@article{60913,
  abstract     = {{<jats:title>ABSTRACT</jats:title><jats:p>Spin‐coated polylactide (PLA) thin films were exposed to nitrogen plasma for varying time intervals. The progressive etching of the PLA film in direct contact with the nitrogen plasma was monitored in situ using polarization modulated infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM‐IRRAS). No appreciative changes in composition were seen with PM‐IRRAS, indicating that the etching did not significantly affect the bulk composition. Atomic force microscopy characterization of the plasma‐etched films showed that the PLA films are homogeneously etched. Subsequent ex situ XPS analysis of the treated surface revealed the presence of C‐N bonds in the surface‐near region that could be associated with amino and/or amide surface species. PLA films were also alternatively exposed to nitrogen ion beams produced by an electron‐cyclotron‐resonance (ECR) plasma source and were investigated in vacuo by XPS. This treatment revealed the partial substitution of surface oxygen species by nitrogen, resulting in a similar surface modification as in the plasma case. The comparison of XPS data and water contact angle studies suggest that the activated surfaces show a reorientation of macromolecular fragments in the surface‐near region depending on the polarity of the phase with which they are in contact. Under ultra‐high vacuum (UHV) conditions, the surface tends to lower its surface energy, while in contact with the aqueous phase, subsurface polar groups orientate outwards, which enables the formation of hydrogen bonds.</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Golebiowska, Sandra Alicja and Voigt, Markus and de los Arcos, Teresa and Grundmeier, Guido}},
  issn         = {{0142-2421}},
  journal      = {{Surface and Interface Analysis}},
  number       = {{7}},
  pages        = {{499--509}},
  publisher    = {{Wiley}},
  title        = {{{In Situ PM‐IRRAS and XPS Analysis of Nitrogen Plasma Surface Modification of Polylactide Thin Films}}},
  doi          = {{10.1002/sia.7406}},
  volume       = {{57}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}

@article{62236,
  abstract     = {{<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Due to its excellent biocompatibility, pure iron is a very promising implant material, but often features corrosion rates that are too low. Using additive manufacturing and modified powders the microstructure and, thus, the material properties, e.g., the corrosion properties, can be tailored for specific applications. Within the scope of this study, pure iron powder was modified with different amounts of CeO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> or Fe<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3</jats:sub> nanoparticles and subsequently processed by Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion (PBF-EB/M). The corrosion-fatigue behavior of CeO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> and Fe<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3</jats:sub> modified iron was investigated using rotation bending tests under the influence of simulated body fluid (m-SBF). While the modification using Fe<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3</jats:sub> showed reduced fatigue and corrosion-fatigue strengths, it could be demonstrated that the modification with CeO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> is characterized by improved fatigue properties. The superior fatigue properties in air are attributed to the positive impact of dispersion strengthening. Additionally, an increased degradation rate compared to pure iron could be observed, eventually promoting an earlier failure of the specimens in the corrosion fatigue tests.</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Wackenrohr, Steffen and Torrent, Christof Johannes Jaime and Herbst, Sebastian and Nürnberger, Florian and Krooss, Philipp and Frenck, Johanna-Maria and Ebbert, Christoph and Voigt, Markus and Grundmeier, Guido and Niendorf, Thomas and Maier, Hans Jürgen}},
  issn         = {{2397-2106}},
  journal      = {{npj Materials Degradation}},
  number       = {{1}},
  publisher    = {{Springer Science and Business Media LLC}},
  title        = {{{Corrosion fatigue behavior of nanoparticle modified iron processed by electron powder bed fusion}}},
  doi          = {{10.1038/s41529-024-00470-w}},
  volume       = {{8}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}

@article{30922,
  abstract     = {{<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Pure iron is very attractive as a biodegradable implant material due to its high biocompatibility. In combination with additive manufacturing, which facilitates great flexibility of the implant design, it is possible to selectively adjust the microstructure of the material in the process, thereby control the corrosion and fatigue behavior. In the present study, conventional hot-rolled (HR) pure iron is compared to pure iron manufactured by electron beam melting (EBM). The microstructure, the corrosion behavior and the fatigue properties were studied comprehensively. The investigated sample conditions showed significant differences in the microstructures that led to changes in corrosion and fatigue properties. The EBM iron showed significantly lower fatigue strength compared to the HR iron. These different fatigue responses were observed under purely mechanical loading as well as with superimposed corrosion influence and are summarized in a model that describes the underlying failure mechanisms.</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Wackenrohr, Steffen and Torrent, Christof Johannes Jaime and Herbst, Sebastian and Nürnberger, Florian and Krooss, Philipp and Ebbert, Christoph and Voigt, Markus and Grundmeier, Guido and Niendorf, Thomas and Maier, Hans Jürgen}},
  issn         = {{2397-2106}},
  journal      = {{npj Materials Degradation}},
  keywords     = {{Materials Chemistry, Materials Science (miscellaneous), Chemistry (miscellaneous), Ceramics and Composites}},
  number       = {{1}},
  publisher    = {{Springer Science and Business Media LLC}},
  title        = {{{Corrosion fatigue behavior of electron beam melted iron in simulated body fluid}}},
  doi          = {{10.1038/s41529-022-00226-4}},
  volume       = {{6}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}

@article{30923,
  abstract     = {{<jats:p>Additive manufacturing (AM) processes are not solely used where maximum design freedom meets low lot sizes. Direct microstructure design and topology optimization can be realized concomitantly during processing by adjusting the geometry, the material composition, and the solidification behavior of the material considered. However, when complex specific requirements have to be met, a targeted part design is highly challenging. In the field of biodegradable implant surgery, a cytocompatible material of an application-adapted shape has to be characterized by a specific degradation behavior and reliably predictable mechanical properties. For instance, small amounts of oxides can have a significant effect on microstructural development, thus likewise affecting the strength and corrosion behavior of the processed material. In the present study, biocompatible pure Fe was processed using electron powder bed fusion (E-PBF). Two different modifications of the Fe were processed by incorporating Fe oxide and Ce oxide in different proportions in order to assess their impact on the microstructural evolution, the mechanical response and the corrosion behavior. The quasistatic mechanical and chemical properties were analyzed and correlated with the final microstructural appearance.</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Torrent, Christof J. J. and Krooß, Philipp and Huang, Jingyuan and Voigt, Markus and Ebbert, Christoph and Knust, Steffen and Grundmeier, Guido and Niendorf, Thomas}},
  issn         = {{2674-063X}},
  journal      = {{Alloys}},
  number       = {{1}},
  pages        = {{31--53}},
  publisher    = {{MDPI AG}},
  title        = {{{Oxide Modified Iron in Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion—From Processability to Corrosion Properties}}},
  doi          = {{10.3390/alloys1010004}},
  volume       = {{1}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}

@article{29806,
  author       = {{Huang, Jingyuan and Voigt, Markus and Wackenrohr, Steffen and Ebbert, Christoph and Keller, Adrian and Maier, Hans Jürgen and Grundmeier, Guido}},
  issn         = {{0947-5117}},
  journal      = {{Materials and Corrosion}},
  keywords     = {{Materials Chemistry, Metals and Alloys, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Mechanical Engineering, Mechanics of Materials, Environmental Chemistry, Materials Chemistry, Metals and Alloys, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Mechanical Engineering, Mechanics of Materials, Environmental Chemistry, Materials Chemistry, Metals and Alloys, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Mechanical Engineering, Mechanics of Materials, Environmental Chemistry}},
  pages        = {{1034}},
  publisher    = {{Wiley}},
  title        = {{{Influence of hydrogel coatings on corrosion and fatigue of iron in simulated body fluid}}},
  doi          = {{10.1002/maco.202112841}},
  volume       = {{73}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}

@article{36804,
  author       = {{Henksmeier, Tobias and Schulz, Johann Friedemann and Kluth, Elias and Feneberg, Martin and Goldhahn, Rüdiger and Sanchez, Ana M. and Voigt, Markus and Grundmeier, Guido and Reuter, Dirk}},
  journal      = {{Journal of Crystal Growth}},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier}},
  title        = {{{Remote epitaxy of In(x)Ga(1-x)As(001) on graphene covered GaAs(001) substrates}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2022.126756}},
  volume       = {{593}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}

@article{62235,
  abstract     = {{<jats:p>Additive manufacturing (AM) processes are not solely used where maximum design freedom meets low lot sizes. Direct microstructure design and topology optimization can be realized concomitantly during processing by adjusting the geometry, the material composition, and the solidification behavior of the material considered. However, when complex specific requirements have to be met, a targeted part design is highly challenging. In the field of biodegradable implant surgery, a cytocompatible material of an application-adapted shape has to be characterized by a specific degradation behavior and reliably predictable mechanical properties. For instance, small amounts of oxides can have a significant effect on microstructural development, thus likewise affecting the strength and corrosion behavior of the processed material. In the present study, biocompatible pure Fe was processed using electron powder bed fusion (E-PBF). Two different modifications of the Fe were processed by incorporating Fe oxide and Ce oxide in different proportions in order to assess their impact on the microstructural evolution, the mechanical response and the corrosion behavior. The quasistatic mechanical and chemical properties were analyzed and correlated with the final microstructural appearance.</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Torrent, Christof J. J. and Krooß, Philipp and Huang, Jingyuan and Voigt, Markus and Ebbert, Christoph and Knust, Steffen and Grundmeier, Guido and Niendorf, Thomas}},
  issn         = {{2674-063X}},
  journal      = {{Alloys}},
  number       = {{1}},
  pages        = {{31--53}},
  publisher    = {{MDPI AG}},
  title        = {{{Oxide Modified Iron in Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion—From Processability to Corrosion Properties}}},
  doi          = {{10.3390/alloys1010004}},
  volume       = {{1}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}

@article{63206,
  abstract     = {{<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Pure iron is very attractive as a biodegradable implant material due to its high biocompatibility. In combination with additive manufacturing, which facilitates great flexibility of the implant design, it is possible to selectively adjust the microstructure of the material in the process, thereby control the corrosion and fatigue behavior. In the present study, conventional hot-rolled (HR) pure iron is compared to pure iron manufactured by electron beam melting (EBM). The microstructure, the corrosion behavior and the fatigue properties were studied comprehensively. The investigated sample conditions showed significant differences in the microstructures that led to changes in corrosion and fatigue properties. The EBM iron showed significantly lower fatigue strength compared to the HR iron. These different fatigue responses were observed under purely mechanical loading as well as with superimposed corrosion influence and are summarized in a model that describes the underlying failure mechanisms.</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Wackenrohr, Steffen and Torrent, Christof Johannes Jaime and Herbst, Sebastian and Nürnberger, Florian and Krooss, Philipp and Ebbert, Christoph and Voigt, Markus and Grundmeier, Guido and Niendorf, Thomas and Maier, Hans Jürgen}},
  issn         = {{2397-2106}},
  journal      = {{npj Materials Degradation}},
  number       = {{1}},
  publisher    = {{Springer Science and Business Media LLC}},
  title        = {{{Corrosion fatigue behavior of electron beam melted iron in simulated body fluid}}},
  doi          = {{10.1038/s41529-022-00226-4}},
  volume       = {{6}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}

@article{62237,
  author       = {{Vieth, P. and Voigt, Markus and Ebbert, Christoph and Milkereit, B. and Zhuravlev, E. and Yang, B. and Keßler, O. and Grundmeier, Guido}},
  issn         = {{2212-8271}},
  journal      = {{Procedia CIRP}},
  pages        = {{17--20}},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier BV}},
  title        = {{{Surface inoculation of aluminium powders for additive manufacturing of Al-7075 alloys}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.procir.2020.09.004}},
  volume       = {{94}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}

@article{25911,
  abstract     = {{Different types of reduced graphene oxide and graphene oxide particles have been studied regarding their influence on the curing behaviour of epoxy-amine resins. Especially the specific surface area of reduced graphene oxide was selectively influenced by controlled drying of the material. The different types of reduced graphene oxide particles were used to produce epoxy-amine composites that significantly change their curing behaviour and mechanical properties. A variety of surface areas and compositions were prepared by combination of a fast heating rate and different drying methods. The combination of freeze drying with a fast heating rate leads to a large specific surface area of 680 m2/g. The morphologies of the particles were observed by scanning electron microscope and the BET surface area was measured with nitrogen-physisorption. The exfoliation quality was measured by XRD. The generated graphene oxide and thermally reduced graphene oxide particles were mixed with epoxy-amine resin. The curing behaviour was studied with rheological and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements. We observed that different surface functionalities lowers the Glass transition temperature and the gel time of an epoxy-amine curing system. In addition, we found that generated graphene oxide acts as flexibilizer. An increase of the deformation from 2.5 mm to 3.1 mm was measured by Erichsen Cupping Test.}},
  author       = {{Wolk, Andreas and Rosenthal, Marta and Weiß, Julia and Voigt, Markus and Wesendahl, Jan-Niklas and Hartmann, Marc and Grundmeier, Guido and Wilhelm, Rene and Meschut, Gerson and Tiemann, Michael and Bremser, Wolfgang}},
  issn         = {{0300-9440}},
  journal      = {{Progress in Organic Coatings}},
  pages        = {{280--289}},
  title        = {{{Graphene oxide as flexibilizer for epoxy amine resins}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.porgcoat.2018.05.028}},
  year         = {{2018}},
}