@article{63765,
  abstract     = {{Rubber-metal bushings (RMB) are critical components in multi-body systems, such as vehicles and industrial machinery, due to their ability to enable relative motion, dampen vibrations, and transmit forces. However, their nonlinear behavior challenges accurate modeling. Traditional physics-based models often fail to balance simplicity, accuracy, and computational efficiency. The growing availability of experimental data offers opportunities to improve RMB modeling through hybrid and data-driven approaches. This study evaluates physics-based, hybrid, and data-driven methods based on predictive accuracy, modeling effort, and computational cost. Hybrid approaches, combining machine learning techniques with physics-based models, are investigated to leverage their complementary strengths. Results show that hybrid methods enhance accuracy for simpler models with a modest increase in computational time. This highlights their potential to simplify RMB modeling while balancing accuracy and efficiency, offering insights for advancing multi-body system simulations. Building on these insights, data-driven methods are explored for their ability to provide surrogate models for dynamical systems without requiring expert knowledge. Experiments reveal that while simple data-driven methods approximate system behavior when data has low variance, they fail with trajectories of widely varying frequency and amplitude.}},
  author       = {{Wohlleben, Meike Claudia and Schütte, Jan and Berkemeier, Manuel Bastian and Sextro, Walter and Peitz, Sebastian}},
  issn         = {{1384-5640}},
  journal      = {{Multibody System Dynamics}},
  pages        = {{1–21}},
  title        = {{{Evaluating Physics-Based, Hybrid, and Data-Driven Models for Rubber-Metal Bushings}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s11044-026-10146-9}},
  year         = {{2026}},
}

@unpublished{60881,
  abstract     = {{<jats:p>Hybrid modeling aims to combine physical and data-driven models to increase simulation accuracy without losing physical interpretability. In the context of dynamic mechanical systems, this enables the compensation of modeling inaccuracies that arise from simplifications, missing effects, or uncertain parameters. In this work, a hybrid model is used as a starting point, in which the discrepancy between simulation and measurement is learned and compensated by a data-driven correction element. To integrate such models into commercial multibody system (MBS) software like MSC Adams and Simpack, the formulation is adapted to operate directly on the force level. This allows implementation via standard co-simulation interfaces without modifying the system’s differential equations or solvers. The method is demonstrated using a single-mass oscillator with synthetic measurement data. Results show that the coupled simulation works reliably and that the hybrid model significantly improves accuracy while remaining compatible with established industrial simulation workflows.</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Wohlleben, Meike Claudia and Linneweber, Jill Mercedes and Schütte, Jan and Sextro, Walter}},
  publisher    = {{MDPI AG}},
  title        = {{{Enabling Hybrid Modeling in Commercial MBS Software: A Force-Level Approach}}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}

@misc{64894,
  abstract     = {{This dataset contains experimental measurements of the radial dynamic and quasi-static characteristics of four different types of Rubber-Metal Bushings (RMBs) used in the suspension system of a passenger car under harmonic displacement excitation. For each bushing type, 2–3 individual specimens were tested.
 
Quasi-static measurements were performed at a constant excitation frequency of 0.05 Hz with varying displacement amplitudes. Dynamic measurements were conducted with displacement amplitudes ranging from 0.04 mm to 0.3 mm and excitation frequencies of 2, 5, 10, ..., up to 100 Hz.

The data is structured by bushing type, measurement mode, amplitude, and frequency, and is provided in *.csv  and *.hrm format. It is intended to support further research in modeling rubber-metal bushings and parameter identification techniques.}},
  author       = {{Schütte, Jan}},
  keywords     = {{bushing, experimental data, rubber-metal-bushing, Dataset suspension}},
  publisher    = {{LibreCat University}},
  title        = {{{Experimental Dataset: Force and Displacement Measurements of Four Rubber-Metal Bushing Types from a Passenger Car under Harmonic Displacement Excitation}}},
  doi          = {{10.5281/ZENODO.14851317}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}

@inproceedings{51338,
  author       = {{Schütte, Jan and Sextro, Walter}},
  booktitle    = {{20. VDI-Fachtagung Reifen - Fahrwerk - Fahrbahn}},
  location     = {{Karlsruhe}},
  pages        = {{165--180}},
  publisher    = {{VDI Verlag GmbH}},
  title        = {{{Einfluss der Radhubkinematik auf den Reifenverschleiß}}},
  volume       = {{2425}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

@article{27508,
  abstract     = {{<jats:p>To analyze the influence of suspension kinematics on tire wear, detailed simulation models are required. In this study, a non-linear, flexible multibody model of a rear axle system is built up in the simulation software MSC Adams/View. The physical model comprises the suspension kinematics, compliance, and dynamics as well as the non-linear behavior of the tire using the FTire model. FTire is chosen because it has a separate tire tread model to compute the contact pressure and friction force distribution in the tire contact patch. To build up the simulation model, a large amount of data is needed. Bushings, spring, and damper characteristics are modeled based on measurements. For the structural components (e.g., control arms), reverse engineering techniques are used. The components are 3D-scanned, reworked, and included as a modal reduced finite element (FE)-model using component mode synthesis by Craig–Bampton. Finally, the suspension model is validated by comparing the simulated kinematic and compliance characteristics to experimental results. To investigate the interaction of suspension kinematics and tire wear, straight line driving events, such as acceleration, driving with constant velocity, and deceleration, are simulated with different setups of wheel suspension kinematics. The influence of the setups on the resulting friction work between tire and road is examined, and an exemplarily calculation of tire wear based on a validated FTire tire model is carried out. The results demonstrate, on the one hand, that the chosen concept of elasto-kinematic axle leads to a relatively good match with experimental results and, on the other hand, that there are significant possibilities to reduce tire wear by adjusting the suspension kinematics.</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Schütte, Jan and Sextro, Walter}},
  issn         = {{2624-8921}},
  journal      = {{Vehicles}},
  pages        = {{233--256}},
  title        = {{{Tire Wear Reduction Based on an Extended Multibody Rear Axle Model}}},
  doi          = {{10.3390/vehicles3020015}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}

@article{29293,
  author       = {{Martin, Sven and Schütte, Jan and Bäumler, C. and Sextro, Walter and Tröster, Thomas}},
  issn         = {{2666-3597}},
  journal      = {{Forces in Mechanics}},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier BV}},
  title        = {{{Identification of joints for a load-adapted shape in a body in white using steady state vehicle simulations}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.finmec.2021.100065}},
  volume       = {{6}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}

@inproceedings{22007,
  author       = {{Schütte, Jan and Sextro, Walter}},
  booktitle    = {{Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering}},
  isbn         = {{9783030380762}},
  issn         = {{2195-4356}},
  title        = {{{Model-Based Investigation of the Influence of Wheel Suspension Characteristics on Tire Wear}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/978-3-030-38077-9_201}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}

@inproceedings{15475,
  abstract     = {{Die Achse als einzige Verbindung zwischen Fahrzeugaufbau und Rad hat die Hauptaufgabe das Rad auf der Straße zuführen. Kinematisch betrachtet übernimmt die Radaufhängung, als Teil der Achse, die Funktion, zwischen Rad und Fahrzeugaufbaueinen vertikalen Freiheitsgrad zur Aufnahme von Fahrbahnunebenheiten zu realisieren. Die aus der RadhubundElastokinematik resultierenden Radstellungsänderungen bestimmen dabei maßgeblich die Fahrdynamik. Zur objektivenBeurteilung von Radaufhängungen ist eine genaue Charakterisierung der Radhub- und Elastokinematik erforderlich.Daher wurde zur Identifikation der kinematischen, elastokinematischen und dynamischen Radaufhängungseigenschaftenam Lehrstuhl für Dynamik und Mechatronik der Universität Paderborn ein Halbachsprüfstand entwickelt. Bei der Auslegungwurde Wert auf ein möglichst breites Einsatzspektrum gelegt. Es können verschiedene Typen von Einzelradaufhängungenin Serien- oder Prototypenkonfiguration am Prüfstand analysiert werden. Er ermöglicht eine Identifikation derdynamischen Radstellungsänderungen unter verschiedenen fahrdynamischen Lastfällen und regellosen Anregungen.}},
  author       = {{Schütte, Jan and Sextro, Walter and Kohl, Sergej}},
  booktitle    = {{Fachtagung Mechatronik 2019}},
  location     = {{Paderborn}},
  publisher    = {{Universitätsbibliothek Paderborn, 2019}},
  title        = {{{Halbachsprüfstand zur kinematischen, elastokinematischen und dynamischen Charakterisierung von Radaufhängungen}}},
  doi          = {{10.17619/UNIPB/1-777}},
  year         = {{2019}},
}