[{"status":"public","type":"journal_article","article_type":"review","user_id":"105772","_id":"58472","citation":{"ama":"Bhila I. Investigating the kill cloud: information warfare, autonomous weapons &#38; AI. <i>Digital War</i>. 2025;6(4). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1057/s42984-025-00101-x\">10.1057/s42984-025-00101-x</a>","chicago":"Bhila, Ishmael. “Investigating the Kill Cloud: Information Warfare, Autonomous Weapons &#38; AI.” <i>Digital War</i> 6, no. 4 (2025). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1057/s42984-025-00101-x\">https://doi.org/10.1057/s42984-025-00101-x</a>.","ieee":"I. Bhila, “Investigating the kill cloud: information warfare, autonomous weapons &#38; AI,” <i>Digital War</i>, vol. 6, no. 4, 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1057/s42984-025-00101-x\">10.1057/s42984-025-00101-x</a>.","short":"I. Bhila, Digital War 6 (2025).","mla":"Bhila, Ishmael. “Investigating the Kill Cloud: Information Warfare, Autonomous Weapons &#38; AI.” <i>Digital War</i>, vol. 6, no. 4, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1057/s42984-025-00101-x\">10.1057/s42984-025-00101-x</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Bhila_2025, title={Investigating the kill cloud: information warfare, autonomous weapons &#38; AI}, volume={6}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1057/s42984-025-00101-x\">10.1057/s42984-025-00101-x</a>}, number={4}, journal={Digital War}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Bhila, Ishmael}, year={2025} }","apa":"Bhila, I. (2025). Investigating the kill cloud: information warfare, autonomous weapons &#38; AI. <i>Digital War</i>, <i>6</i>(4). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1057/s42984-025-00101-x\">https://doi.org/10.1057/s42984-025-00101-x</a>"},"intvolume":"         6","publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2662-1975","2662-1983"]},"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s42984-025-00101-x#article-info","open_access":"1"}],"doi":"10.1057/s42984-025-00101-x","author":[{"first_name":"Ishmael","id":"105772","full_name":"Bhila, Ishmael","last_name":"Bhila"}],"volume":6,"date_updated":"2025-01-31T13:43:54Z","oa":"1","abstract":[{"text":"The “kill chain”—involving the analysis of data by human users of military technologies, the understanding of that data, and human decisions—has fast been replaced by the “kill cloud” that necessitates, allows, and exacerbates increased thirst for domination, violence against distant populations, and a culture of experimentation with human lives. This commentary reports an interdisciplinary discussion organised by the Disruption Network Lab that brought together whistleblowers, artists, and experts investigating the impact of artificial intelligence and other emerging technologies on networked warfare. Exposing the problematics of networked warfare and the kill cloud, their colonial overtones, effects on human subjects in real life, erroneous scientific rationalities, and the (business) practices and logics that enable this algorithmic machinery of violence. The conference took place from the 29th of November to the 1st of December 2024 at the Kunstquartier Bethanien in Berlin, Germany.","lang":"eng"}],"publication":"Digital War","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["autonomous weapons systems","algorithmic warfare","cloud computing","war on terror"],"year":"2025","issue":"4","title":"Investigating the kill cloud: information warfare, autonomous weapons & AI","date_created":"2025-01-31T13:40:36Z","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC"},{"status":"public","abstract":[{"text":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Biases in artificial intelligence have been flagged in academic and policy literature for years. Autonomous weapons systems—defined as weapons that use sensors and algorithms to select, track, target, and engage targets without human intervention—have the potential to mirror systems of societal inequality which reproduce algorithmic bias. This article argues that the problem of engrained algorithmic bias poses a greater challenge to autonomous weapons systems developers than most other risks discussed in the Group of Governmental Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (GGE on LAWS), which should be reflected in the outcome documents of these discussions. This is mainly because it takes longer to rectify a discriminatory algorithm than it does to issue an apology for a mistake that occurs occasionally. Highly militarised states have controlled both the discussions and their outcomes, which have focused on issues that are pertinent to them while ignoring what is existential for the rest of the world. Various calls from civil society, researchers, and smaller states for a legally binding instrument to regulate the development and use of autonomous weapons systems have always included the call for recognising algorithmic bias in autonomous weapons, which has not been reflected in discussion outcomes. This paper argues that any ethical framework developed for the regulation of autonomous weapons systems should, in detail, ensure that the development and use of autonomous weapons systems do not prejudice against vulnerable sections of (global) society.</jats:p>","lang":"eng"}],"publication":"Digital War","type":"journal_article","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"user_id":"105772","_id":"56279","citation":{"bibtex":"@article{Bhila_2024, title={Putting algorithmic bias on top of the agenda in the discussions on autonomous weapons systems}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1057/s42984-024-00094-z\">10.1057/s42984-024-00094-z</a>}, journal={Digital War}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Bhila, Ishmael}, year={2024} }","short":"I. Bhila, Digital War (2024).","mla":"Bhila, Ishmael. “Putting Algorithmic Bias on Top of the Agenda in the Discussions on Autonomous Weapons Systems.” <i>Digital War</i>, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2024, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1057/s42984-024-00094-z\">10.1057/s42984-024-00094-z</a>.","apa":"Bhila, I. (2024). Putting algorithmic bias on top of the agenda in the discussions on autonomous weapons systems. <i>Digital War</i>. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1057/s42984-024-00094-z\">https://doi.org/10.1057/s42984-024-00094-z</a>","ama":"Bhila I. Putting algorithmic bias on top of the agenda in the discussions on autonomous weapons systems. <i>Digital War</i>. Published online 2024. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1057/s42984-024-00094-z\">10.1057/s42984-024-00094-z</a>","ieee":"I. Bhila, “Putting algorithmic bias on top of the agenda in the discussions on autonomous weapons systems,” <i>Digital War</i>, 2024, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1057/s42984-024-00094-z\">10.1057/s42984-024-00094-z</a>.","chicago":"Bhila, Ishmael. “Putting Algorithmic Bias on Top of the Agenda in the Discussions on Autonomous Weapons Systems.” <i>Digital War</i>, 2024. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1057/s42984-024-00094-z\">https://doi.org/10.1057/s42984-024-00094-z</a>."},"year":"2024","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2662-1975","2662-1983"]},"publication_status":"published","doi":"10.1057/s42984-024-00094-z","title":"Putting algorithmic bias on top of the agenda in the discussions on autonomous weapons systems","author":[{"last_name":"Bhila","full_name":"Bhila, Ishmael","id":"105772","first_name":"Ishmael"}],"date_created":"2024-09-30T11:31:29Z","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","date_updated":"2024-09-30T11:55:06Z"},{"title":"Autonomous Vehicles: Threats, Risks, and Opportunities","publisher":"ASIS International","date_updated":"2024-09-30T11:44:44Z","date_created":"2024-09-30T11:38:20Z","author":[{"first_name":"Ishmael","full_name":"Bhila, Ishmael","id":"105772","last_name":"Bhila"},{"first_name":"Peter","last_name":"Lee","full_name":"Lee, Peter"},{"first_name":"Alison","full_name":"Wakefield, Alison","last_name":"Wakefield"}],"year":"2024","citation":{"ieee":"I. Bhila, P. Lee, and A. Wakefield, <i>Autonomous Vehicles: Threats, Risks, and Opportunities</i>. ASIS International, 2024.","chicago":"Bhila, Ishmael, Peter Lee, and Alison Wakefield. <i>Autonomous Vehicles: Threats, Risks, and Opportunities</i>. ASIS International, 2024.","ama":"Bhila I, Lee P, Wakefield A. <i>Autonomous Vehicles: Threats, Risks, and Opportunities</i>. ASIS International; 2024.","apa":"Bhila, I., Lee, P., &#38; Wakefield, A. (2024). <i>Autonomous Vehicles: Threats, Risks, and Opportunities</i>. ASIS International.","mla":"Bhila, Ishmael, et al. <i>Autonomous Vehicles: Threats, Risks, and Opportunities</i>. ASIS International, 2024.","bibtex":"@book{Bhila_Lee_Wakefield_2024, title={Autonomous Vehicles: Threats, Risks, and Opportunities}, publisher={ASIS International}, author={Bhila, Ishmael and Lee, Peter and Wakefield, Alison}, year={2024} }","short":"I. Bhila, P. Lee, A. Wakefield, Autonomous Vehicles: Threats, Risks, and Opportunities, ASIS International, 2024."},"publication_status":"published","related_material":{"link":[{"url":"https://www.asisonline.org/globalassets/foundation/research/foundation-av-report-executive-summary.pdf","relation":"table_of_contents","description":"Executive Summary"}]},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"extern":"1","_id":"56281","user_id":"105772","status":"public","type":"report"},{"issue":"2","year":"2024","publisher":"University of Malta. Islands and Small States Institute","date_created":"2024-11-17T18:52:58Z","title":"Strained Missions: the diplomatic dilemmas of small states from the Global South in the area of autonomous weapons systems","publication":"Small States & Territories","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Emerging technologies around autonomous weapons systems pose significant threats, particularly to small states in the Global South. Despite these threats, many such small states have struggled to participate in multilateral discussions to regulate and prohibit autonomous weapons systems, while the negotiations have been ongoing within the Group of Governmental Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (GGE on LAWS) under the United Nations Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (UNCCW) since 2017. This paper analyses the dilemmic positions small state diplomats find themselves in when trying to devote time and expertise to international discussions on autonomous weapons systems while at the same time negotiating the power politics within the international law-making system and working with a limited expertise pool and resource base. The research is based on interviews with diplomats in Geneva, participation data collated by the UN, and virtual and in-person observation of the GGE on LAWS discussions in the UNCCW. The paper concludes that disarmament diplomats from small states from the Global South face various challenges, including small governments back home that cannot address emerging issues, great power politics, unequal international legal systems, and absent common positions on disarmament. Nevertheless, these same small states have dealt with such challenges, so as to decolonise the asymmetric diplomatic space within which they operate."}],"file":[{"file_id":"57141","access_level":"open_access","file_name":"Strained_missions.pdf","file_size":627216,"creator":"bhila","date_created":"2024-11-17T18:52:29Z","date_updated":"2024-11-17T18:52:29Z","relation":"main_file","content_type":"application/pdf"}],"ddc":["300"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication_status":"published","has_accepted_license":"1","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2616-8006"]},"related_material":{"link":[{"relation":"confirmation","url":"https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/128741"}]},"citation":{"ieee":"I. Bhila, “Strained Missions: the diplomatic dilemmas of small states from the Global South in the area of autonomous weapons systems,” <i>Small States &#38; Territories</i>, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 203–220, 2024.","chicago":"Bhila, Ishmael. “Strained Missions: The Diplomatic Dilemmas of Small States from the Global South in the Area of Autonomous Weapons Systems.” <i>Small States &#38; Territories</i> 7, no. 2 (2024): 203–20.","ama":"Bhila I. Strained Missions: the diplomatic dilemmas of small states from the Global South in the area of autonomous weapons systems. <i>Small States &#38; Territories</i>. 2024;7(2):203-220.","short":"I. Bhila, Small States &#38; Territories 7 (2024) 203–220.","bibtex":"@article{Bhila_2024, title={Strained Missions: the diplomatic dilemmas of small states from the Global South in the area of autonomous weapons systems}, volume={7}, number={2}, journal={Small States &#38; Territories}, publisher={University of Malta. Islands and Small States Institute}, author={Bhila, Ishmael}, year={2024}, pages={203–220} }","mla":"Bhila, Ishmael. “Strained Missions: The Diplomatic Dilemmas of Small States from the Global South in the Area of Autonomous Weapons Systems.” <i>Small States &#38; Territories</i>, vol. 7, no. 2, University of Malta. Islands and Small States Institute, 2024, pp. 203–20.","apa":"Bhila, I. (2024). Strained Missions: the diplomatic dilemmas of small states from the Global South in the area of autonomous weapons systems. <i>Small States &#38; Territories</i>, <i>7</i>(2), 203–220."},"intvolume":"         7","page":"203-220","date_updated":"2024-11-26T09:46:00Z","oa":"1","author":[{"first_name":"Ishmael","id":"105772","full_name":"Bhila, Ishmael","last_name":"Bhila"}],"volume":7,"main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/128741"}],"type":"journal_article","status":"public","_id":"57140","user_id":"105772","article_type":"original","file_date_updated":"2024-11-17T18:52:29Z"},{"title":"The problem of algorithmic bias in AI-based military decision support systems","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://blogs.icrc.org/law-and-policy/2024/09/03/the-problem-of-algorithmic-bias-in-ai-based-military-decision-support-systems/"}],"oa":"1","publisher":"ICRC Humanitarian Law & Policy Blog","date_updated":"2024-11-26T09:49:48Z","date_created":"2024-09-30T11:44:28Z","author":[{"first_name":"Ishmael","id":"105772","full_name":"Bhila, Ishmael","last_name":"Bhila"},{"first_name":"Ingvild","last_name":"Bode","full_name":"Bode, Ingvild"}],"year":"2024","citation":{"ama":"Bhila I, Bode I. <i>The Problem of Algorithmic Bias in AI-Based Military Decision Support Systems</i>. ICRC Humanitarian Law &#38; Policy Blog; 2024.","ieee":"I. Bhila and I. Bode, <i>The problem of algorithmic bias in AI-based military decision support systems</i>. ICRC Humanitarian Law &#38; Policy Blog, 2024.","chicago":"Bhila, Ishmael, and Ingvild Bode. <i>The Problem of Algorithmic Bias in AI-Based Military Decision Support Systems</i>. ICRC Humanitarian Law &#38; Policy Blog, 2024.","bibtex":"@book{Bhila_Bode_2024, title={The problem of algorithmic bias in AI-based military decision support systems}, publisher={ICRC Humanitarian Law &#38; Policy Blog}, author={Bhila, Ishmael and Bode, Ingvild}, year={2024} }","mla":"Bhila, Ishmael, and Ingvild Bode. <i>The Problem of Algorithmic Bias in AI-Based Military Decision Support Systems</i>. ICRC Humanitarian Law &#38; Policy Blog, 2024.","short":"I. Bhila, I. Bode, The Problem of Algorithmic Bias in AI-Based Military Decision Support Systems, ICRC Humanitarian Law &#38; Policy Blog, 2024.","apa":"Bhila, I., &#38; Bode, I. (2024). <i>The problem of algorithmic bias in AI-based military decision support systems</i>. ICRC Humanitarian Law &#38; Policy Blog."},"publication_status":"published","has_accepted_license":"1","related_material":{"link":[{"relation":"confirmation","url":"https://blogs.icrc.org/law-and-policy/2024/09/03/the-problem-of-algorithmic-bias-in-ai-based-military-decision-support-systems/"}]},"keyword":["Algorithmic Bias","AI","Decision Support Systems","Autonomous Weapons Systems"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"56282","user_id":"105772","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Algorithmic bias has long been recognized as a key problem affecting decision-making processes that integrate artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. The increased use of AI in making military decisions relevant to the use of force has sustained such questions about biases in these technologies and in how human users programme with and rely on data based on hierarchized socio-cultural norms, knowledges, and modes of attention.\r\n\r\nIn this post, Dr Ingvild Bode, Professor at the Center for War Studies, University of Southern Denmark, and Ishmael Bhila, PhD researcher at the “Meaningful Human Control: Between Regulation and Reflexion” project, Paderborn University, unpack the problem of algorithmic bias with reference to AI-based decision support systems (AI DSS). They examine three categories of algorithmic bias – preexisting bias, technical bias, and emergent bias – across four lifecycle stages of an AI DSS, concluding that stakeholders in the ongoing discussion about AI in the military domain should consider the impact of algorithmic bias on AI DSS more seriously."}],"status":"public","type":"misc"},{"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","date_created":"2024-09-30T11:33:13Z","title":"Informal Street Vending in Harare","issue":"2","year":"2023","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication":"Interventions","oa":"1","date_updated":"2026-03-27T10:46:19Z","author":[{"id":"105772","full_name":"Bhila, Ishmael","last_name":"Bhila","first_name":"Ishmael"},{"first_name":"Edson","full_name":"Chiwenga, Edson","last_name":"Chiwenga"}],"volume":25,"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/1369801X.2022.2099938","open_access":"1"}],"doi":"10.1080/1369801x.2022.2099938","publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1369-801X","1469-929X"]},"related_material":{"link":[{"relation":"contains","url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/1369801X.2022.2099938"}]},"citation":{"short":"I. Bhila, E. Chiwenga, Interventions 25 (2023) 272–290.","bibtex":"@article{Bhila_Chiwenga_2023, title={Informal Street Vending in Harare}, volume={25}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369801x.2022.2099938\">10.1080/1369801x.2022.2099938</a>}, number={2}, journal={Interventions}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Bhila, Ishmael and Chiwenga, Edson}, year={2023}, pages={272–290} }","mla":"Bhila, Ishmael, and Edson Chiwenga. “Informal Street Vending in Harare.” <i>Interventions</i>, vol. 25, no. 2, Informa UK Limited, 2023, pp. 272–90, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369801x.2022.2099938\">10.1080/1369801x.2022.2099938</a>.","apa":"Bhila, I., &#38; Chiwenga, E. (2023). Informal Street Vending in Harare. <i>Interventions</i>, <i>25</i>(2), 272–290. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369801x.2022.2099938\">https://doi.org/10.1080/1369801x.2022.2099938</a>","ama":"Bhila I, Chiwenga E. Informal Street Vending in Harare. <i>Interventions</i>. 2023;25(2):272-290. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369801x.2022.2099938\">10.1080/1369801x.2022.2099938</a>","ieee":"I. Bhila and E. Chiwenga, “Informal Street Vending in Harare,” <i>Interventions</i>, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 272–290, 2023, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369801x.2022.2099938\">10.1080/1369801x.2022.2099938</a>.","chicago":"Bhila, Ishmael, and Edson Chiwenga. “Informal Street Vending in Harare.” <i>Interventions</i> 25, no. 2 (2023): 272–90. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/1369801x.2022.2099938\">https://doi.org/10.1080/1369801x.2022.2099938</a>."},"intvolume":"        25","page":"272-290","_id":"56280","user_id":"105772","article_type":"original","alternative_title":["How Postcolonial Policies Have Confined the Vendor in a Precarious Subaltern State"],"extern":"1","type":"journal_article","status":"public"}]