---
_id: '65180'
author:
- first_name: Lutz
full_name: Terfloth, Lutz
id: '37320'
last_name: Terfloth
- first_name: Heike M.
full_name: Buhl, Heike M.
id: '27152'
last_name: Buhl
- first_name: Vivien
full_name: Lohmer, Vivien
id: '99097'
last_name: Lohmer
- first_name: Michael
full_name: Schaffer, Michael
id: '92807'
last_name: Schaffer
- first_name: Frederike
full_name: Kern, Frederike
last_name: Kern
- first_name: Carsten
full_name: Schulte, Carsten
id: '60311'
last_name: Schulte
citation:
ama: 'Terfloth L, Buhl HM, Lohmer V, Schaffer M, Kern F, Schulte C. Bridging
the Dual Nature: How Integrated Explanations Enhance Understanding of Technical
Artifacts.; 2026.'
apa: 'Terfloth, L., Buhl, H. M., Lohmer, V., Schaffer, M., Kern, F., & Schulte,
C. (2026). Bridging the Dual Nature: How Integrated Explanations Enhance Understanding
of Technical Artifacts.'
bibtex: '@book{Terfloth_Buhl_Lohmer_Schaffer_Kern_Schulte_2026, title={Bridging
the Dual Nature: How Integrated Explanations Enhance Understanding of Technical
Artifacts}, author={Terfloth, Lutz and Buhl, Heike M. and Lohmer, Vivien and Schaffer,
Michael and Kern, Frederike and Schulte, Carsten}, year={2026} }'
chicago: 'Terfloth, Lutz, Heike M. Buhl, Vivien Lohmer, Michael Schaffer, Frederike
Kern, and Carsten Schulte. Bridging the Dual Nature: How Integrated Explanations
Enhance Understanding of Technical Artifacts, 2026.'
ieee: 'L. Terfloth, H. M. Buhl, V. Lohmer, M. Schaffer, F. Kern, and C. Schulte,
Bridging the Dual Nature: How Integrated Explanations Enhance Understanding
of Technical Artifacts. 2026.'
mla: 'Terfloth, Lutz, et al. Bridging the Dual Nature: How Integrated Explanations
Enhance Understanding of Technical Artifacts. 2026.'
short: 'L. Terfloth, H.M. Buhl, V. Lohmer, M. Schaffer, F. Kern, C. Schulte, Bridging
the Dual Nature: How Integrated Explanations Enhance Understanding of Technical
Artifacts, 2026.'
date_created: 2026-03-27T15:51:01Z
date_updated: 2026-03-27T15:53:19Z
department:
- _id: '427'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2603.24325
oa: '1'
project:
- _id: '114'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A04: Integration des technischen Modells in das Partnermodell
bei der Erklärung von digitalen Artefakten'
status: public
title: 'Bridging the Dual Nature: How Integrated Explanations Enhance Understanding
of Technical Artifacts'
type: working_paper
user_id: '90826'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '60357'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Transcripts play a crucial role in qualitative research in computing
education, with significant implications for the credibility and reproducibility
of findings. However, unreflective and inconsistent transcription standards may
unintentionally introduce biases, potentially undermining the validity of research
outcomes and the collective progress of the field. In this article, we introduce
transcription as a theoretically guided process rather than a mere preparatory
step, illustrating its role using a case example. Additionally, through a systematic
review of 107 qualitative research articles in computing education, we identify
widespread shortcomings in the reporting and implementation of transcription practices,
revealing a need for greater intentionality and transparency. To address these
challenges, we propose a three-step framework for selecting, applying, and documenting
transcription standards that align with the specific context and goals of a study.
Rather than advocating for overly complex, one-size-fits-all transcription strategies,
we emphasize the importance of a context-appropriate approach that is clearly
communicated to foster trust and reproducibility. By advancing a more robust transcription
culture, this work aims to support computing education researchers in adopting
standards that enhance the quality and reliability of qualitative research in
the field.
author:
- first_name: Lutz
full_name: Terfloth, Lutz
id: '37320'
last_name: Terfloth
- first_name: Vivien
full_name: Lohmer, Vivien
last_name: Lohmer
- first_name: Friederike
full_name: Kern, Friederike
last_name: Kern
- first_name: Carsten
full_name: Schulte, Carsten
id: '60311'
last_name: Schulte
citation:
ama: 'Terfloth L, Lohmer V, Kern F, Schulte C. Transcription in Computing Education
Research: A Review and Recommendations. Informatics in Education. Published
online 2025. doi:10.15388/infedu.2025.09'
apa: 'Terfloth, L., Lohmer, V., Kern, F., & Schulte, C. (2025). Transcription
in Computing Education Research: A Review and Recommendations. Informatics
in Education. https://doi.org/10.15388/infedu.2025.09'
bibtex: '@article{Terfloth_Lohmer_Kern_Schulte_2025, title={Transcription in Computing
Education Research: A Review and Recommendations}, DOI={10.15388/infedu.2025.09},
journal={Informatics in Education}, publisher={Vilnius University Press}, author={Terfloth,
Lutz and Lohmer, Vivien and Kern, Friederike and Schulte, Carsten}, year={2025}
}'
chicago: 'Terfloth, Lutz, Vivien Lohmer, Friederike Kern, and Carsten Schulte. “Transcription
in Computing Education Research: A Review and Recommendations.” Informatics
in Education, 2025. https://doi.org/10.15388/infedu.2025.09.'
ieee: 'L. Terfloth, V. Lohmer, F. Kern, and C. Schulte, “Transcription in Computing
Education Research: A Review and Recommendations,” Informatics in Education,
2025, doi: 10.15388/infedu.2025.09.'
mla: 'Terfloth, Lutz, et al. “Transcription in Computing Education Research: A Review
and Recommendations.” Informatics in Education, Vilnius University Press,
2025, doi:10.15388/infedu.2025.09.'
short: L. Terfloth, V. Lohmer, F. Kern, C. Schulte, Informatics in Education (2025).
date_created: 2025-06-24T10:00:27Z
date_updated: 2025-06-24T10:02:22Z
department:
- _id: '67'
doi: 10.15388/infedu.2025.09
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://infedu.vu.lt/journal/INFEDU/article/805/info
oa: '1'
publication: Informatics in Education
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 1648-5831
- 2335-8971
publication_status: published
publisher: Vilnius University Press
status: public
title: 'Transcription in Computing Education Research: A Review and Recommendations'
type: journal_article
user_id: '37320'
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '60718'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: "The ability to generate explanations that are understood by explainees is
the\r\nquintessence of explainable artificial intelligence. Since understanding\r\ndepends
on the explainee's background and needs, recent research focused on\r\nco-constructive
explanation dialogues, where an explainer continuously monitors\r\nthe explainee's
understanding and adapts their explanations dynamically. We\r\ninvestigate the
ability of large language models (LLMs) to engage as explainers\r\nin co-constructive
explanation dialogues. In particular, we present a user\r\nstudy in which explainees
interact with an LLM in two settings, one of which\r\ninvolves the LLM being instructed
to explain a topic co-constructively. We\r\nevaluate the explainees' understanding
before and after the dialogue, as well\r\nas their perception of the LLMs' co-constructive
behavior. Our results suggest\r\nthat LLMs show some co-constructive behaviors,
such as asking verification\r\nquestions, that foster the explainees' engagement
and can improve understanding\r\nof a topic. However, their ability to effectively
monitor the current\r\nunderstanding and scaffold the explanations accordingly
remains limited."
author:
- first_name: Leandra
full_name: Fichtel, Leandra
last_name: Fichtel
- first_name: Maximilian
full_name: Spliethöver, Maximilian
last_name: Spliethöver
- first_name: Eyke
full_name: Hüllermeier, Eyke
last_name: Hüllermeier
- first_name: Patricia
full_name: Jimenez, Patricia
id: '103339'
last_name: Jimenez
- first_name: Nils
full_name: Klowait, Nils
id: '98454'
last_name: Klowait
orcid: 0000-0002-7347-099X
- first_name: Stefan
full_name: Kopp, Stefan
last_name: Kopp
- first_name: Axel-Cyrille
full_name: Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille
id: '65716'
last_name: Ngonga Ngomo
- first_name: Amelie
full_name: Robrecht, Amelie
last_name: Robrecht
- first_name: Ingrid
full_name: Scharlau, Ingrid
id: '451'
last_name: Scharlau
orcid: 0000-0003-2364-9489
- first_name: Lutz
full_name: Terfloth, Lutz
id: '37320'
last_name: Terfloth
- first_name: Anna-Lisa
full_name: Vollmer, Anna-Lisa
last_name: Vollmer
- first_name: Henning
full_name: Wachsmuth, Henning
last_name: Wachsmuth
citation:
ama: Fichtel L, Spliethöver M, Hüllermeier E, et al. Investigating Co-Constructive
Behavior of Large Language Models in Explanation Dialogues. arXiv:250418483.
Published online 2025.
apa: Fichtel, L., Spliethöver, M., Hüllermeier, E., Jimenez, P., Klowait, N., Kopp,
S., Ngonga Ngomo, A.-C., Robrecht, A., Scharlau, I., Terfloth, L., Vollmer, A.-L.,
& Wachsmuth, H. (2025). Investigating Co-Constructive Behavior of Large Language
Models in Explanation Dialogues. In arXiv:2504.18483.
bibtex: '@article{Fichtel_Spliethöver_Hüllermeier_Jimenez_Klowait_Kopp_Ngonga Ngomo_Robrecht_Scharlau_Terfloth_et
al._2025, title={Investigating Co-Constructive Behavior of Large Language Models
in Explanation Dialogues}, journal={arXiv:2504.18483}, author={Fichtel, Leandra
and Spliethöver, Maximilian and Hüllermeier, Eyke and Jimenez, Patricia and Klowait,
Nils and Kopp, Stefan and Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille and Robrecht, Amelie and
Scharlau, Ingrid and Terfloth, Lutz and et al.}, year={2025} }'
chicago: Fichtel, Leandra, Maximilian Spliethöver, Eyke Hüllermeier, Patricia Jimenez,
Nils Klowait, Stefan Kopp, Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo, et al. “Investigating Co-Constructive
Behavior of Large Language Models in Explanation Dialogues.” ArXiv:2504.18483,
2025.
ieee: L. Fichtel et al., “Investigating Co-Constructive Behavior of Large
Language Models in Explanation Dialogues,” arXiv:2504.18483. 2025.
mla: Fichtel, Leandra, et al. “Investigating Co-Constructive Behavior of Large Language
Models in Explanation Dialogues.” ArXiv:2504.18483, 2025.
short: L. Fichtel, M. Spliethöver, E. Hüllermeier, P. Jimenez, N. Klowait, S. Kopp,
A.-C. Ngonga Ngomo, A. Robrecht, I. Scharlau, L. Terfloth, A.-L. Vollmer, H. Wachsmuth,
ArXiv:2504.18483 (2025).
date_created: 2025-07-22T13:10:42Z
date_updated: 2025-07-23T11:23:32Z
external_id:
arxiv:
- '2504.18483'
has_accepted_license: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.18483
page: '20'
project:
- _id: '121'
grant_number: '438445824'
name: 'TRR 318 - B01: TRR 318 - Ein dialogbasierter Ansatz zur Erklärung von Modellen
des maschinellen Lernens (Teilprojekt B01)'
- _id: '127'
name: 'TRR 318 - C4: TRR 318 - Subproject C4 - Metaphern als Werkzeug des Erklärens'
- _id: '122'
name: 'TRR 318 - B3: TRR 318 - Subproject B3'
- _id: '119'
name: 'TRR 318 - Ö: TRR 318 - Project Area Ö'
- _id: '114'
grant_number: '438445824'
name: 'TRR 318 - A04: TRR 318 - Integration des technischen Modells in das Partnermodell
bei der Erklärung von digitalen Artefakten (Teilprojekt A04)'
publication: arXiv:2504.18483
status: public
title: Investigating Co-Constructive Behavior of Large Language Models in Explanation
Dialogues
type: preprint
user_id: '98454'
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '61234'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: "The ability to generate explanations that are understood by explainees is
the\r\nquintessence of explainable artificial intelligence. Since understanding\r\ndepends
on the explainee's background and needs, recent research focused on\r\nco-constructive
explanation dialogues, where an explainer continuously monitors\r\nthe explainee's
understanding and adapts their explanations dynamically. We\r\ninvestigate the
ability of large language models (LLMs) to engage as explainers\r\nin co-constructive
explanation dialogues. In particular, we present a user\r\nstudy in which explainees
interact with an LLM in two settings, one of which\r\ninvolves the LLM being instructed
to explain a topic co-constructively. We\r\nevaluate the explainees' understanding
before and after the dialogue, as well\r\nas their perception of the LLMs' co-constructive
behavior. Our results suggest\r\nthat LLMs show some co-constructive behaviors,
such as asking verification\r\nquestions, that foster the explainees' engagement
and can improve understanding\r\nof a topic. However, their ability to effectively
monitor the current\r\nunderstanding and scaffold the explanations accordingly
remains limited."
author:
- first_name: Leandra
full_name: Fichtel, Leandra
last_name: Fichtel
- first_name: Maximilian
full_name: Spliethöver, Maximilian
id: '84035'
last_name: Spliethöver
orcid: 0000-0003-4364-1409
- first_name: Eyke
full_name: Hüllermeier, Eyke
id: '48129'
last_name: Hüllermeier
- first_name: Patricia
full_name: Jimenez, Patricia
id: '103339'
last_name: Jimenez
- first_name: Nils
full_name: Klowait, Nils
id: '98454'
last_name: Klowait
orcid: 0000-0002-7347-099X
- first_name: Stefan
full_name: Kopp, Stefan
last_name: Kopp
- first_name: Axel-Cyrille
full_name: Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille
id: '65716'
last_name: Ngonga Ngomo
- first_name: Amelie
full_name: Robrecht, Amelie
id: '91982'
last_name: Robrecht
orcid: 0000-0001-5622-8248
- first_name: Ingrid
full_name: Scharlau, Ingrid
id: '451'
last_name: Scharlau
orcid: 0000-0003-2364-9489
- first_name: Lutz
full_name: Terfloth, Lutz
id: '37320'
last_name: Terfloth
- first_name: Anna-Lisa
full_name: Vollmer, Anna-Lisa
id: '86589'
last_name: Vollmer
- first_name: Henning
full_name: Wachsmuth, Henning
id: '3900'
last_name: Wachsmuth
citation:
ama: 'Fichtel L, Spliethöver M, Hüllermeier E, et al. Investigating Co-Constructive
Behavior of Large Language Models in Explanation Dialogues. In: Proceedings
of the 26th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue.
Association for Computational Linguistics.'
apa: Fichtel, L., Spliethöver, M., Hüllermeier, E., Jimenez, P., Klowait, N., Kopp,
S., Ngonga Ngomo, A.-C., Robrecht, A., Scharlau, I., Terfloth, L., Vollmer, A.-L.,
& Wachsmuth, H. (n.d.). Investigating Co-Constructive Behavior of Large Language
Models in Explanation Dialogues. Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of
the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue. Annual Meeting of the
Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue.
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Fichtel_Spliethöver_Hüllermeier_Jimenez_Klowait_Kopp_Ngonga
Ngomo_Robrecht_Scharlau_Terfloth_et al., place={Avignon, France}, title={Investigating
Co-Constructive Behavior of Large Language Models in Explanation Dialogues},
booktitle={Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group
on Discourse and Dialogue}, publisher={Association for Computational Linguistics},
author={Fichtel, Leandra and Spliethöver, Maximilian and Hüllermeier, Eyke and
Jimenez, Patricia and Klowait, Nils and Kopp, Stefan and Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille
and Robrecht, Amelie and Scharlau, Ingrid and Terfloth, Lutz and et al.} }'
chicago: 'Fichtel, Leandra, Maximilian Spliethöver, Eyke Hüllermeier, Patricia Jimenez,
Nils Klowait, Stefan Kopp, Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo, et al. “Investigating Co-Constructive
Behavior of Large Language Models in Explanation Dialogues.” In Proceedings
of the 26th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue.
Avignon, France: Association for Computational Linguistics, n.d.'
ieee: L. Fichtel et al., “Investigating Co-Constructive Behavior of Large
Language Models in Explanation Dialogues,” presented at the Annual Meeting of
the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue.
mla: Fichtel, Leandra, et al. “Investigating Co-Constructive Behavior of Large Language
Models in Explanation Dialogues.” Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of
the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue, Association for Computational
Linguistics.
short: 'L. Fichtel, M. Spliethöver, E. Hüllermeier, P. Jimenez, N. Klowait, S. Kopp,
A.-C. Ngonga Ngomo, A. Robrecht, I. Scharlau, L. Terfloth, A.-L. Vollmer, H. Wachsmuth,
in: Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse
and Dialogue, Association for Computational Linguistics, Avignon, France, n.d.'
conference:
name: Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue
date_created: 2025-09-11T16:11:17Z
date_updated: 2025-09-12T09:50:48Z
department:
- _id: '660'
external_id:
arxiv:
- '2504.18483'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.18483
oa: '1'
place: Avignon, France
project:
- _id: '118'
name: 'TRR 318: Project Area INF'
- _id: '121'
name: 'TRR 318; TP B01: Ein dialogbasierter Ansatz zur Erklärung von Modellen des
maschinellen Lernens'
- _id: '127'
name: 'TRR 318; TP C04: Metaphern als Werkzeug des Erklärens'
- _id: '122'
name: TRR 318 - Subproject B3
- _id: '119'
name: TRR 318 - Project Area Ö
- _id: '114'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A04: Integration des technischen Modells in das Partnermodell
bei der Erklärung von digitalen Artefakten'
publication: Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group
on Discourse and Dialogue
publication_status: accepted
publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
related_material:
link:
- relation: software
url: https://github.com/webis-de/sigdial25-co-constructive-llms
- relation: research_data
url: https://github.com/webis-de/sigdial25-co-constructive-llms-data
status: public
title: Investigating Co-Constructive Behavior of Large Language Models in Explanation
Dialogues
type: conference
user_id: '84035'
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '61243'
author:
- first_name: Josephine Beryl
full_name: Fisher, Josephine Beryl
id: '56345'
last_name: Fisher
orcid: 0000-0002-9997-9241
- first_name: Lutz
full_name: Terfloth, Lutz
id: '37320'
last_name: Terfloth
citation:
ama: 'Fisher JB, Terfloth L. The Dual Nature as a Local Context to Explore Verbal
Behaviour in Game Explanations. In: Proceedings of the 29th Workshop on the
Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue (SemDial 2025). ; 2025.'
apa: Fisher, J. B., & Terfloth, L. (2025). The Dual Nature as a Local Context
to Explore Verbal Behaviour in Game Explanations. Proceedings of the 29th
Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue (SemDial 2025).
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Fisher_Terfloth_2025, title={The Dual Nature as a Local
Context to Explore Verbal Behaviour in Game Explanations}, booktitle={ Proceedings
of the 29th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue (SemDial 2025)},
author={Fisher, Josephine Beryl and Terfloth, Lutz}, year={2025} }'
chicago: Fisher, Josephine Beryl, and Lutz Terfloth. “The Dual Nature as a Local
Context to Explore Verbal Behaviour in Game Explanations.” In Proceedings
of the 29th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue (SemDial 2025),
2025.
ieee: J. B. Fisher and L. Terfloth, “The Dual Nature as a Local Context to Explore
Verbal Behaviour in Game Explanations,” 2025.
mla: Fisher, Josephine Beryl, and Lutz Terfloth. “The Dual Nature as a Local Context
to Explore Verbal Behaviour in Game Explanations.” Proceedings of the 29th
Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue (SemDial 2025), 2025.
short: 'J.B. Fisher, L. Terfloth, in: Proceedings of the 29th Workshop on the Semantics
and Pragmatics of Dialogue (SemDial 2025), 2025.'
date_created: 2025-09-12T09:28:30Z
date_updated: 2025-09-15T14:36:06Z
department:
- _id: '660'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://www.semdial.org/anthology/Z25-Fisher_semdial_4432.pdf
project:
- _id: '111'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A01: Adaptives Erklären'
- _id: '114'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A04: Integration des technischen Modells in das Partnermodell
bei der Erklärung von digitalen Artefakten'
publication: ' Proceedings of the 29th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of
Dialogue (SemDial 2025)'
status: public
title: The Dual Nature as a Local Context to Explore Verbal Behaviour in Game Explanations
type: conference_abstract
user_id: '56345'
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '61156'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Explainability has become an important topic in computer science and artificial
intelligence, leading to a subfield called Explainable Artificial Intelligence
(XAI). The goal of providing or seeking explanations is to achieve (better) ‘understanding’
on the part of the explainee. However, what it means to ‘understand’ is still
not clearly defined, and the concept itself is rarely the subject of scientific
investigation. This conceptual article aims to present a model of forms of understanding
for XAI-explanations and beyond. From an interdisciplinary perspective bringing
together computer science, linguistics, sociology, philosophy and psychology,
a definition of understanding and its forms, assessment, and dynamics during the
process of giving everyday explanations are explored. Two types of understanding
are considered as possible outcomes of explanations, namely enabledness, ‘knowing
how’ to do or decide something, and comprehension, ‘knowing that’ – both in different
degrees (from shallow to deep). Explanations regularly start with shallow understanding
in a specific domain and can lead to deep comprehension and enabledness of the
explanandum, which we see as a prerequisite for human users to gain agency. In
this process, the increase of comprehension and enabledness are highly interdependent.
Against the background of this systematization, special challenges of understanding
in XAI are discussed.
article_number: '101419'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Hendrik
full_name: Buschmeier, Hendrik
id: '76456'
last_name: Buschmeier
orcid: 0000-0002-9613-5713
- first_name: Heike M.
full_name: Buhl, Heike M.
id: '27152'
last_name: Buhl
- first_name: Friederike
full_name: Kern, Friederike
last_name: Kern
- first_name: Angela
full_name: Grimminger, Angela
id: '57578'
last_name: Grimminger
- first_name: Helen
full_name: Beierling, Helen
id: '50995'
last_name: Beierling
- first_name: Josephine Beryl
full_name: Fisher, Josephine Beryl
id: '56345'
last_name: Fisher
orcid: 0000-0002-9997-9241
- first_name: André
full_name: Groß, André
id: '93405'
last_name: Groß
orcid: 0000-0002-9593-7220
- first_name: Ilona
full_name: Horwath, Ilona
id: '68836'
last_name: Horwath
- first_name: Nils
full_name: Klowait, Nils
id: '98454'
last_name: Klowait
orcid: 0000-0002-7347-099X
- first_name: Stefan Teodorov
full_name: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov
id: '90345'
last_name: Lazarov
orcid: 0009-0009-0892-9483
- first_name: Michael
full_name: Lenke, Michael
last_name: Lenke
- first_name: Vivien
full_name: Lohmer, Vivien
last_name: Lohmer
- first_name: Katharina
full_name: Rohlfing, Katharina
id: '50352'
last_name: Rohlfing
orcid: 0000-0002-5676-8233
- first_name: Ingrid
full_name: Scharlau, Ingrid
id: '451'
last_name: Scharlau
orcid: 0000-0003-2364-9489
- first_name: Amit
full_name: Singh, Amit
id: '91018'
last_name: Singh
orcid: 0000-0002-7789-1521
- first_name: Lutz
full_name: Terfloth, Lutz
id: '37320'
last_name: Terfloth
- first_name: Anna-Lisa
full_name: Vollmer, Anna-Lisa
id: '86589'
last_name: Vollmer
- first_name: Yu
full_name: Wang, Yu
last_name: Wang
- first_name: Annedore
full_name: Wilmes, Annedore
last_name: Wilmes
- first_name: Britta
full_name: Wrede, Britta
last_name: Wrede
citation:
ama: Buschmeier H, Buhl HM, Kern F, et al. Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations.
Cognitive Systems Research. 2025;94. doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419
apa: Buschmeier, H., Buhl, H. M., Kern, F., Grimminger, A., Beierling, H., Fisher,
J. B., Groß, A., Horwath, I., Klowait, N., Lazarov, S. T., Lenke, M., Lohmer,
V., Rohlfing, K., Scharlau, I., Singh, A., Terfloth, L., Vollmer, A.-L., Wang,
Y., Wilmes, A., & Wrede, B. (2025). Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations.
Cognitive Systems Research, 94, Article 101419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419
bibtex: '@article{Buschmeier_Buhl_Kern_Grimminger_Beierling_Fisher_Groß_Horwath_Klowait_Lazarov_et
al._2025, title={Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations}, volume={94}, DOI={10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419},
number={101419}, journal={Cognitive Systems Research}, author={Buschmeier, Hendrik
and Buhl, Heike M. and Kern, Friederike and Grimminger, Angela and Beierling,
Helen and Fisher, Josephine Beryl and Groß, André and Horwath, Ilona and Klowait,
Nils and Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and et al.}, year={2025} }'
chicago: Buschmeier, Hendrik, Heike M. Buhl, Friederike Kern, Angela Grimminger,
Helen Beierling, Josephine Beryl Fisher, André Groß, et al. “Forms of Understanding
for XAI-Explanations.” Cognitive Systems Research 94 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419.
ieee: 'H. Buschmeier et al., “Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations,”
Cognitive Systems Research, vol. 94, Art. no. 101419, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419.'
mla: Buschmeier, Hendrik, et al. “Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations.”
Cognitive Systems Research, vol. 94, 101419, 2025, doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419.
short: H. Buschmeier, H.M. Buhl, F. Kern, A. Grimminger, H. Beierling, J.B. Fisher,
A. Groß, I. Horwath, N. Klowait, S.T. Lazarov, M. Lenke, V. Lohmer, K. Rohlfing,
I. Scharlau, A. Singh, L. Terfloth, A.-L. Vollmer, Y. Wang, A. Wilmes, B. Wrede,
Cognitive Systems Research 94 (2025).
date_created: 2025-09-08T14:24:32Z
date_updated: 2025-12-05T15:32:25Z
ddc:
- '006'
department:
- _id: '660'
doi: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419
file:
- access_level: closed
content_type: application/pdf
creator: hbuschme
date_created: 2025-12-01T21:02:20Z
date_updated: 2025-12-01T21:02:20Z
file_id: '62730'
file_name: Buschmeier-etal-2025-COGSYS.pdf
file_size: 10114981
relation: main_file
success: 1
file_date_updated: 2025-12-01T21:02:20Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: ' 94'
keyword:
- understanding
- explaining
- explanations
- explainable
- AI
- interdisciplinarity
- comprehension
- enabledness
- agency
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389041725000993?via%3Dihub
oa: '1'
project:
- _id: '111'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A01: Adaptives Erklären'
- _id: '112'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten'
- _id: '113'
name: TRR 318 - Subproject A3
- _id: '114'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A04: Integration des technischen Modells in das Partnermodell
bei der Erklärung von digitalen Artefakten'
- _id: '115'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A05: Echtzeitmessung der Aufmerksamkeit im Mensch-Roboter-Erklärdialog'
- _id: '122'
name: TRR 318 - Subproject B3
- _id: '123'
name: TRR 318 - Subproject B5
- _id: '119'
name: TRR 318 - Project Area Ö
publication: Cognitive Systems Research
publication_status: published
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations
type: journal_article
user_id: '57578'
volume: 94
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '57356'
author:
- first_name: 'Michael Erol '
full_name: 'Schaffer, Michael Erol '
last_name: Schaffer
- first_name: Lutz
full_name: Terfloth, Lutz
id: '37320'
last_name: Terfloth
- first_name: Carsten
full_name: Schulte, Carsten
id: '60311'
last_name: Schulte
- first_name: Heike M.
full_name: Buhl, Heike M.
id: '27152'
last_name: Buhl
citation:
ama: 'Schaffer ME, Terfloth L, Schulte C, Buhl HM. Perception and Consideration
of the Explainees’ Needs for Satisfying Explanations. In: ; 2024.'
apa: Schaffer, M. E., Terfloth, L., Schulte, C., & Buhl, H. M. (2024). Perception
and Consideration of the Explainees’ Needs for Satisfying Explanations. 2nd
World Conference on eXplainable Artificial Intelligence, Valletta, Malta.
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Schaffer_Terfloth_Schulte_Buhl_2024, place={Paderborn University,
Paderborn, Germany}, title={Perception and Consideration of the Explainees’ Needs
for Satisfying Explanations}, author={Schaffer, Michael Erol and Terfloth, Lutz
and Schulte, Carsten and Buhl, Heike M.}, year={2024} }'
chicago: Schaffer, Michael Erol , Lutz Terfloth, Carsten Schulte, and Heike M. Buhl.
“Perception and Consideration of the Explainees’ Needs for Satisfying Explanations.”
Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany, 2024.
ieee: M. E. Schaffer, L. Terfloth, C. Schulte, and H. M. Buhl, “Perception and Consideration
of the Explainees’ Needs for Satisfying Explanations,” presented at the 2nd World
Conference on eXplainable Artificial Intelligence, Valletta, Malta, 2024.
mla: Schaffer, Michael Erol, et al. Perception and Consideration of the Explainees’
Needs for Satisfying Explanations. 2024.
short: 'M.E. Schaffer, L. Terfloth, C. Schulte, H.M. Buhl, in: Paderborn University,
Paderborn, Germany, 2024.'
conference:
end_date: 2024-07-19
location: Valletta, Malta
name: 2nd World Conference on eXplainable Artificial Intelligence
start_date: 2024-07-17
date_created: 2024-11-23T09:14:58Z
date_updated: 2024-11-23T10:21:35Z
department:
- _id: '427'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3793/paper_3.pdf
oa: '1'
place: Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
project:
- _id: '114'
grant_number: '438445824'
name: 'TRR 318 - A04: TRR 318 - Integration des technischen Modells in das Partnermodell
bei der Erklärung von digitalen Artefakten (Teilprojekt A04)'
related_material:
link:
- relation: confirmation
url: https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3793/paper_3.pdf
status: public
title: Perception and Consideration of the Explainees’ Needs for Satisfying Explanations
type: conference
user_id: '90826'
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '57357'
author:
- first_name: 'Michael Erol '
full_name: 'Schaffer, Michael Erol '
last_name: Schaffer
- first_name: Lutz
full_name: Terfloth, Lutz
id: '37320'
last_name: Terfloth
- first_name: Carsten
full_name: Schulte, Carsten
id: '60311'
last_name: Schulte
- first_name: Heike M.
full_name: Buhl, Heike M.
id: '27152'
last_name: Buhl
citation:
ama: 'Schaffer ME, Terfloth L, Schulte C, Buhl HM. Explainers’ Mental Representations
of Explainees’ Needs in Everyday Explanations. In: Joint Proceedings of the
XAI-2024 Late-Breaking Work, Demos and Doctoral Consortium. 3793. ; 2024.'
apa: Schaffer, M. E., Terfloth, L., Schulte, C., & Buhl, H. M. (2024). Explainers’
Mental Representations of Explainees’ Needs in Everyday Explanations. Joint
Proceedings of the XAI-2024 Late-Breaking Work, Demos and Doctoral Consortium.
3793.
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Schaffer_Terfloth_Schulte_Buhl_2024, place={Paderborn University,
Paderborn, Germany}, title={Explainers’ Mental Representations of Explainees’
Needs in Everyday Explanations}, booktitle={Joint Proceedings of the xAI-2024
Late-breaking Work, Demos and Doctoral Consortium. 3793}, author={Schaffer, Michael
Erol and Terfloth, Lutz and Schulte, Carsten and Buhl, Heike M.}, year={2024}
}'
chicago: Schaffer, Michael Erol , Lutz Terfloth, Carsten Schulte, and Heike M. Buhl.
“Explainers’ Mental Representations of Explainees’ Needs in Everyday Explanations.”
In Joint Proceedings of the XAI-2024 Late-Breaking Work, Demos and Doctoral
Consortium. 3793. Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany, 2024.
ieee: M. E. Schaffer, L. Terfloth, C. Schulte, and H. M. Buhl, “Explainers’ Mental
Representations of Explainees’ Needs in Everyday Explanations,” 2024.
mla: Schaffer, Michael Erol, et al. “Explainers’ Mental Representations of Explainees’
Needs in Everyday Explanations.” Joint Proceedings of the XAI-2024 Late-Breaking
Work, Demos and Doctoral Consortium. 3793, 2024.
short: 'M.E. Schaffer, L. Terfloth, C. Schulte, H.M. Buhl, in: Joint Proceedings
of the XAI-2024 Late-Breaking Work, Demos and Doctoral Consortium. 3793, Paderborn
University, Paderborn, Germany, 2024.'
date_created: 2024-11-23T09:21:08Z
date_updated: 2024-11-23T10:20:47Z
department:
- _id: '427'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2411.08514
oa: '1'
place: Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
project:
- _id: '114'
grant_number: '438445824'
name: 'TRR 318 - A04: TRR 318 - Integration des technischen Modells in das Partnermodell
bei der Erklärung von digitalen Artefakten (Teilprojekt A04)'
publication: Joint Proceedings of the xAI-2024 Late-breaking Work, Demos and Doctoral
Consortium. 3793
related_material:
link:
- relation: original
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2411.08514
status: public
title: Explainers’ Mental Representations of Explainees’ Needs in Everyday Explanations
type: conference
user_id: '90826'
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '47448'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: 'In XAI it is important to consider that, in contrast to explanations for
professional audiences, one cannot assume common expertise when explaining for
laypeople. But such explanations between humans vary greatly, making it difficult
to research commonalities across explanations. We used the dual nature theory,
a techno-philosophical approach, to cope with these challenges. According to it,
one can explain, for example, an XAI''s decision by addressing its dual nature:
by focusing on the Architecture (e.g., the logic of its algorithms) or the Relevance
(e.g., the severity of a decision, the implications of a recommendation). We investigated
20 game explanations using the theory as an analytical framework. We elaborate
how we used the theory to quickly structure and compare explanations of technological
artifacts. We supplemented results from analyzing the explanation contents with
results from a video recall to explore how explainers justified their explanation.
We found that explainers were focusing on the physical aspects of the game first
(Architecture) and only later on aspects of the Relevance. Reasoning in the video
recalls indicated that EX regarded the focus on the Architecture as important
for structuring the explanation initially by explaining the basic components before
focusing on more complex, intangible aspects. Shifting between addressing the
two sides was justified by explanation goals, emerging misunderstandings, and
the knowledge needs of the explainee. We discovered several commonalities that
inspire future research questions which, if further generalizable, provide first
ideas for the construction of synthetic explanations.'
author:
- first_name: Lutz
full_name: Terfloth, Lutz
id: '37320'
last_name: Terfloth
- first_name: Michael
full_name: Schaffer, Michael
last_name: Schaffer
- first_name: Heike M.
full_name: Buhl, Heike M.
id: '27152'
last_name: Buhl
- first_name: Carsten
full_name: Schulte, Carsten
id: '60311'
last_name: Schulte
citation:
ama: 'Terfloth L, Schaffer M, Buhl HM, Schulte C. Adding Why to What? Analyses of
an Everyday Explanation. In: Springer, Cham; 2023. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-44070-0_13'
apa: Terfloth, L., Schaffer, M., Buhl, H. M., & Schulte, C. (2023). Adding
Why to What? Analyses of an Everyday Explanation. 1st World Conference on
eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (xAI 2023), Lisboa. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44070-0_13
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Terfloth_Schaffer_Buhl_Schulte_2023, title={Adding Why to
What? Analyses of an Everyday Explanation}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-031-44070-0_13},
publisher={Springer, Cham}, author={Terfloth, Lutz and Schaffer, Michael and Buhl,
Heike M. and Schulte, Carsten}, year={2023} }'
chicago: Terfloth, Lutz, Michael Schaffer, Heike M. Buhl, and Carsten Schulte. “Adding
Why to What? Analyses of an Everyday Explanation.” Springer, Cham, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44070-0_13.
ieee: 'L. Terfloth, M. Schaffer, H. M. Buhl, and C. Schulte, “Adding Why to What?
Analyses of an Everyday Explanation,” presented at the 1st World Conference on
eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (xAI 2023), Lisboa, 2023, doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-44070-0_13.'
mla: Terfloth, Lutz, et al. Adding Why to What? Analyses of an Everyday Explanation.
Springer, Cham, 2023, doi:10.1007/978-3-031-44070-0_13.
short: 'L. Terfloth, M. Schaffer, H.M. Buhl, C. Schulte, in: Springer, Cham, 2023.'
conference:
end_date: 2023-07-28
location: Lisboa
name: 1st World Conference on eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (xAI 2023)
start_date: 2023-07-26
date_created: 2023-09-26T12:00:06Z
date_updated: 2025-08-12T07:54:19Z
department:
- _id: '67'
- _id: '660'
doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-44070-0_13
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-44070-0_13
oa: '1'
project:
- _id: '114'
grant_number: '438445824'
name: 'TRR 318 - A04: TRR 318 - Integration des technischen Modells in das Partnermodell
bei der Erklärung von digitalen Artefakten (Teilprojekt A04)'
publication_identifier:
isbn:
- 978-3-031-44069-4
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer, Cham
status: public
title: Adding Why to What? Analyses of an Everyday Explanation
type: conference
user_id: '90826'
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '20452'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: "In this paper, we present a novel approach to design teaching interventions
for computing education, elaborated using an example of cybersecurity education.
Cybersecurity education, similar to other computing education domains, often focuses
on one aspect and separate themselves from the other approach. In other words,
they focus on one of the two different aspects: a) either teaching how to use
and to behave, or b) how technology works. Here we suggest another point of focal
awareness for teaching – interaction – that allows the recombination of both approaches
in a novel way, leading to a reconstruction of the teaching and learning content
in a way that – as we hope – supports an understanding on a higher level and thus
gives the chance to better develop agency. For this didactic reconstruction of
teaching content, we use an approach called the hybrid interaction system framework.\r\nIn
cybersecurity training, teaching interventions oftentimes are in a way successful
but seem to not lead to long-lasting changes towards secure behavior. Using simply
password security as an example, we show how this new approach recombines the
two different priory mentioned teaching approaches in a novel way.\r\nWithin this
short paper, we present our current research progress, discuss potentials and
values of the approach in general, and by way of example. Our intention of this
submission and early disclosure is to spark discussion and generate further insights
especially regarding the following question: What implications does the hybrid
interaction system approach have on learning scenarios?"
author:
- first_name: Lutz
full_name: Terfloth, Lutz
id: '37320'
last_name: Terfloth
- first_name: Lea
full_name: Budde, Lea
id: '32443'
last_name: Budde
- first_name: Carsten
full_name: Schulte, Carsten
id: '60311'
last_name: Schulte
citation:
ama: 'Terfloth L, Budde L, Schulte C. Combining Ideas and Artifacts: An Interaction-Focused
View on Computing Education Using a Cybersecurity Example. In: New York, NY, USA:
Association for Computing Machinery; 2020. doi:10.1145/3428029.3428052'
apa: 'Terfloth, L., Budde, L., & Schulte, C. (2020). Combining Ideas and Artifacts:
An Interaction-Focused View on Computing Education Using a Cybersecurity Example.
New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3428029.3428052'
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Terfloth_Budde_Schulte_2020, place={New York, NY, USA},
title={Combining Ideas and Artifacts: An Interaction-Focused View on Computing
Education Using a Cybersecurity Example}, DOI={10.1145/3428029.3428052},
publisher={Association for Computing Machinery}, author={Terfloth, Lutz and Budde,
Lea and Schulte, Carsten}, year={2020} }'
chicago: 'Terfloth, Lutz, Lea Budde, and Carsten Schulte. “Combining Ideas and Artifacts:
An Interaction-Focused View on Computing Education Using a Cybersecurity Example.”
New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1145/3428029.3428052.'
ieee: 'L. Terfloth, L. Budde, and C. Schulte, “Combining Ideas and Artifacts: An
Interaction-Focused View on Computing Education Using a Cybersecurity Example,”
2020.'
mla: 'Terfloth, Lutz, et al. Combining Ideas and Artifacts: An Interaction-Focused
View on Computing Education Using a Cybersecurity Example. Association for
Computing Machinery, 2020, doi:10.1145/3428029.3428052.'
short: 'L. Terfloth, L. Budde, C. Schulte, in: Association for Computing Machinery,
New York, NY, USA, 2020.'
date_created: 2020-11-23T09:48:15Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T06:54:27Z
department:
- _id: '67'
doi: 10.1145/3428029.3428052
language:
- iso: eng
place: New York, NY, USA
publication_identifier:
isbn:
- '9781450389211'
publisher: Association for Computing Machinery
status: public
title: 'Combining Ideas and Artifacts: An Interaction-Focused View on Computing Education
Using a Cybersecurity Example'
type: conference
user_id: '21145'
year: '2020'
...