole Jankovic, Ute
Alexy, Christian Herder, Jutta Dierkes, et al. “Glycemic Response to Meals with
a High Glycemic Index Differs between Morning and Evening: A Randomized Cross-over
Controlled Trial among Students with Early or Late Chronotype.” European Journal
of Nutrition, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-024-03372-4.'
ieee: 'B. Stutz et al., “Glycemic response to meals with a high glycemic
index differs between morning and evening: a randomized cross-over controlled
trial among students with early or late chronotype,” European Journal of Nutrition,
2024, doi: 10.1007/s00394-024-03372-4.'
mla: 'Stutz, Bianca, et al. “Glycemic Response to Meals with a High Glycemic Index
Differs between Morning and Evening: A Randomized Cross-over Controlled Trial
among Students with Early or Late Chronotype.” European Journal of Nutrition,
Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2024, doi:10.1007/s00394-024-03372-4.'
short: B. Stutz, B. Krueger, J. Goletzke, N. Jankovic, U. Alexy, C. Herder, J. Dierkes,
G. Berg-Beckhoff, R. Jakobsmeyer, C. Reinsberger, A.E. Buyken, European Journal
of Nutrition (2024).
date_created: 2024-04-29T11:44:50Z
date_updated: 2024-06-17T09:07:29Z
doi: 10.1007/s00394-024-03372-4
language:
- iso: eng
publication: European Journal of Nutrition
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 1436-6207
- 1436-6215
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
status: public
title: 'Glycemic response to meals with a high glycemic index differs between morning
and evening: a randomized cross-over controlled trial among students with early
or late chronotype'
type: journal_article
user_id: '105192'
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '54927'
author:
- first_name: Bianca
full_name: Stutz, Bianca
id: '77099'
last_name: Stutz
- first_name: Janina
full_name: Goletzke, Janina
last_name: Goletzke
- first_name: Bettina
full_name: Krueger, Bettina
id: '49428'
last_name: Krueger
orcid: 0000-0001-5351-1785
- first_name: Nicole
full_name: Jankovic, Nicole
id: '105192'
last_name: Jankovic
orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9235-5356
- first_name: Ute
full_name: Alexy, Ute
last_name: Alexy
- first_name: Christian
full_name: Herder, Christian
last_name: Herder
- first_name: Rasmus
full_name: Jakobsmeyer, Rasmus
id: '9583'
last_name: Jakobsmeyer
orcid: 0000-0002-9385-0834
- first_name: Claus
full_name: Reinsberger, Claus
id: '48978'
last_name: Reinsberger
- first_name: Anette E.
full_name: Buyken, Anette E.
id: '65985'
last_name: Buyken
citation:
ama: Stutz B, Goletzke J, Krueger B, et al. Association between glucose dips and
the feeling of hunger in a dietary intervention study among students with early
and late chronotype-secondary analysis of a randomized cross-over nutrition trial.
Appetite. 2024;200:107569. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2024.107569
apa: Stutz, B., Goletzke, J., Krueger, B., Jankovic, N., Alexy, U., Herder, C.,
Jakobsmeyer, R., Reinsberger, C., & Buyken, A. E. (2024). Association between
glucose dips and the feeling of hunger in a dietary intervention study among students
with early and late chronotype-secondary analysis of a randomized cross-over nutrition
trial. Appetite, 200, 107569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2024.107569
bibtex: '@article{Stutz_Goletzke_Krueger_Jankovic_Alexy_Herder_Jakobsmeyer_Reinsberger_Buyken_2024,
title={Association between glucose dips and the feeling of hunger in a dietary
intervention study among students with early and late chronotype-secondary analysis
of a randomized cross-over nutrition trial}, volume={200}, DOI={10.1016/j.appet.2024.107569},
journal={Appetite}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Stutz, Bianca and Goletzke,
Janina and Krueger, Bettina and Jankovic, Nicole and Alexy, Ute and Herder, Christian
and Jakobsmeyer, Rasmus and Reinsberger, Claus and Buyken, Anette E.}, year={2024},
pages={107569} }'
chicago: 'Stutz, Bianca, Janina Goletzke, Bettina Krueger, Nicole Jankovic, Ute
Alexy, Christian Herder, Rasmus Jakobsmeyer, Claus Reinsberger, and Anette E.
Buyken. “Association between Glucose Dips and the Feeling of Hunger in a Dietary
Intervention Study among Students with Early and Late Chronotype-Secondary Analysis
of a Randomized Cross-over Nutrition Trial.” Appetite 200 (2024): 107569.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2024.107569.'
ieee: 'B. Stutz et al., “Association between glucose dips and the feeling
of hunger in a dietary intervention study among students with early and late chronotype-secondary
analysis of a randomized cross-over nutrition trial,” Appetite, vol. 200,
p. 107569, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107569.'
mla: Stutz, Bianca, et al. “Association between Glucose Dips and the Feeling of
Hunger in a Dietary Intervention Study among Students with Early and Late Chronotype-Secondary
Analysis of a Randomized Cross-over Nutrition Trial.” Appetite, vol. 200,
Elsevier, 2024, p. 107569, doi:10.1016/j.appet.2024.107569.
short: B. Stutz, J. Goletzke, B. Krueger, N. Jankovic, U. Alexy, C. Herder, R. Jakobsmeyer,
C. Reinsberger, A.E. Buyken, Appetite 200 (2024) 107569.
date_created: 2024-06-30T13:40:19Z
date_updated: 2024-06-30T13:41:10Z
department:
- _id: '35'
- _id: '22'
doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107569
intvolume: ' 200'
language:
- iso: eng
page: '107569'
publication: Appetite
publisher: Elsevier
status: public
title: Association between glucose dips and the feeling of hunger in a dietary intervention
study among students with early and late chronotype-secondary analysis of a randomized
cross-over nutrition trial
type: journal_article
user_id: '49428'
volume: 200
year: '2024'
...