[{"date_created":"2026-10-12T20:22:04Z","type":"conference","citation":{"apa":"Spaan, J., Chen, K.-H., &#38; Varbanescu, A.-L. (2026). How Much Energy Is Wasted in LLM operations? Evidence from Kernel-Level DVFS. <i>Proceedings of the 23rd ACM International Conference on Computing Frontiers</i>. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3801487.3801822\">https://doi.org/10.1145/3801487.3801822</a>","ieee":"J. Spaan, K.-H. Chen, and A.-L. Varbanescu, “How Much Energy Is Wasted in LLM operations? Evidence from Kernel-Level DVFS,” 2026, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3801487.3801822\">10.1145/3801487.3801822</a>.","short":"J. Spaan, K.-H. Chen, A.-L. Varbanescu, in: Proceedings of the 23rd ACM International Conference on Computing Frontiers, ACM, 2026.","chicago":"Spaan, Jeffrey, Kuan-Hsun Chen, and Ana-Lucia Varbanescu. “How Much Energy Is Wasted in LLM Operations? Evidence from Kernel-Level DVFS.” In <i>Proceedings of the 23rd ACM International Conference on Computing Frontiers</i>. ACM, 2026. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3801487.3801822\">https://doi.org/10.1145/3801487.3801822</a>.","mla":"Spaan, Jeffrey, et al. “How Much Energy Is Wasted in LLM Operations? Evidence from Kernel-Level DVFS.” <i>Proceedings of the 23rd ACM International Conference on Computing Frontiers</i>, ACM, 2026, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3801487.3801822\">10.1145/3801487.3801822</a>.","ama":"Spaan J, Chen K-H, Varbanescu A-L. How Much Energy Is Wasted in LLM operations? Evidence from Kernel-Level DVFS. In: <i>Proceedings of the 23rd ACM International Conference on Computing Frontiers</i>. ACM; 2026. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3801487.3801822\">10.1145/3801487.3801822</a>","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Spaan_Chen_Varbanescu_2026, title={How Much Energy Is Wasted in LLM operations? Evidence from Kernel-Level DVFS}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3801487.3801822\">10.1145/3801487.3801822</a>}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 23rd ACM International Conference on Computing Frontiers}, publisher={ACM}, author={Spaan, Jeffrey and Chen, Kuan-Hsun and Varbanescu, Ana-Lucia}, year={2026} }"},"publication":"Proceedings of the 23rd ACM International Conference on Computing Frontiers","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"67501","publisher":"ACM","user_id":"128464","doi":"10.1145/3801487.3801822","author":[{"full_name":"Spaan, Jeffrey","first_name":"Jeffrey","last_name":"Spaan"},{"id":"128464","orcid":"0000-0002-7110-921X","last_name":"Chen","first_name":"Kuan-Hsun","full_name":"Chen, Kuan-Hsun"},{"full_name":"Varbanescu, Ana-Lucia","last_name":"Varbanescu","first_name":"Ana-Lucia"}],"status":"public","year":"2026","title":"How Much Energy Is Wasted in LLM operations? Evidence from Kernel-Level DVFS","publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2026-10-12T20:22:20Z"},{"publisher":"IEEE","_id":"67506","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"doi":"10.1109/ets69887.2026.11591729","user_id":"128464","status":"public","title":"Efficient Hash-to-Index via Rejection Sampling for Online Fault Detection with Bloom/Cuckoo Filters","year":"2026","author":[{"full_name":"Cishugi, Elijah Seth","last_name":"Cishugi","first_name":"Elijah Seth"},{"first_name":"Kuan-Hsun","orcid":"0000-0002-7110-921X","last_name":"Chen","full_name":"Chen, Kuan-Hsun","id":"128464"},{"first_name":"Marco","last_name":"Ottavi","full_name":"Ottavi, Marco"}],"date_updated":"2026-10-13T08:44:51Z","publication_status":"published","date_created":"2026-10-13T08:37:41Z","type":"conference","publication":"2026 IEEE European Test Symposium (ETS)","citation":{"ama":"Cishugi ES, Chen K-H, Ottavi M. Efficient Hash-to-Index via Rejection Sampling for Online Fault Detection with Bloom/Cuckoo Filters. In: <i>2026 IEEE European Test Symposium (ETS)</i>. IEEE; 2026. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ets69887.2026.11591729\">10.1109/ets69887.2026.11591729</a>","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Cishugi_Chen_Ottavi_2026, title={Efficient Hash-to-Index via Rejection Sampling for Online Fault Detection with Bloom/Cuckoo Filters}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ets69887.2026.11591729\">10.1109/ets69887.2026.11591729</a>}, booktitle={2026 IEEE European Test Symposium (ETS)}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Cishugi, Elijah Seth and Chen, Kuan-Hsun and Ottavi, Marco}, year={2026} }","mla":"Cishugi, Elijah Seth, et al. “Efficient Hash-to-Index via Rejection Sampling for Online Fault Detection with Bloom/Cuckoo Filters.” <i>2026 IEEE European Test Symposium (ETS)</i>, IEEE, 2026, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ets69887.2026.11591729\">10.1109/ets69887.2026.11591729</a>.","chicago":"Cishugi, Elijah Seth, Kuan-Hsun Chen, and Marco Ottavi. “Efficient Hash-to-Index via Rejection Sampling for Online Fault Detection with Bloom/Cuckoo Filters.” In <i>2026 IEEE European Test Symposium (ETS)</i>. IEEE, 2026. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ets69887.2026.11591729\">https://doi.org/10.1109/ets69887.2026.11591729</a>.","short":"E.S. Cishugi, K.-H. Chen, M. Ottavi, in: 2026 IEEE European Test Symposium (ETS), IEEE, 2026.","apa":"Cishugi, E. S., Chen, K.-H., &#38; Ottavi, M. (2026). Efficient Hash-to-Index via Rejection Sampling for Online Fault Detection with Bloom/Cuckoo Filters. <i>2026 IEEE European Test Symposium (ETS)</i>. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ets69887.2026.11591729\">https://doi.org/10.1109/ets69887.2026.11591729</a>","ieee":"E. S. Cishugi, K.-H. Chen, and M. Ottavi, “Efficient Hash-to-Index via Rejection Sampling for Online Fault Detection with Bloom/Cuckoo Filters,” 2026, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/ets69887.2026.11591729\">10.1109/ets69887.2026.11591729</a>."}},{"publication":"2026 IEEE 32nd Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS)","citation":{"mla":"Hölscher, Nils, et al. “Releaser Design and Schedulability Analysis for Care-Taking Tasks in Real-Time Systems.” <i>2026 IEEE 32nd Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS)</i>, IEEE, 2026, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/rtas68450.2026.00012\">10.1109/rtas68450.2026.00012</a>.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Hölscher_Heider_von der Brüggen_Günzel_Chen_Chen_2026, title={Releaser Design and Schedulability Analysis for Care-Taking Tasks in Real-Time Systems}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/rtas68450.2026.00012\">10.1109/rtas68450.2026.00012</a>}, booktitle={2026 IEEE 32nd Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS)}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Hölscher, Nils and Heider, Kay and von der Brüggen, Georg and Günzel, Mario and Chen, Kuan-Hsun and Chen, Jian-Jia}, year={2026} }","ama":"Hölscher N, Heider K, von der Brüggen G, Günzel M, Chen K-H, Chen J-J. Releaser Design and Schedulability Analysis for Care-Taking Tasks in Real-Time Systems. In: <i>2026 IEEE 32nd Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS)</i>. IEEE; 2026. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/rtas68450.2026.00012\">10.1109/rtas68450.2026.00012</a>","ieee":"N. Hölscher, K. Heider, G. von der Brüggen, M. Günzel, K.-H. Chen, and J.-J. Chen, “Releaser Design and Schedulability Analysis for Care-Taking Tasks in Real-Time Systems,” 2026, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/rtas68450.2026.00012\">10.1109/rtas68450.2026.00012</a>.","apa":"Hölscher, N., Heider, K., von der Brüggen, G., Günzel, M., Chen, K.-H., &#38; Chen, J.-J. (2026). Releaser Design and Schedulability Analysis for Care-Taking Tasks in Real-Time Systems. <i>2026 IEEE 32nd Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS)</i>. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/rtas68450.2026.00012\">https://doi.org/10.1109/rtas68450.2026.00012</a>","chicago":"Hölscher, Nils, Kay Heider, Georg von der Brüggen, Mario Günzel, Kuan-Hsun Chen, and Jian-Jia Chen. “Releaser Design and Schedulability Analysis for Care-Taking Tasks in Real-Time Systems.” In <i>2026 IEEE 32nd Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS)</i>. IEEE, 2026. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/rtas68450.2026.00012\">https://doi.org/10.1109/rtas68450.2026.00012</a>.","short":"N. Hölscher, K. Heider, G. von der Brüggen, M. Günzel, K.-H. Chen, J.-J. Chen, in: 2026 IEEE 32nd Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS), IEEE, 2026."},"date_created":"2026-07-03T21:06:32Z","type":"conference","year":"2026","title":"Releaser Design and Schedulability Analysis for Care-Taking Tasks in Real-Time Systems","status":"public","author":[{"last_name":"Hölscher","first_name":"Nils","full_name":"Hölscher, Nils"},{"full_name":"Heider, Kay","last_name":"Heider","first_name":"Kay"},{"first_name":"Georg","last_name":"von der Brüggen","full_name":"von der Brüggen, Georg"},{"full_name":"Günzel, Mario","last_name":"Günzel","first_name":"Mario"},{"id":"128464","first_name":"Kuan-Hsun","orcid":"0000-0002-7110-921X","last_name":"Chen","full_name":"Chen, Kuan-Hsun"},{"first_name":"Jian-Jia","last_name":"Chen","full_name":"Chen, Jian-Jia"}],"date_updated":"2026-10-12T20:34:23Z","publication_status":"published","publisher":"IEEE","_id":"66145","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"doi":"10.1109/rtas68450.2026.00012","user_id":"128464"},{"publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2026-10-14T11:45:00Z","intvolume":"        26","title":"Instruction Error Detection With Bloom Filters: Architecture, Radiation Testing, and Fault Injection","year":"2026","status":"public","author":[{"first_name":"Elijah Seth","last_name":"Cishugi","full_name":"Cishugi, Elijah Seth"},{"first_name":"Tijmen T.","last_name":"Smit","full_name":"Smit, Tijmen T."},{"last_name":"Forlin","first_name":"Bruno","full_name":"Forlin, Bruno"},{"first_name":"Carlo","last_name":"Cazzaniga","full_name":"Cazzaniga, Carlo"},{"first_name":"Kuan-Hsun","orcid":"0000-0002-7110-921X","last_name":"Chen","full_name":"Chen, Kuan-Hsun","id":"128464"},{"full_name":"Ottavi, Marco","first_name":"Marco","last_name":"Ottavi"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["1558-2574","1530-4388"]},"user_id":"128464","doi":"10.1109/tdmr.2026.3707731","volume":26,"page":"752-760","publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","_id":"67533","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"issue":"3","publication":"IEEE Transactions on Device and Materials Reliability","citation":{"ieee":"E. S. Cishugi, T. T. Smit, B. Forlin, C. Cazzaniga, K.-H. Chen, and M. Ottavi, “Instruction Error Detection With Bloom Filters: Architecture, Radiation Testing, and Fault Injection,” <i>IEEE Transactions on Device and Materials Reliability</i>, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 752–760, 2026, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdmr.2026.3707731\">10.1109/tdmr.2026.3707731</a>.","apa":"Cishugi, E. S., Smit, T. T., Forlin, B., Cazzaniga, C., Chen, K.-H., &#38; Ottavi, M. (2026). Instruction Error Detection With Bloom Filters: Architecture, Radiation Testing, and Fault Injection. <i>IEEE Transactions on Device and Materials Reliability</i>, <i>26</i>(3), 752–760. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdmr.2026.3707731\">https://doi.org/10.1109/tdmr.2026.3707731</a>","chicago":"Cishugi, Elijah Seth, Tijmen T. Smit, Bruno Forlin, Carlo Cazzaniga, Kuan-Hsun Chen, and Marco Ottavi. “Instruction Error Detection With Bloom Filters: Architecture, Radiation Testing, and Fault Injection.” <i>IEEE Transactions on Device and Materials Reliability</i> 26, no. 3 (2026): 752–60. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdmr.2026.3707731\">https://doi.org/10.1109/tdmr.2026.3707731</a>.","short":"E.S. Cishugi, T.T. Smit, B. Forlin, C. Cazzaniga, K.-H. Chen, M. Ottavi, IEEE Transactions on Device and Materials Reliability 26 (2026) 752–760.","mla":"Cishugi, Elijah Seth, et al. “Instruction Error Detection With Bloom Filters: Architecture, Radiation Testing, and Fault Injection.” <i>IEEE Transactions on Device and Materials Reliability</i>, vol. 26, no. 3, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2026, pp. 752–60, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdmr.2026.3707731\">10.1109/tdmr.2026.3707731</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Cishugi_Smit_Forlin_Cazzaniga_Chen_Ottavi_2026, title={Instruction Error Detection With Bloom Filters: Architecture, Radiation Testing, and Fault Injection}, volume={26}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdmr.2026.3707731\">10.1109/tdmr.2026.3707731</a>}, number={3}, journal={IEEE Transactions on Device and Materials Reliability}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Cishugi, Elijah Seth and Smit, Tijmen T. and Forlin, Bruno and Cazzaniga, Carlo and Chen, Kuan-Hsun and Ottavi, Marco}, year={2026}, pages={752–760} }","ama":"Cishugi ES, Smit TT, Forlin B, Cazzaniga C, Chen K-H, Ottavi M. Instruction Error Detection With Bloom Filters: Architecture, Radiation Testing, and Fault Injection. <i>IEEE Transactions on Device and Materials Reliability</i>. 2026;26(3):752-760. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/tdmr.2026.3707731\">10.1109/tdmr.2026.3707731</a>"},"type":"journal_article","date_created":"2026-10-14T11:44:41Z"},{"author":[{"first_name":"Kay","last_name":"Heider","full_name":"Heider, Kay"},{"first_name":"Christian","last_name":"Hakert","full_name":"Hakert, Christian"},{"full_name":"Chen, Kuan-Hsun","first_name":"Kuan-Hsun","orcid":"0000-0002-7110-921X","last_name":"Chen","id":"128464"},{"full_name":"Chen, Jian-Jia","last_name":"Chen","first_name":"Jian-Jia"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["1539-9087","1558-3465"]},"year":"2025","title":"LazyTick: Lazy and Efficient Management of Job Release in Real-Time Operating Systems","intvolume":"        24","date_updated":"2026-10-12T20:18:45Z","publication_status":"published","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"doi":"10.1145/3762651","issue":"5s","publication":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","abstract":[{"text":"<jats:p>\r\n            Releasing jobs and performing scheduling decisions in real-time operating systems (RTOSes) is often realized within tick interrupts. In each tick interrupt, a set of tasks that are waiting to release new jobs, namely, the waiting set, is inspected to determine the jobs that should be released at this tick. Such a waiting set is sorted whenever a job has finished, by which the release process can be efficiently achieved. However, the overhead of sorting can vary vastly depending on the task set, which has to be taken into account in the worst-case timing analysis. Moreover, the tick interrupt in common practices is backed by a single hardware timer that is configured to trigger interrupts, either with a fixed period or reconfigured to the next release time (so-called one-shot timer). Since not necessarily at every interrupt a job will be released, several tick interrupts might be redundant. For the one-shot timers, the reconfiguration during runtime also incurs overheads at a variable interval. To reduce such variability and amount of overhead, in this work, we propose\r\n            <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">LazyTick</jats:italic>\r\n            which partitions the task set and distributes the subsets over multiple timers. Specifically, we propose two job release procedures with constant operations overhead—one for harmonic task sets and one for non-harmonic task sets. We implemented the support for multiple hardware timers in FreeRTOS and conducted intensive experimental evaluations. The evaluation shows that\r\n            <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">LazyTick</jats:italic>\r\n            can reduce the variability in overhead by up to ≈ 5 × in peak and ≈ 3× on average in comparison to the default implementation. Additionally, the combined overhead of the job release process is reduced by up to ≈ 6.1 × in peak and ≈ 3.6× on average.\r\n          </jats:p>","lang":"eng"}],"date_created":"2026-07-03T21:07:51Z","type":"journal_article","status":"public","_id":"66150","publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","page":"1-25","volume":24,"user_id":"128464","citation":{"apa":"Heider, K., Hakert, C., Chen, K.-H., &#38; Chen, J.-J. (2025). LazyTick: Lazy and Efficient Management of Job Release in Real-Time Operating Systems. <i>ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems</i>, <i>24</i>(5s), 1–25. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3762651\">https://doi.org/10.1145/3762651</a>","ieee":"K. Heider, C. Hakert, K.-H. Chen, and J.-J. Chen, “LazyTick: Lazy and Efficient Management of Job Release in Real-Time Operating Systems,” <i>ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems</i>, vol. 24, no. 5s, pp. 1–25, 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3762651\">10.1145/3762651</a>.","chicago":"Heider, Kay, Christian Hakert, Kuan-Hsun Chen, and Jian-Jia Chen. “LazyTick: Lazy and Efficient Management of Job Release in Real-Time Operating Systems.” <i>ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems</i> 24, no. 5s (2025): 1–25. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3762651\">https://doi.org/10.1145/3762651</a>.","short":"K. Heider, C. Hakert, K.-H. Chen, J.-J. Chen, ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems 24 (2025) 1–25.","mla":"Heider, Kay, et al. “LazyTick: Lazy and Efficient Management of Job Release in Real-Time Operating Systems.” <i>ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems</i>, vol. 24, no. 5s, Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 2025, pp. 1–25, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3762651\">10.1145/3762651</a>.","ama":"Heider K, Hakert C, Chen K-H, Chen J-J. LazyTick: Lazy and Efficient Management of Job Release in Real-Time Operating Systems. <i>ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems</i>. 2025;24(5s):1-25. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3762651\">10.1145/3762651</a>","bibtex":"@article{Heider_Hakert_Chen_Chen_2025, title={LazyTick: Lazy and Efficient Management of Job Release in Real-Time Operating Systems}, volume={24}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3762651\">10.1145/3762651</a>}, number={5s}, journal={ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems}, publisher={Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)}, author={Heider, Kay and Hakert, Christian and Chen, Kuan-Hsun and Chen, Jian-Jia}, year={2025}, pages={1–25} }"}},{"status":"public","_id":"66147","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","page":"306-310","volume":61,"user_id":"128464","citation":{"short":"J. Shi, K.-H. Chen, Real-Time Systems 61 (2025) 306–310.","chicago":"Shi, Junjie, and Kuan-Hsun Chen. “Shielded Reinforcement Learning for Fault-Tolerant Scheduling in Real-Time Systems.” <i>Real-Time Systems</i> 61, no. 2 (2025): 306–10. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11241-025-09441-z\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11241-025-09441-z</a>.","apa":"Shi, J., &#38; Chen, K.-H. (2025). Shielded reinforcement learning for fault-tolerant scheduling in real-time systems. <i>Real-Time Systems</i>, <i>61</i>(2), 306–310. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11241-025-09441-z\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11241-025-09441-z</a>","ieee":"J. Shi and K.-H. Chen, “Shielded reinforcement learning for fault-tolerant scheduling in real-time systems,” <i>Real-Time Systems</i>, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 306–310, 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11241-025-09441-z\">10.1007/s11241-025-09441-z</a>.","ama":"Shi J, Chen K-H. Shielded reinforcement learning for fault-tolerant scheduling in real-time systems. <i>Real-Time Systems</i>. 2025;61(2):306-310. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11241-025-09441-z\">10.1007/s11241-025-09441-z</a>","bibtex":"@article{Shi_Chen_2025, title={Shielded reinforcement learning for fault-tolerant scheduling in real-time systems}, volume={61}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11241-025-09441-z\">10.1007/s11241-025-09441-z</a>}, number={2}, journal={Real-Time Systems}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Shi, Junjie and Chen, Kuan-Hsun}, year={2025}, pages={306–310} }","mla":"Shi, Junjie, and Kuan-Hsun Chen. “Shielded Reinforcement Learning for Fault-Tolerant Scheduling in Real-Time Systems.” <i>Real-Time Systems</i>, vol. 61, no. 2, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025, pp. 306–10, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11241-025-09441-z\">10.1007/s11241-025-09441-z</a>."},"publication_identifier":{"issn":["0922-6443","1573-1383"]},"author":[{"last_name":"Shi","first_name":"Junjie","full_name":"Shi, Junjie"},{"last_name":"Chen","orcid":"0000-0002-7110-921X","first_name":"Kuan-Hsun","full_name":"Chen, Kuan-Hsun","id":"128464"}],"year":"2025","title":"Shielded reinforcement learning for fault-tolerant scheduling in real-time systems","intvolume":"        61","publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2026-10-12T20:21:24Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"doi":"10.1007/s11241-025-09441-z","issue":"2","publication":"Real-Time Systems","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\r\n          <jats:p>Reinforcement Learning (RL) has emerged as a promising tool for decision-making in various applications, particularly in uncertain environments. While its adoption in embedded systems—especially hard real-time systems—faces challenges due to stringent timing constraints, integrating shielding mechanisms may offer a pathway for RL to optimize its scheduling decisions, preserving worst-case timing guarantees. This position paper shows a use case where RL selects compliant execution versions for fault-tolerant real-time systems while minimizing the system utilization in runtime. Furthermore, we discuss possible directions for further exploring RL’s role in real-time systems for improved adaptability.</jats:p>"}],"date_created":"2026-07-03T21:07:18Z","type":"journal_article"},{"citation":{"mla":"Chen, Kuan-Hsun, et al. “Introduction to the Special Issue on Fault-Resilient Cyber-Physical Systems—Part 2.” <i>ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems</i>, vol. 9, no. 1, Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 2025, pp. 1–2, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3712019\">10.1145/3712019</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Chen_Li_Reghenzani_Chen_2025, title={Introduction to the Special Issue on Fault-Resilient Cyber-Physical Systems—Part 2}, volume={9}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3712019\">10.1145/3712019</a>}, number={1}, journal={ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems}, publisher={Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)}, author={Chen, Kuan-Hsun and Li, Jing and Reghenzani, Federico and Chen, Jian-Jia}, year={2025}, pages={1–2} }","ama":"Chen K-H, Li J, Reghenzani F, Chen J-J. Introduction to the Special Issue on Fault-Resilient Cyber-Physical Systems—Part 2. <i>ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems</i>. 2025;9(1):1-2. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3712019\">10.1145/3712019</a>","ieee":"K.-H. Chen, J. Li, F. Reghenzani, and J.-J. Chen, “Introduction to the Special Issue on Fault-Resilient Cyber-Physical Systems—Part 2,” <i>ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems</i>, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1–2, 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3712019\">10.1145/3712019</a>.","apa":"Chen, K.-H., Li, J., Reghenzani, F., &#38; Chen, J.-J. (2025). Introduction to the Special Issue on Fault-Resilient Cyber-Physical Systems—Part 2. <i>ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems</i>, <i>9</i>(1), 1–2. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3712019\">https://doi.org/10.1145/3712019</a>","chicago":"Chen, Kuan-Hsun, Jing Li, Federico Reghenzani, and Jian-Jia Chen. “Introduction to the Special Issue on Fault-Resilient Cyber-Physical Systems—Part 2.” <i>ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems</i> 9, no. 1 (2025): 1–2. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3712019\">https://doi.org/10.1145/3712019</a>.","short":"K.-H. Chen, J. Li, F. Reghenzani, J.-J. 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Language-Based Deployment Optimization for Random Forests (Invited Paper). In: <i>Proceedings of the 25th ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED International Conference on Languages, Compilers, and Tools for Embedded Systems</i>. ACM; 2024. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3652032.3659366\">10.1145/3652032.3659366</a>"},"doi":"10.1145/3652032.3659366","user_id":"128464","_id":"66172","publisher":"ACM","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_updated":"2026-10-12T20:24:15Z","publication_status":"published","year":"2024","status":"public","title":"Language-Based Deployment Optimization for Random Forests (Invited Paper)","author":[{"last_name":"Malcher","first_name":"Jannik","full_name":"Malcher, Jannik"},{"full_name":"Biebert, Daniel","last_name":"Biebert","first_name":"Daniel"},{"id":"128464","last_name":"Chen","first_name":"Kuan-Hsun","orcid":"0000-0002-7110-921X","full_name":"Chen, Kuan-Hsun"},{"last_name":"Buschjäger","first_name":"Sebastian","full_name":"Buschjäger, Sebastian"},{"last_name":"Hakert","first_name":"Christian","full_name":"Hakert, Christian"},{"full_name":"Chen, Jian-Jia","first_name":"Jian-Jia","last_name":"Chen"}]},{"publication":"2024 IEEE International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI and Nanotechnology Systems (DFT)","citation":{"apa":"Smit, T. T., Forlin, B. E., Chen, K.-H., Souvatzoglou, I., Psarakis, M., &#38; Ottavi, M. (2024). An Enhanced Fault Injection Framework for FPGA-Based Soft-Cores. <i>2024 IEEE International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI and Nanotechnology Systems (DFT)</i>. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/dft63277.2024.10753564\">https://doi.org/10.1109/dft63277.2024.10753564</a>","ieee":"T. T. Smit, B. E. Forlin, K.-H. Chen, I. Souvatzoglou, M. Psarakis, and M. Ottavi, “An Enhanced Fault Injection Framework for FPGA-Based Soft-Cores,” 2024, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/dft63277.2024.10753564\">10.1109/dft63277.2024.10753564</a>.","chicago":"Smit, Tijmen T., Bruno Endres Forlin, Kuan-Hsun Chen, Ioanna Souvatzoglou, Mihalis Psarakis, and Marco Ottavi. “An Enhanced Fault Injection Framework for FPGA-Based Soft-Cores.” In <i>2024 IEEE International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI and Nanotechnology Systems (DFT)</i>. IEEE, 2024. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/dft63277.2024.10753564\">https://doi.org/10.1109/dft63277.2024.10753564</a>.","short":"T.T. Smit, B.E. Forlin, K.-H. Chen, I. Souvatzoglou, M. Psarakis, M. Ottavi, in: 2024 IEEE International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI and Nanotechnology Systems (DFT), IEEE, 2024.","mla":"Smit, Tijmen T., et al. “An Enhanced Fault Injection Framework for FPGA-Based Soft-Cores.” <i>2024 IEEE International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI and Nanotechnology Systems (DFT)</i>, IEEE, 2024, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/dft63277.2024.10753564\">10.1109/dft63277.2024.10753564</a>.","ama":"Smit TT, Forlin BE, Chen K-H, Souvatzoglou I, Psarakis M, Ottavi M. An Enhanced Fault Injection Framework for FPGA-Based Soft-Cores. In: <i>2024 IEEE International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI and Nanotechnology Systems (DFT)</i>. IEEE; 2024. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/dft63277.2024.10753564\">10.1109/dft63277.2024.10753564</a>","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Smit_Forlin_Chen_Souvatzoglou_Psarakis_Ottavi_2024, title={An Enhanced Fault Injection Framework for FPGA-Based Soft-Cores}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/dft63277.2024.10753564\">10.1109/dft63277.2024.10753564</a>}, booktitle={2024 IEEE International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI and Nanotechnology Systems (DFT)}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Smit, Tijmen T. and Forlin, Bruno Endres and Chen, Kuan-Hsun and Souvatzoglou, Ioanna and Psarakis, Mihalis and Ottavi, Marco}, year={2024} }"},"date_created":"2026-07-03T21:11:54Z","type":"conference","status":"public","year":"2024","title":"An Enhanced Fault Injection Framework for FPGA-Based Soft-Cores","author":[{"full_name":"Smit, Tijmen T.","last_name":"Smit","first_name":"Tijmen T."},{"full_name":"Forlin, Bruno Endres","first_name":"Bruno Endres","last_name":"Forlin"},{"full_name":"Chen, Kuan-Hsun","orcid":"0000-0002-7110-921X","first_name":"Kuan-Hsun","last_name":"Chen","id":"128464"},{"full_name":"Souvatzoglou, Ioanna","first_name":"Ioanna","last_name":"Souvatzoglou"},{"full_name":"Psarakis, Mihalis","first_name":"Mihalis","last_name":"Psarakis"},{"last_name":"Ottavi","first_name":"Marco","full_name":"Ottavi, Marco"}],"publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2026-10-12T20:24:37Z","_id":"66170","publisher":"IEEE","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"user_id":"128464","doi":"10.1109/dft63277.2024.10753564"}]