@inbook{65518,
  abstract     = {{<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>
                  <jats:p>Optically assisted digital-to-analog converters (DACs) using Nyquist pulse sequences (NPSs) are presented and investigated. Therefore, NPSs are mathematically described and analyzed. Based on this, the operating principle of a precise optical Nyquist pulse synthesizer digital-to-analog converter (PONyDAC) is described. Possible architectures of PONyDAC are derived and compared in terms of performance and practicability. Moreover, the limits of PONyDAC systems and their superiority over classical electronic DACs are discussed. Furthermore, discrete building-block based implementations and monolithic implementations in electronic-photonic integrated circuits (EPICs) are presented. To enable a practicable monolithic integration, a shrinkage of the Mach-Zehnder modulators (MZMs) has been performed by applying forward-biased phase shifters (FB-PSs). These FB-PSs are analyzed and modeled to allow the precise and reliable design of PONyDAC systems with multiple MZMs. Finally, data conversion and data transmission experiments are carried out to demonstrate the systems functionality, quantify its performance, and prove their superiority over purely electronic DACs.</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Scheytt, J. Christoph and Schwabe, Tobias and Singh, Karanveer and Kress, Christian and Schneider, Thomas}},
  booktitle    = {{Electronic-Photonic Integrated Systems for Ultrafast Signal Processing}},
  editor       = {{Scheytt, J. Christoph and Kress, Christian and Berroth, Manfred and Pachnicke, Stephan and Witzens, Jeremy}},
  isbn         = {{9783032083395}},
  publisher    = {{Springer Nature Switzerland}},
  title        = {{{Precise Optical Nyquist Pulse Synthesizer Digital-to-Analog Converter}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/978-3-032-08340-1_4}},
  year         = {{2026}},
}

@book{65256,
  editor       = {{Scheytt, J. Christoph and Kress, Christian and Berroth, Manfred and Pachnicke, Stephan and Witzens, Jeremy}},
  isbn         = {{9783032083395}},
  publisher    = {{Springer Nature Switzerland}},
  title        = {{{Electronic-Photonic Integrated Systems for Ultrafast Signal Processing}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/978-3-032-08340-1}},
  year         = {{2026}},
}

@article{62643,
  author       = {{Schwabe, Tobias and Kress, Christian and Kruse, Stephan and Weizel, Maxim and Rhee, Hanjo and Scheytt, J. Christoph}},
  journal      = {{Journal of Lightwave Technology}},
  keywords     = {{Integrated circuit modeling, Capacitance, Silicon, Modulation, Adaptation models, Semiconductor device modeling, Bandwidth, Data communication, electrooptical transmitter, equalization, free-carrier-plasma dispersion effect, modelling, optical modulator, phase shifter, silicon photonics}},
  number       = {{1}},
  pages        = {{255--270}},
  title        = {{{Forward-Biased Silicon Phase Shifter Modeling for Electronic-Photonic Co-Simulation and Validation in a 250 nm EPIC BiCMOS Technology}}},
  doi          = {{10.1109/JLT.2024.3450949}},
  volume       = {{43}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}

@article{62644,
  author       = {{Schwabe, Tobias and Kress, Christian and Sadiye, Babak and Kruse, Stephan and Scheytt, J. Christoph}},
  journal      = {{IEEE Access}},
  keywords     = {{Optical attenuators, Equalizers, Phase shifters, Optical modulation, Electro-optic modulators, Optical amplifiers, Circuits, Silicon photonics, Optical saturation, Integrated circuit modeling, Data communication, equalization, electro-optical transmitter, silicon photonics, phase shifter, optical modulator, free-carrier plasma dispersion effect, driver architectures, biasing schemes}},
  pages        = {{192433--192450}},
  title        = {{{Analysis and Design of Forward Biased Silicon Photonics Phase Shifter Equalizer Circuits}}},
  doi          = {{10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3629385}},
  volume       = {{13}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}

@inproceedings{62641,
  author       = {{Kruse, Stephan and Diri, Jabil and Mager, Thomas and Kress, Christian and Scheytt, J. Christoph}},
  booktitle    = {{2025 55th European Microwave Conference (EuMC)}},
  keywords     = {{Optical fibers, Integrated optics, Semiconductor device measurement, Laser radar, Optical device fabrication, Photonic integrated circuits, Microwave theory and techniques, Optical fiber devices, Plastics, Substrates, Microwave photonics, photonic radar, optical LO distribution, mechatronic integrated device (MID)}},
  pages        = {{127--130}},
  title        = {{{Electrooptical Integration of an Electronic Photonic Integrated Circuit Into Plastic Substrates Using Mid-Technology}}},
  doi          = {{10.23919/EuMC65286.2025.11235121}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}

@inproceedings{59896,
  abstract     = {{We present an electronic-photonic co-designed Mach-Zehnder modulator with linear segment drivers in a photonic SOI-CMOS technology with an EO 3-dB bandwidth of ≥ 27 GHz and data transmission up to 64 Gbit/s without pre-emphasis.}},
  author       = {{Kress, Christian and Schwabe, Tobias and Mihaylov, Martin Miroslavov and Scheytt, J. Christoph}},
  location     = {{Long Beach, CA, USA}},
  title        = {{{High-Speed Mach-Zehnder Modulator with Linear Segmented On-Chip Drivers in Photonic 45nm SOI-CMOS Technology }}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}

@inproceedings{59895,
  abstract     = {{The generation of optically broadband Nyquist pulse sequences using an integrated Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) in a thin-film lithium-niobate (TFLN) platform with repetition rates of 5 to 32 GHz and optical bandwidths of up to 160 GHz is demonstrated. Nyquist pulse sequences with high optical bandwidth can be used as synchronization and control signals in quantum sources based on photon pair generation.}},
  author       = {{Kress, Christian and Mihaylov, Martin Miroslavov and Schwabe, Tobias and Silberhorn, Christine and Scheytt, J. Christoph}},
  booktitle    = {{PIERS Proceedings }},
  location     = {{Abu Dhabi}},
  publisher    = {{PhotonIcs and Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS)}},
  title        = {{{Broadband Nyquist Pulse Generation on TFLN Platform for Integrated Quantum Source}}},
  doi          = {{10.1109/PIERS-Spring66516.2025.11276835}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}

@article{54017,
  author       = {{Kress, Christian and Schwabe, Tobias and Rhee, Hanjo and Scheytt, J. Christoph}},
  issn         = {{2169-3536}},
  journal      = {{IEEE Access}},
  pages        = {{1--1}},
  publisher    = {{Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}},
  title        = {{{Compact, High-Speed Mach-Zehnder Modulator with On-Chip Linear Drivers in Photonic BiCMOS Technology}}},
  doi          = {{10.1109/access.2024.3396877}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}

@inproceedings{57107,
  author       = {{Kress, Christian and Schwabe, Tobias and Mihaylov, Martin Miroslavov and Silberhorn, Christine and Scheytt, J. Christoph}},
  location     = {{Paderborn}},
  title        = {{{Integrated Pulse Generator for Photon Pair Generation using Lithium Niobate on Insulator Technology}}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}

@inproceedings{57111,
  author       = {{Mihaylov, Martin Miroslavov and Kress, Christian and Scheytt, J. Christoph}},
  location     = {{Paderborn}},
  title        = {{{Simulation and Optimization of Low-Loss Photonic Coupling  Structures for TFLN Integrated Circuits for Quantum Applications}}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}

@inproceedings{47521,
  abstract     = {{This paper experimentally investigates and interprets the e®ects of noise and non-
linearity in a silicon photonic optical test structure. For the analysis di®erent optoelectronic phase
noise measurement techniques are used. Our tests focuses on the performance of integrated opti-
cal test structures using femtosecond pulses in the 1550nm spectral range. A primary objective
is to understand the behaviour of silicon photonic waveguides that can be further employed in the
implementation of an optoelectronic phase-locked loop (OEPLL) in silicon photonics technology.
A comparison of our results, as well as a discussion on the di®erent optoelectronic phase noise
measurement techniques are presented. Our ¯ndings provide insights that can be leveraged to
optimize the design and performance of ultra-low phase noise on-chip OEPLL systems locking
to mode-locked laser (MLL) signals. In the future such systems can be essential for advanced
communication and sensing applications.}},
  author       = {{Surendranath Shroff, Vijayalakshmi and Kress, Christian and Bahmanian, Meysam and Scheytt, J. Christoph}},
  booktitle    = {{2023 PhotonIcs & Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS), }},
  location     = {{Prague, Czech Republic}},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  title        = {{{Analysis of Phase Noise in Waveguide-integrated Optical Test Structures in Silicon Photonics}}},
  doi          = {{10.1109/PIERS59004.2023.10221473}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

@inproceedings{45578,
  abstract     = {{A frequency-flexible Nyquist pulse synthesizer is presented with optical pulse bandwidths up to fopt=100 GHz and repetition rates equal to fopt/9, fabricated in an electronic-photonic co-integrated platform utilizing linear on-chip drivers.}},
  author       = {{Kress, Christian and Schwabe, Tobias and Silberhorn, Christine and Scheytt, J. Christoph}},
  booktitle    = {{ Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) 2023}},
  location     = {{San Jose, CA, USA}},
  publisher    = {{Optica Publishing Group}},
  title        = {{{Generation of 100 GHz Periodic Nyquist Pulses using Cascaded Mach-Zehnder Modulators in a Silicon Electronic-Photonic Platform}}},
  doi          = {{https://doi.org/10.1364/CLEO_SI.2023.SF1P.6}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

@inproceedings{34238,
  abstract     = {{<jats:p>A monolithically integrated electronic-photonic Mach-Zehnder modulator is presented, incorporating electronic linear drivers along photonic components. An electro-optical 3 dB &amp; 6 dB bandwidth of 24 GHz and 34 GHz respectively was measured. The on-chip drivers decrease the V<jats:italic>
      <jats:sub>π</jats:sub>
    </jats:italic> by a factor of 10.</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Kress, Christian and Schwabe, Tobias and Rhee, Hanjo and Kerman, Sarp and Scheytt, J. Christoph}},
  booktitle    = {{Optica Advanced Photonics Congress 2022}},
  publisher    = {{Optica Publishing Group}},
  title        = {{{Broadband Mach-Zehnder Modulator with Linear Driver in Electronic-Photonic Co-Integrated Platform}}},
  doi          = {{10.1364/iprsn.2022.im4c.1}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}

@article{34232,
  abstract     = {{<jats:p>In this paper, the theory of phase-locking of a microwave oscillator on the interharmonics, i.e. non-integer harmonics, of the repetition rate of the optical pulse train of a mode-locked laser (MLL) is developed. A balanced optical microwave phase detector (BOMPD) is implemented using a balanced Mach-Zehnder modulator and is employed to discriminate the phase difference between the envelope of the optical pulses and the microwave oscillator. It is shown mathematically that the inherent nonlinear properties of BOMPD with respect to the microwave excitation amplitude can be used for interharmonic locking. The characteristic functions of the phase detector for interharmonic locking are derived analytically and are compared with the measurement results. An opto-electronic phase-locked loop (OEPLL) is demonstrated whose output frequency locks on interharmonics of the MLL repetition rate when an appropriate modulator bias and sufficient RF amplitude are applied. Thus, for the first time theory and experiment of reliable locking on interharmonics of the repetition rate of a MLL are presented.</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Bahmanian, Meysam and Kress, Christian and Scheytt, J. Christoph}},
  issn         = {{1094-4087}},
  journal      = {{Optics Express}},
  number       = {{5}},
  publisher    = {{Optica Publishing Group}},
  title        = {{{Locking of microwave oscillators on the interharmonics of mode-locked laser signals}}},
  doi          = {{10.1364/oe.451894}},
  volume       = {{30}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}

@inproceedings{34233,
  author       = {{Singh, Karanveer and Kress, Christian and Mandalawi, Younus and Misra, Arijit and Preussler, Stefan and Scheytt, J. Christoph and Schneider, Thomas}},
  booktitle    = {{Next-Generation Optical Communication: Components, Sub-Systems, and Systems XI}},
  editor       = {{Li, Guifang and Nakajima, Kazuhide}},
  publisher    = {{SPIE}},
  title        = {{{Analysis of the effect of jitter and non-idealities on photonic digital-to-analog converters based on Nyquist pulses}}},
  doi          = {{10.1117/12.2609501}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}

@inproceedings{34234,
  author       = {{Singh, Karanveer and Meier, Janosch and Kress, Christian and Misra, Arijit and Schwabe, Tobias and Preussler, Stefan and Scheytt, J. Christoph and Schneider, Thomas}},
  booktitle    = {{Next-Generation Optical Communication: Components, Sub-Systems, and Systems XI}},
  editor       = {{Li, Guifang and Nakajima, Kazuhide}},
  publisher    = {{SPIE}},
  title        = {{{Emulation of integrated high-bandwidth photonic AWG using low-speed electronics}}},
  doi          = {{10.1117/12.2609416}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}

@article{34235,
  abstract     = {{<jats:p>We demonstrate for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, reconfigurable and real-time orthogonal time-domain detection of a high-bandwidth Nyquist signal with a low-bandwidth silicon photonics Mach-Zehnder modulator based receiver. As the Nyquist signal has a rectangular bandwidth, it can be multiplexed in the wavelength domain without any guardband as a part of a Nyquist-WDM superchannel. These superchannels can be additionally multiplexed in space and polarization. Thus, the presented demonstration can open a new possibility for the detection of multidimensional parallel data signals with silicon photonics. No external pulse source is needed for the receiver, and frequency-time coherence is used to sample the incoming Nyquist signal with orthogonal sinc-shaped Nyquist pulse sequences. All parameters are completely tunable in the electrical domain. The feasibility of the scheme is demonstrated through a proof-of-concept experiment over the entire C-band (1530 nm–1560 nm), employing a 24 Gbaud Nyquist QPSK signal due to experimental constraints on the transmitter side electronics. However, the silicon Mach-Zehnder modulator with a 3-dB bandwidth of only 16 GHz can process Nyquist signals of 90 GHz optical bandwidth, suggesting a possibility to detect symbol rates up to 90 GBd in an integrated Nyquist receiver.</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Misra, Arijit and Kress, Christian and Singh, Karanveer and Meier, Janosch and Schwabe, Tobias and Preussler, Stefan and Scheytt, J. Christoph and Schneider, Thomas}},
  issn         = {{1094-4087}},
  journal      = {{Optics Express}},
  number       = {{8}},
  publisher    = {{Optica Publishing Group}},
  title        = {{{Reconfigurable and real-time high-bandwidth Nyquist signal detection with low-bandwidth in silicon photonics}}},
  doi          = {{10.1364/oe.454163}},
  volume       = {{30}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}

@inproceedings{34236,
  abstract     = {{<jats:p>We report for the first time, inter-symbol-interference (ISI) free demultiplexing of Nyquist optical time division multiplexed (OTDM) signals using a reconfigurable orthogonal sinc-pulse sampling enabled by silicon photonic Mach-Zehnder Modulators.</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Misra, Arijit and Singh, Karanveer and Meier, Janosch and Kress, Christian and Schwabe, Tobias and Preussler, Stefan and Scheytt, J. Christoph and Schneider, Thomas}},
  booktitle    = {{Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics}},
  publisher    = {{Optica Publishing Group}},
  title        = {{{Flexible Time-Domain De-Multiplexing of Nyquist OTDM Channels by Orthogonal Sampling in Silicon Photonics}}},
  doi          = {{10.1364/cleo_si.2022.sth5m.2}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}

@inproceedings{29203,
  abstract     = {{We present a monolithically integrated electronic-photonic Mach-Zehnder modulator with a linear, segmented driver on the same silicon substrate. As metric for the modulation efficiency, the external V$\pi$ is hereby reduced to only 420 mV.}},
  author       = {{Kress, Christian and Singh, Karanveer and Schwabe, Tobias and Preußler, Stefan and Schneider, Thomas and Scheytt, J. Christoph}},
  booktitle    = {{OSA Advanced Photonics Congress 2021}},
  keywords     = {{Analog to digital converters, Extinction ratios, Grating couplers, Modulation, Modulators, Phase shift}},
  pages        = {{IW1B.1}},
  publisher    = {{Optical Society of America}},
  title        = {{{High Modulation Efficiency Segmented Mach-Zehnder Modulator Monolithically Integrated with Linear Driver in 0.25 \textmum BiCMOS Technology}}},
  doi          = {{10.1364/IPRSN.2021.IW1B.1}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}

@article{29204,
  abstract     = {{An analysis of an optical Nyquist pulse synthesizer using Mach-Zehnder modulators is presented. The analysis allows to predict the upper limit of the effective number of bits of this type of photonic digital-to-analog converter. The analytical solution has been verified by means of electro-optic simulations. With this analysis the limiting factor for certain scenarios: relative intensity noise, distortions by driving the Mach-Zehnder modulator, or the signal generator phase noise can quickly be identified.}},
  author       = {{Kress, Christian and Bahmanian, Meysam and Schwabe, Tobias and Scheytt, J. Christoph}},
  journal      = {{Opt. Express}},
  keywords     = {{Analog to digital converters, Diode lasers, Laser sources, Phase noise, Signal processing, Wavelength division multiplexers}},
  number       = {{15}},
  pages        = {{23671–23681}},
  publisher    = {{OSA}},
  title        = {{{Analysis of the effects of jitter, relative intensity noise, and nonlinearity on a photonic digital-to-analog converter based on optical Nyquist pulse synthesis}}},
  doi          = {{10.1364/OE.427424}},
  volume       = {{29}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}