TY - CONF AU - Lebedeva, Anastasia AU - Protte, Marius AU - van Straaten, Dirk AU - Fahr, René ID - 48387 T2 - Advances in Information and Communication TI - Involvement of domain experts in the AI training does not affect adherence – An AutoML study VL - 919 ER - TY - CHAP AU - Elrich, Alina AU - Kaimann, Daniel AU - Fahr, René AU - Kundisch, Dennis AU - Mir Djawadi, Behnud AU - Müller, Michelle AU - Poniatowski, Martin AU - Schäfers, Sabrina AU - Frick, Bernd ED - Haake, Claus-Jochen ED - Meyer auf der Heide, Friedhelm ED - Platzner, Marco ED - Wachsmuth, Henning ED - Wehrheim, Heike ID - 45880 T2 - On-The-Fly Computing -- Individualized IT-services in dynamic markets TI - Empirical Analysis in Markets for OTF Services VL - 412 ER - TY - CONF AB - The security of Industrial Control Systems is relevant both for reliable production system operations and for high-quality throughput in terms of manufactured products. Security measures are designed, operated and maintained by different roles along product and production system lifecycles. Defense-in-Depth as a paradigm builds upon the assumption that breaches are unavoidable. The paper at hand provides an analysis of roles, corresponding Human Factors and their relevance for data theft and sabotage attacks. The resulting taxonomy is reflected by an example related to Additive Manufacturing. The results assist in both designing and redesigning Industrial Control System as part of an entire production system so that Defense-in-Depth with regard to Human Factors is built in by design. AU - Pottebaum, Jens AU - Rossel, Jost AU - Somorovsky, Juraj AU - Acar, Yasemin AU - Fahr, René AU - Arias Cabarcos, Patricia AU - Bodden, Eric AU - Gräßler, Iris ID - 46500 KW - Defense-in-Depth KW - Human Factors KW - Production Engineering KW - Product Design KW - Systems Engineering T2 - 2023 IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy Workshops (EuroS&PW) TI - Re-Envisioning Industrial Control Systems Security by Considering Human Factors as a Core Element of Defense-in-Depth ER - TY - GEN AB - Aggregation metrics in reputation systems are important for overcoming information overload. When using these metrics, technical aggregation functions such as the arithmetic mean are implemented to measure the valence of product ratings. However, it is unclear whether the implemented aggregation functions match the inherent aggregation patterns of customers. In our experiment, we elicit customers' aggregation heuristics and contrast these with reference functions. Our findings indicate that, overall, the arithmetic mean performs best in comparison with other aggregation functions. However, our analysis on an individual level reveals heterogeneous aggregation patterns. Major clusters exhibit a binary bias (i.e., an over-weighting of moderate ratings and under-weighting of extreme ratings) in combination with the arithmetic mean. Minor clusters focus on 1-star ratings or negative (i.e., 1-star and 2-star) ratings. Thereby, inherent aggregation patterns are neither affected by variation of provided information nor by individual characteristics such as experience, risk attitudes, or demographics. AU - van Straaten, Dirk AU - Melnikov, Vitalik AU - Hüllermeier, Eyke AU - Mir Djawadi, Behnud AU - Fahr, René ID - 45616 TI - Accounting for Heuristics in Reputation Systems: An Interdisciplinary Approach on Aggregation Processes VL - 72 ER - TY - GEN AU - van Straaten, Dirk AU - Fahr, René ID - 45618 TI - Fighting Fire with Fire - Overcoming Ambiguity Aversion by Introducing more Ambiguity VL - 73 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Successful design of human-in-the-loop control sys- tems requires appropriate models for human decision makers. Whilst most paradigms adopted in the control systems literature hide the (limited) decision capability of humans, in behavioral economics individual decision making and optimization processes are well-known to be affected by perceptual and behavioral biases. Our goal is to enrich control engineering with some insights from behavioral economics research through exposing such biases in control-relevant settings. This paper addresses the following two key questions: 1) How do behavioral biases affect decision making? 2) What is the role played by feedback in human-in-the-loop control systems? Our experimental framework shows how individuals behave when faced with the task of piloting an UAV under risk and uncertainty, paralleling a real-world decision-making scenario. Our findings support the notion of humans in Cyberphysical Systems underlying behavioral biases regardless of – or even because of – receiving immediate outcome feedback. We observe substantial shares of drone controllers to act inefficiently through either flying excessively (overconfident) or overly conservatively (underconfident). Furthermore, we observe human-controllers to self-servingly misinterpret random sequences through being subject to a “hot hand fallacy”. We advise control engineers to mind the human component in order not to compromise technological accomplishments through human issues. AU - Protte, Marius AU - Fahr, René AU - Quevedo, Daniel E. ID - 21369 IS - 6 JF - IEEE Control Systems Magazine TI - Behavioral Economics for Human-in-the-loop Control Systems Design: Overconfidence and the hot hand fallacy VL - 40 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In Internet transactions, customers and service providers often interact once and anonymously. To prevent deceptive behavior a reputation system is particularly important to reduce information asymmetries about the quality of the offered product or service. In this study we examine the effectiveness of a reputation system to reduce information asymmetries when customers may make mistakes in judging the provided service quality. In our model, a service provider makes strategic quality choices and short-lived customers are asked to evaluate the observed quality by providing ratings to a reputation system. The customer is not able to always evaluate the service quality correctly and possibly submits an erroneous rating according to a predefined probability. Considering reputation profiles of the last three sales, within the theoretical model we derive that the service provider’s dichotomous quality decisions are independent of the reputation profile and depend only on the probabilities of receiving positive and negative ratings when providing low or high quality. Thus, a service provider optimally either maintains a good reputation or completely refrains from any reputation building process. However, when mapping our theoretical model to an experimental design we find that a significant share of subjects in the role of the service provider deviates from optimal behavior and chooses actions which are conditional on the current reputation profile. With respect to these individual quality choices we see that subjects use milking strategies which means that they exploit a good reputation. In particular, if the sales price is high, low quality is delivered until the price drops below a certain threshold, and then high quality is chosen until the price increases again. AU - Mir Djawadi, Behnud AU - Fahr, Rene AU - Haake, Claus-Jochen AU - Recker, Sonja ID - 5330 IS - 11 JF - PLoS ONE TI - Maintaining vs. Milking Good Reputation when Customer Feedback is Inaccurate VL - 13 ER - TY - GEN AU - Klingsieck, K. AU - Bomm, A. AU - Djawadi, Behnud AU - Fahr, Rene AU - Feldotto, M. AU - John, Thomas AU - Kundisch, Dennis AU - Skopalik, A. ID - 2684 T2 - Tagung der Fachgruppen Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie (PAEPSY) TI - Study? Now! - Evaluation einer gamifizierten App zur Überwindung von akademischer Prokrastination ER - TY - JOUR AB - We investigate the pervasiveness of lying in professional contexts such as insurance fraud, tax evasion and untrue job applications. We argue that lying in professional contexts share three characterizing features: (1) the gain from the dishonest behavior is uncertain, (2) the harm that lying may cause to the other party is only indirect and (3) lies are more indirect lies by action or written statements. Conducted as a field experiment with a heterogenous group of participants during a University ‘‘Open House Day’’, our ‘‘gumball-machineexperiment’’ provides field evidence on how preferences for lying are shaped in situations typically found in professional contexts which we consider to be particularly prone to lying behavior compared to other contexts. As a key innovation, our experimental design allows measuring exact levels of cheating behavior under anonymous conditions. We find clean evidence that cheating is prevalent across all sub groups and that more than 32% of the population cheats for their own gain. However, an analysis of the cheating rates with respect to highest educational degree and professional status reveals that students cheat more than non-students. This finding warrants a careful interpretation of generalizing laboratory findings with student subjects about the prevalence of cheating in the population. AU - Fahr, Rene AU - Mir Djawadi, Behnud ID - 228 JF - Journal of Economic Psychology TI - “…and they are really lying”: Clean Evidence on the Pervasiveness of Cheating in Professional Contexts from a Field Experiment. ER - TY - CHAP AU - Fahr, Rene AU - Foit, Dörte ED - Becker, W. ED - Ulrich, P. ID - 5106 T2 - BWL im Mittelstand - Grundlagen-Besonderheiten-Entwicklungen" TI - Kleine Unternehmen - kleine Verantwortung? Theorie und Praxis unternehmerischer Verantwortung im Mittelstand ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundMedical nonpersistence is a worldwide problem of striking magnitude. Although many fields of studies including epidemiology, sociology, and psychology try to identify determinants for medical nonpersistence, comprehensive research to explain medical nonpersistence from an economics perspective is rather scarce.ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to develop a conceptual framework that augments standard economic choice theory with psychological concepts of behavioral economics to understand how patients’ preferences for discontinuing with therapy arise over the course of the medical treatment. The availability of such a framework allows the targeted design of mechanisms for intervention strategies.MethodsOur conceptual framework models the patient as an active economic agent who evaluates the benefits and costs for continuing with therapy. We argue that a combination of loss aversion and mental accounting operations explains why patients discontinue with therapy at a specific point in time. We designed a randomized laboratory economic experiment with a student subject pool to investigate the behavioral predictions.ResultsSubjects continue with therapy as long as experienced utility losses have to be compensated. As soon as previous losses are evened out, subjects perceive the marginal benefit of persistence lower than in the beginning of the treatment. Consequently, subjects start to discontinue with therapy.ConclusionsOur results highlight that concepts of behavioral economics capture the dynamic structure of medical nonpersistence better than does standard economic choice theory. We recommend that behavioral economics should be a mandatory part of the development of possible intervention strategies aimed at improving patients’ compliance and persistence behavior. AU - Mir Djawadi, Behnud AU - Fahr, Rene AU - Turk, Florian ID - 444 IS - 8 JF - Value in Health TI - Conceptual Model and Economic Experiments to Explain Nonpersistence and Enable Mechanism Designs Fosterin Behavioral Change ER - TY - JOUR AU - Djawadi, Behnud Mir AU - Fahr, Rene AU - Turk, Florian ID - 4872 IS - 8 JF - Value in Health TI - "Conceptual Model and Economic Experiments to Explain Nonpersistence and Enable Mechanism Designs Fosterin Behavioral Change" VL - 17 ER - TY - GEN AU - Janssen, Elmar AU - Fahr, Rene ID - 4922 TI - The Wage Effects of Social Norms-Evidence of Deviations from Peers' Body Mass in Europe ER - TY - GEN AU - Fahr, Rene AU - Janssen, Elmar A. AU - Sureth-Sloane, Caren ID - 5036 TI - Can Tax Rate Increases Foster Investment Under Entry and Exit Flexibility? - Insights from an Economic Experiment VL - 166 ER - TY - GEN AU - Fahr, Rene ID - 5142 T2 - Theologie und Glaube TI - Vom Wollen und Können ethischen Entscheidens VL - 104 ER - TY - BOOK AU - Fahr, Rene ID - 5147 TI - Verantwortungsvolles Handeln in Unternehmen. Die Rolle von kognitiven Verzerrungen und Selbsttäuschung bei ethischen Entscheidungen ER - TY - JOUR AU - St{\, Susi AU - Fahr, Rene ID - 4880 IS - 19 JF - Applied Economics TI - Individual determinants of work attendance: Evidence on the role of personality ER - TY - BOOK AU - Zimmermann, Klaus F AU - Bauer, Thomas K AU - Bonin, Holger AU - Fahr, Rene AU - Hinte, Holger ID - 4911 TI - Arbeitskräftebedarf bei hoher Arbeitslosigkeit: ein ökonomisches Zuwanderungskonzept für Deutschland ER - TY - GEN AU - Mir Djawadi, Behnud AU - Fahr, Rene ID - 4915 TI - The impact of risk perception and risk attitudes on corrupt behavior: Evidence from a petty corruption experiment ER - TY - GEN AU - Djawadi, Behnud Mir AU - Fahr, Rene ID - 4917 TI - The impact of tax knowledge and budget spending influence on tax compliance ER -