[{"doi":"10.52041/iase25.138","title":"Branching out data science education: Developing task and computational environment design principles for teaching data science at the high school level through an international research collaboration","author":[{"first_name":"Anna","full_name":"Fergusson, Anna","last_name":"Fergusson"},{"id":"30619","full_name":"Podworny, Susanne","last_name":"Podworny","orcid":"0000-0002-6313-5987","first_name":"Susanne"},{"first_name":"Yannik","last_name":"Fleischer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0318-0329","id":"42660","full_name":"Fleischer, Yannik"},{"first_name":"Sven","last_name":"Hüsing","id":"58465","full_name":"Hüsing, Sven"},{"last_name":"Puloka","full_name":"Puloka, Malia S.","first_name":"Malia S."},{"full_name":"Biehler, Rolf","id":"16274","last_name":"Biehler","first_name":"Rolf"},{"first_name":"Maxine","last_name":"Pfannkuch","full_name":"Pfannkuch, Maxine"},{"last_name":"Budgett","full_name":"Budgett, Stephanie","first_name":"Stephanie"},{"first_name":"Michelle","full_name":"Dalrymple, Michelle","last_name":"Dalrymple"}],"date_created":"2026-02-25T14:57:57Z","publisher":"International Association for Statistics Education","date_updated":"2026-02-25T14:58:49Z","citation":{"apa":"Fergusson, A., Podworny, S., Fleischer, Y., Hüsing, S., Puloka, M. S., Biehler, R., Pfannkuch, M., Budgett, S., &#38; Dalrymple, M. (2026). Branching out data science education: Developing task and computational environment design principles for teaching data science at the high school level through an international research collaboration. <i>Proceedings of the IASE 2025 Satellite Conference - Statistics and Data Science Education in STEAM</i>. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52041/iase25.138\">https://doi.org/10.52041/iase25.138</a>","short":"A. Fergusson, S. Podworny, Y. Fleischer, S. Hüsing, M.S. Puloka, R. Biehler, M. Pfannkuch, S. Budgett, M. Dalrymple, in: Proceedings of the IASE 2025 Satellite Conference - Statistics and Data Science Education in STEAM, International Association for Statistics Education, 2026.","mla":"Fergusson, Anna, et al. “Branching out Data Science Education: Developing Task and Computational Environment Design Principles for Teaching Data Science at the High School Level through an International Research Collaboration.” <i>Proceedings of the IASE 2025 Satellite Conference - Statistics and Data Science Education in STEAM</i>, International Association for Statistics Education, 2026, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52041/iase25.138\">10.52041/iase25.138</a>.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Fergusson_Podworny_Fleischer_Hüsing_Puloka_Biehler_Pfannkuch_Budgett_Dalrymple_2026, title={Branching out data science education: Developing task and computational environment design principles for teaching data science at the high school level through an international research collaboration}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52041/iase25.138\">10.52041/iase25.138</a>}, booktitle={Proceedings of the IASE 2025 Satellite Conference - Statistics and Data Science Education in STEAM}, publisher={International Association for Statistics Education}, author={Fergusson, Anna and Podworny, Susanne and Fleischer, Yannik and Hüsing, Sven and Puloka, Malia S. and Biehler, Rolf and Pfannkuch, Maxine and Budgett, Stephanie and Dalrymple, Michelle}, year={2026} }","ama":"Fergusson A, Podworny S, Fleischer Y, et al. Branching out data science education: Developing task and computational environment design principles for teaching data science at the high school level through an international research collaboration. In: <i>Proceedings of the IASE 2025 Satellite Conference - Statistics and Data Science Education in STEAM</i>. International Association for Statistics Education; 2026. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52041/iase25.138\">10.52041/iase25.138</a>","ieee":"A. Fergusson <i>et al.</i>, “Branching out data science education: Developing task and computational environment design principles for teaching data science at the high school level through an international research collaboration,” 2026, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52041/iase25.138\">10.52041/iase25.138</a>.","chicago":"Fergusson, Anna, Susanne Podworny, Yannik Fleischer, Sven Hüsing, Malia S. Puloka, Rolf Biehler, Maxine Pfannkuch, Stephanie Budgett, and Michelle Dalrymple. “Branching out Data Science Education: Developing Task and Computational Environment Design Principles for Teaching Data Science at the High School Level through an International Research Collaboration.” In <i>Proceedings of the IASE 2025 Satellite Conference - Statistics and Data Science Education in STEAM</i>. International Association for Statistics Education, 2026. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52041/iase25.138\">https://doi.org/10.52041/iase25.138</a>."},"year":"2026","publication_status":"published","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"user_id":"58465","department":[{"_id":"67"}],"_id":"64625","status":"public","type":"conference","publication":"Proceedings of the IASE 2025 Satellite Conference - Statistics and Data Science Education in STEAM"},{"year":"2025","citation":{"bibtex":"@article{Podworny_Biehler_Fleischer_2025, title={Young students’ engagement with data to create decision trees}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-024-01649-w\">10.1007/s11858-024-01649-w</a>}, journal={ZDM – Mathematics Education}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Podworny, Susanne and Biehler, Rolf and Fleischer, Yannik}, year={2025} }","short":"S. Podworny, R. Biehler, Y. Fleischer, ZDM – Mathematics Education (2025).","mla":"Podworny, Susanne, et al. “Young Students’ Engagement with Data to Create Decision Trees.” <i>ZDM – Mathematics Education</i>, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-024-01649-w\">10.1007/s11858-024-01649-w</a>.","apa":"Podworny, S., Biehler, R., &#38; Fleischer, Y. (2025). Young students’ engagement with data to create decision trees. <i>ZDM – Mathematics Education</i>. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-024-01649-w\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-024-01649-w</a>","ama":"Podworny S, Biehler R, Fleischer Y. Young students’ engagement with data to create decision trees. <i>ZDM – Mathematics Education</i>. Published online 2025. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-024-01649-w\">10.1007/s11858-024-01649-w</a>","ieee":"S. Podworny, R. Biehler, and Y. Fleischer, “Young students’ engagement with data to create decision trees,” <i>ZDM – Mathematics Education</i>, 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-024-01649-w\">10.1007/s11858-024-01649-w</a>.","chicago":"Podworny, Susanne, Rolf Biehler, and Yannik Fleischer. “Young Students’ Engagement with Data to Create Decision Trees.” <i>ZDM – Mathematics Education</i>, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-024-01649-w\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-024-01649-w</a>."},"publication_identifier":{"issn":["1863-9690","1863-9704"]},"publication_status":"published","title":"Young students’ engagement with data to create decision trees","doi":"10.1007/s11858-024-01649-w","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11858-024-01649-w","open_access":"1"}],"date_updated":"2025-01-24T07:57:00Z","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","oa":"1","date_created":"2025-01-24T07:55:53Z","author":[{"full_name":"Podworny, Susanne","id":"30619","last_name":"Podworny","orcid":"0000-0002-6313-5987","first_name":"Susanne"},{"first_name":"Rolf","full_name":"Biehler, Rolf","id":"16274","last_name":"Biehler"},{"id":"42660","full_name":"Fleischer, Yannik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0318-0329","last_name":"Fleischer","first_name":"Yannik"}],"abstract":[{"text":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\r\n          <jats:p>Statistics and machine learning are critical because they play an essential role in our everyday lives and the careers we may pursue in the future. It may be beneficial to introduce machine learning, such as decision trees (DTs), at an early stage of education. The data-based construction of DTs is an example of a machine learning process, which can be addressed in mathematics or statistics teaching because of relatively low prior knowledge requirements. This paper focuses on investigating how sixth-grade students create and evaluate data-based DTs. The basis is a teaching unit that aims to lay the foundation for machine learning and enhance students’ understanding of the process. We investigate students’ processes in detail while they build DTs with data cards about food items to predict whether a new item is recommendable. After the teaching unit, an interview study examines students’ strategies for creating decision trees. The findings contribute to understanding students’ learning processes and the challenges when working with decision trees.</jats:p>","lang":"eng"}],"status":"public","publication":"ZDM – Mathematics Education","type":"journal_article","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"58353","department":[{"_id":"363"}],"user_id":"37888"},{"status":"public","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\r\n          <jats:p>This study explores how high school students construct decision trees using data cards and the software CODAP (codap.concord.org) in interviews after attending a teaching unit. We conceptualized data-based decision tree construction using nine key aspects that we intended to teach, tested variations of two design elements in teaching, and analyzed the interviews qualitatively to compare student behavior to intended outcomes. We found high alignment to intentions but also deviations in data activities and informal or context-based rather than data-based reasoning. The design element of context-free (blinded) data seems to enhance data-based reasoning, while the design element of data card use showed diagnostic potential.</jats:p>"}],"publication":"ZDM – Mathematics Education","type":"journal_article","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"department":[{"_id":"363"}],"user_id":"37888","_id":"59622","intvolume":"        57","citation":{"chicago":"Fleischer, Yannik, and Rolf Biehler. “Exploring Students’ Constructions of Data-Based Decision Trees after an Introductory Teaching Unit on Machine Learning.” <i>ZDM – Mathematics Education</i> 57, no. 1 (2025). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-025-01663-6\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-025-01663-6</a>.","ieee":"Y. Fleischer and R. Biehler, “Exploring students’ constructions of data-based decision trees after an introductory teaching unit on machine learning,” <i>ZDM – Mathematics Education</i>, vol. 57, no. 1, 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-025-01663-6\">10.1007/s11858-025-01663-6</a>.","ama":"Fleischer Y, Biehler R. Exploring students’ constructions of data-based decision trees after an introductory teaching unit on machine learning. <i>ZDM – Mathematics Education</i>. 2025;57(1). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-025-01663-6\">10.1007/s11858-025-01663-6</a>","apa":"Fleischer, Y., &#38; Biehler, R. (2025). Exploring students’ constructions of data-based decision trees after an introductory teaching unit on machine learning. <i>ZDM – Mathematics Education</i>, <i>57</i>(1). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-025-01663-6\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-025-01663-6</a>","mla":"Fleischer, Yannik, and Rolf Biehler. “Exploring Students’ Constructions of Data-Based Decision Trees after an Introductory Teaching Unit on Machine Learning.” <i>ZDM – Mathematics Education</i>, vol. 57, no. 1, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-025-01663-6\">10.1007/s11858-025-01663-6</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Fleischer_Biehler_2025, title={Exploring students’ constructions of data-based decision trees after an introductory teaching unit on machine learning}, volume={57}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-025-01663-6\">10.1007/s11858-025-01663-6</a>}, number={1}, journal={ZDM – Mathematics Education}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Fleischer, Yannik and Biehler, Rolf}, year={2025} }","short":"Y. Fleischer, R. Biehler, ZDM – Mathematics Education 57 (2025)."},"year":"2025","issue":"1","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1863-9690","1863-9704"]},"publication_status":"published","doi":"10.1007/s11858-025-01663-6","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11858-025-01663-6"}],"title":"Exploring students’ constructions of data-based decision trees after an introductory teaching unit on machine learning","volume":57,"author":[{"full_name":"Fleischer, Yannik","id":"42660","last_name":"Fleischer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0318-0329","first_name":"Yannik"},{"first_name":"Rolf","last_name":"Biehler","id":"16274","full_name":"Biehler, Rolf"}],"date_created":"2025-04-22T07:59:07Z","date_updated":"2025-04-22T08:00:59Z","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC"},{"volume":45,"author":[{"id":"30619","full_name":"Podworny, Susanne","last_name":"Podworny","orcid":"0000-0002-6313-5987","first_name":"Susanne"},{"first_name":"Yannik","last_name":"Fleischer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0318-0329","full_name":"Fleischer, Yannik","id":"42660"},{"first_name":"Rolf","full_name":"Biehler, Rolf","id":"16274","last_name":"Biehler"}],"date_created":"2025-07-02T09:45:14Z","date_updated":"2025-07-02T09:45:22Z","title":"Explorative Datenanalyse in der Schule – Analyse der Mediennutzung von Jugendlichen mit den YOU‑PB Daten","issue":"2","publication_status":"published","page":"9-16","intvolume":"        45","citation":{"chicago":"Podworny, Susanne, Yannik Fleischer, and Rolf Biehler. “Explorative Datenanalyse in der Schule – Analyse der Mediennutzung von Jugendlichen mit den YOU‑PB Daten.” <i>Stochastik in der Schule</i> 45, no. 2 (2025): 9–16.","ieee":"S. Podworny, Y. Fleischer, and R. Biehler, “Explorative Datenanalyse in der Schule – Analyse der Mediennutzung von Jugendlichen mit den YOU‑PB Daten,” <i>Stochastik in der Schule</i>, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 9–16, 2025.","apa":"Podworny, S., Fleischer, Y., &#38; Biehler, R. (2025). Explorative Datenanalyse in der Schule – Analyse der Mediennutzung von Jugendlichen mit den YOU‑PB Daten. <i>Stochastik in der Schule</i>, <i>45</i>(2), 9–16.","ama":"Podworny S, Fleischer Y, Biehler R. Explorative Datenanalyse in der Schule – Analyse der Mediennutzung von Jugendlichen mit den YOU‑PB Daten. <i>Stochastik in der Schule</i>. 2025;45(2):9-16.","bibtex":"@article{Podworny_Fleischer_Biehler_2025, title={Explorative Datenanalyse in der Schule – Analyse der Mediennutzung von Jugendlichen mit den YOU‑PB Daten}, volume={45}, number={2}, journal={Stochastik in der Schule}, author={Podworny, Susanne and Fleischer, Yannik and Biehler, Rolf}, year={2025}, pages={9–16} }","short":"S. Podworny, Y. Fleischer, R. Biehler, Stochastik in der Schule 45 (2025) 9–16.","mla":"Podworny, Susanne, et al. “Explorative Datenanalyse in der Schule – Analyse der Mediennutzung von Jugendlichen mit den YOU‑PB Daten.” <i>Stochastik in der Schule</i>, vol. 45, no. 2, 2025, pp. 9–16."},"year":"2025","department":[{"_id":"363"}],"user_id":"37888","_id":"60495","language":[{"iso":"ger"}],"publication":"Stochastik in der Schule","type":"journal_article","status":"public"},{"date_created":"2025-08-04T07:15:39Z","author":[{"orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0318-0329","last_name":"Fleischer","full_name":"Fleischer, Franz Yannik","id":"42660","first_name":"Franz Yannik"},{"last_name":"Biehler","id":"16274","full_name":"Biehler, Rolf","first_name":"Rolf"}],"date_updated":"2025-08-04T07:17:59Z","title":"ANALYZING STUDENTS’INFORMAL APPROACHES TO CREATING DECISION TREES IN THE CLASSROOM","citation":{"ama":"Fleischer FY, Biehler R. ANALYZING STUDENTS’INFORMAL APPROACHES TO CREATING DECISION TREES IN THE CLASSROOM. In: Cornejo C, Felmer P, Gomez DM, et al., eds. <i>Proceedings of the 48th Conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education: Research Reports, Vol. 1 </i>. ; 2025:267-274.","chicago":"Fleischer, Franz Yannik, and Rolf Biehler. “ANALYZING STUDENTS’INFORMAL APPROACHES TO CREATING DECISION TREES IN THE CLASSROOM.” In <i>Proceedings of the 48th Conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education: Research Reports, Vol. 1 </i>, edited by C. Cornejo, P. Felmer, D.M. Gomez, P. Dartnell, P. Araya, A. Peri, and V. Randolph, 267–74, 2025.","ieee":"F. Y. Fleischer and R. Biehler, “ANALYZING STUDENTS’INFORMAL APPROACHES TO CREATING DECISION TREES IN THE CLASSROOM,” in <i>Proceedings of the 48th Conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education: Research Reports, Vol. 1 </i>, 2025, pp. 267–274.","apa":"Fleischer, F. Y., &#38; Biehler, R. (2025). ANALYZING STUDENTS’INFORMAL APPROACHES TO CREATING DECISION TREES IN THE CLASSROOM. In C. Cornejo, P. Felmer, D. M. Gomez, P. Dartnell, P. Araya, A. Peri, &#38; V. Randolph (Eds.), <i>Proceedings of the 48th Conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education: Research Reports, Vol. 1 </i> (pp. 267–274).","mla":"Fleischer, Franz Yannik, and Rolf Biehler. “ANALYZING STUDENTS’INFORMAL APPROACHES TO CREATING DECISION TREES IN THE CLASSROOM.” <i>Proceedings of the 48th Conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education: Research Reports, Vol. 1 </i>, edited by C. Cornejo et al., 2025, pp. 267–74.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Fleischer_Biehler_2025, title={ANALYZING STUDENTS’INFORMAL APPROACHES TO CREATING DECISION TREES IN THE CLASSROOM}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 48th Conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education: Research Reports, Vol. 1 }, author={Fleischer, Franz Yannik and Biehler, Rolf}, editor={Cornejo, C. and Felmer, P. and Gomez, D.M. and Dartnell, P. and Araya, P. and Peri, A. and Randolph, V.}, year={2025}, pages={267–274} }","short":"F.Y. Fleischer, R. Biehler, in: C. Cornejo, P. Felmer, D.M. Gomez, P. Dartnell, P. Araya, A. Peri, V. Randolph (Eds.), Proceedings of the 48th Conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education: Research Reports, Vol. 1 , 2025, pp. 267–274."},"page":"267-274","year":"2025","user_id":"37888","department":[{"_id":"363"}],"_id":"60860","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"type":"conference","publication":"Proceedings of the 48th Conference of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education: Research Reports, Vol. 1 ","status":"public","editor":[{"last_name":"Cornejo","full_name":"Cornejo, C.","first_name":"C."},{"last_name":"Felmer","full_name":"Felmer, P.","first_name":"P."},{"last_name":"Gomez","full_name":"Gomez, D.M.","first_name":"D.M."},{"last_name":"Dartnell","full_name":"Dartnell, P.","first_name":"P."},{"last_name":"Araya","full_name":"Araya, P.","first_name":"P."},{"first_name":"A.","full_name":"Peri, A.","last_name":"Peri"},{"first_name":"V.","last_name":"Randolph","full_name":"Randolph, V."}]},{"oa":"1","date_updated":"2024-08-21T10:02:38Z","volume":23,"author":[{"last_name":"Fleischer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0318-0329","id":"42660","full_name":"Fleischer, Franz Yannik","first_name":"Franz Yannik"},{"first_name":"Susanne","last_name":"Podworny","orcid":"0000-0002-6313-5987","full_name":"Podworny, Susanne","id":"30619"},{"full_name":"Biehler, Rolf","id":"16274","last_name":"Biehler","first_name":"Rolf"}],"doi":"10.52041/serj.v23i1.450","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.52041/serj.v23i1.450","open_access":"1"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["1570-1824"]},"publication_status":"published","intvolume":"        23","citation":{"ama":"Fleischer FY, Podworny S, Biehler R. Teaching and Learning to Construct Data-Based Decision Trees Using Data Cards as the First Introduction to Machine Learning in Middle School. <i>Statistics Education Research Journal</i>. 2024;23(1). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52041/serj.v23i1.450\">10.52041/serj.v23i1.450</a>","chicago":"Fleischer, Franz Yannik, Susanne Podworny, and Rolf Biehler. “Teaching and Learning to Construct Data-Based Decision Trees Using Data Cards as the First Introduction to Machine Learning in Middle School.” <i>Statistics Education Research Journal</i> 23, no. 1 (2024). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52041/serj.v23i1.450\">https://doi.org/10.52041/serj.v23i1.450</a>.","ieee":"F. Y. Fleischer, S. Podworny, and R. Biehler, “Teaching and Learning to Construct Data-Based Decision Trees Using Data Cards as the First Introduction to Machine Learning in Middle School,” <i>Statistics Education Research Journal</i>, vol. 23, no. 1, Art. no. 3, 2024, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52041/serj.v23i1.450\">10.52041/serj.v23i1.450</a>.","apa":"Fleischer, F. Y., Podworny, S., &#38; Biehler, R. (2024). Teaching and Learning to Construct Data-Based Decision Trees Using Data Cards as the First Introduction to Machine Learning in Middle School. <i>Statistics Education Research Journal</i>, <i>23</i>(1), Article 3. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52041/serj.v23i1.450\">https://doi.org/10.52041/serj.v23i1.450</a>","bibtex":"@article{Fleischer_Podworny_Biehler_2024, title={Teaching and Learning to Construct Data-Based Decision Trees Using Data Cards as the First Introduction to Machine Learning in Middle School}, volume={23}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52041/serj.v23i1.450\">10.52041/serj.v23i1.450</a>}, number={13}, journal={Statistics Education Research Journal}, publisher={International Association for Statistical Education}, author={Fleischer, Franz Yannik and Podworny, Susanne and Biehler, Rolf}, year={2024} }","short":"F.Y. Fleischer, S. Podworny, R. Biehler, Statistics Education Research Journal 23 (2024).","mla":"Fleischer, Franz Yannik, et al. “Teaching and Learning to Construct Data-Based Decision Trees Using Data Cards as the First Introduction to Machine Learning in Middle School.” <i>Statistics Education Research Journal</i>, vol. 23, no. 1, 3, International Association for Statistical Education, 2024, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52041/serj.v23i1.450\">10.52041/serj.v23i1.450</a>."},"_id":"55667","department":[{"_id":"363"}],"user_id":"37888","article_number":"3","type":"journal_article","status":"public","publisher":"International Association for Statistical Education","date_created":"2024-08-21T09:59:33Z","title":"Teaching and Learning to Construct Data-Based Decision Trees Using Data Cards as the First Introduction to Machine Learning in Middle School","issue":"1","year":"2024","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication":"Statistics Education Research Journal","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"<jats:p>This study investigates how 11- to 12-year-old students construct data-based decision trees using data cards for classification purposes. We examine the students' heuristics and reasoning during this process. The research is based on an eight-week teaching unit during which students labeled data, built decision trees, and assessed them using test data. They learned to manually construct decision trees to classify food items as recommendable or not. They utilized data cards with a heuristic that is a simplified form of a machine learning algorithm. We report on evidence that this topic is teachable to middle school students, along with insights for refining our teaching approach and broader implications for teaching machine learning at the school level.</jats:p>"}]},{"ddc":["510"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"file":[{"date_created":"2025-04-10T07:44:19Z","creator":"krueter","date_updated":"2025-04-10T07:44:19Z","file_id":"59470","access_level":"closed","file_name":"ICLS2024_1863-1870.pdf","file_size":343448,"content_type":"application/pdf","relation":"main_file","success":1}],"publication":"Proceedings of the 18th International Conference of the Learning Sciences-ICLS 2024","title":"Data and Social Worlds: How Data Science Education Supports Civic Participation and Social Discourse","publisher":"International Society of the Learning Sciences","date_created":"2025-04-10T07:38:59Z","year":"2024","file_date_updated":"2025-04-10T07:44:19Z","_id":"59467","user_id":"37888","department":[{"_id":"363"}],"editor":[{"first_name":"R.","full_name":"Lindgren, R.","last_name":"Lindgren"},{"full_name":"Asino, T. I.","last_name":"Asino","first_name":"T. I."},{"first_name":"E. A.","full_name":"Kyza, E. A.","last_name":"Kyza"},{"full_name":"Looi, C. K.","last_name":"Looi","first_name":"C. K."},{"first_name":"D. T.","full_name":"Keifert, D. T.","last_name":"Keifert"},{"full_name":"Suárez, E.","last_name":"Suárez","first_name":"E."}],"status":"public","type":"conference","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://repository.isls.org/handle/1/10830"}],"oa":"1","date_updated":"2025-04-10T09:12:03Z","author":[{"first_name":"Katherine M","last_name":"Miller","full_name":"Miller, Katherine M"},{"first_name":"Joseph L","last_name":"Polman","full_name":"Polman, Joseph L"},{"full_name":"Yoon, Susan A","last_name":"Yoon","first_name":"Susan A"},{"first_name":"Jooeun","last_name":"Shim","full_name":"Shim, Jooeun"},{"first_name":"Vivian Y","full_name":"Leung, Vivian Y","last_name":"Leung"},{"first_name":"Yen","full_name":"Nguyen, Yen","last_name":"Nguyen"},{"first_name":"Andee","last_name":"Rubin","full_name":"Rubin, Andee"},{"last_name":"Higgins","full_name":"Higgins, Traci","first_name":"Traci"},{"full_name":"Karch, Jessica M","last_name":"Karch","first_name":"Jessica M"},{"first_name":"James KL","last_name":"Hammerman","full_name":"Hammerman, James KL"},{"last_name":"Matuk","full_name":"Matuk, Camillia","first_name":"Camillia"},{"last_name":"DesPortes","full_name":"DesPortes, Kayla","first_name":"Kayla"},{"first_name":"Anna","last_name":"Amato","full_name":"Amato, Anna"},{"last_name":"Dikker","full_name":"Dikker, Suzanne","first_name":"Suzanne"},{"last_name":"Ochoa","full_name":"Ochoa, Xavier","first_name":"Xavier"},{"first_name":"Esteban","last_name":"Romero","full_name":"Romero, Esteban"},{"first_name":"Susanne","id":"30619","full_name":"Podworny, Susanne","orcid":"0000-0002-6313-5987","last_name":"Podworny"},{"first_name":"Yannik","id":"42660","full_name":"Fleischer, Yannik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0318-0329","last_name":"Fleischer"},{"last_name":"Biehler","full_name":"Biehler, Rolf","id":"16274","first_name":"Rolf"},{"full_name":"Walker, Justice T.","last_name":"Walker","first_name":"Justice T."},{"last_name":"Barany","full_name":"Barany, Amanda","first_name":"Amanda"},{"first_name":"Alex","full_name":"Acquah, Alex","last_name":"Acquah"},{"last_name":"Scarola","full_name":"Scarola, Andi","first_name":"Andi"},{"first_name":"Sayed","last_name":"Reza","full_name":"Reza, Sayed"},{"full_name":"Tran, Trang C.","last_name":"Tran","first_name":"Trang C."},{"last_name":"Vacca","full_name":"Vacca, Ralph","first_name":"Ralph"},{"last_name":"Silander","full_name":"Silander, Megan","first_name":"Megan"},{"first_name":"Peter J.","full_name":"Woods, Peter J.","last_name":"Woods"},{"full_name":"Fernandez, Cassia","last_name":"Fernandez","first_name":"Cassia"},{"first_name":"Adelmo","last_name":"Eloy","full_name":"Eloy, Adelmo"},{"last_name":"Blikstein","full_name":"Blikstein, Paulo","first_name":"Paulo"},{"full_name":"de Deus Lopes, Roseli","last_name":"de Deus Lopes","first_name":"Roseli"},{"first_name":"Josh","full_name":"Radinsky, Josh","last_name":"Radinsky"},{"full_name":"Tabak, Iris","last_name":"Tabak","first_name":"Iris"},{"first_name":"Victor R.","last_name":"Lee","full_name":"Lee, Victor R."},{"first_name":"Dorottya","last_name":"Demszky","full_name":"Demszky, Dorottya"},{"last_name":"Levine","full_name":"Levine, Sarah","first_name":"Sarah"},{"full_name":"Louie, Josephine","last_name":"Louie","first_name":"Josephine"}],"citation":{"apa":"Miller, K. M., Polman, J. L., Yoon, S. A., Shim, J., Leung, V. Y., Nguyen, Y., Rubin, A., Higgins, T., Karch, J. M., Hammerman, J. K., Matuk, C., DesPortes, K., Amato, A., Dikker, S., Ochoa, X., Romero, E., Podworny, S., Fleischer, Y., Biehler, R., … Louie, J. (2024). Data and Social Worlds: How Data Science Education Supports Civic Participation and Social Discourse. In R. Lindgren, T. I. Asino, E. A. Kyza, C. K. Looi, D. T. Keifert, &#38; E. Suárez (Eds.), <i>Proceedings of the 18th International Conference of the Learning Sciences-ICLS 2024</i> (pp. 1863–1870). International Society of the Learning Sciences.","mla":"Miller, Katherine M., et al. “Data and Social Worlds: How Data Science Education Supports Civic Participation and Social Discourse.” <i>Proceedings of the 18th International Conference of the Learning Sciences-ICLS 2024</i>, edited by R. Lindgren et al., International Society of the Learning Sciences, 2024, pp. 1863–70.","short":"K.M. Miller, J.L. Polman, S.A. Yoon, J. Shim, V.Y. Leung, Y. Nguyen, A. Rubin, T. Higgins, J.M. Karch, J.K. Hammerman, C. Matuk, K. DesPortes, A. Amato, S. Dikker, X. Ochoa, E. Romero, S. Podworny, Y. Fleischer, R. Biehler, J.T. Walker, A. Barany, A. Acquah, A. Scarola, S. Reza, T.C. Tran, R. Vacca, M. Silander, P.J. Woods, C. Fernandez, A. Eloy, P. Blikstein, R. de Deus Lopes, J. Radinsky, I. Tabak, V.R. Lee, D. Demszky, S. Levine, J. Louie, in: R. Lindgren, T.I. Asino, E.A. Kyza, C.K. Looi, D.T. Keifert, E. Suárez (Eds.), Proceedings of the 18th International Conference of the Learning Sciences-ICLS 2024, International Society of the Learning Sciences, 2024, pp. 1863–1870.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Miller_Polman_Yoon_Shim_Leung_Nguyen_Rubin_Higgins_Karch_Hammerman_et al._2024, title={Data and Social Worlds: How Data Science Education Supports Civic Participation and Social Discourse}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 18th International Conference of the Learning Sciences-ICLS 2024}, publisher={International Society of the Learning Sciences}, author={Miller, Katherine M and Polman, Joseph L and Yoon, Susan A and Shim, Jooeun and Leung, Vivian Y and Nguyen, Yen and Rubin, Andee and Higgins, Traci and Karch, Jessica M and Hammerman, James KL and et al.}, editor={Lindgren, R. and Asino, T. I. and Kyza, E. A. and Looi, C. K. and Keifert, D. T. and Suárez, E.}, year={2024}, pages={1863–1870} }","ama":"Miller KM, Polman JL, Yoon SA, et al. Data and Social Worlds: How Data Science Education Supports Civic Participation and Social Discourse. In: Lindgren R, Asino TI, Kyza EA, Looi CK, Keifert DT, Suárez E, eds. <i>Proceedings of the 18th International Conference of the Learning Sciences-ICLS 2024</i>. International Society of the Learning Sciences; 2024:1863-1870.","chicago":"Miller, Katherine M, Joseph L Polman, Susan A Yoon, Jooeun Shim, Vivian Y Leung, Yen Nguyen, Andee Rubin, et al. “Data and Social Worlds: How Data Science Education Supports Civic Participation and Social Discourse.” In <i>Proceedings of the 18th International Conference of the Learning Sciences-ICLS 2024</i>, edited by R. Lindgren, T. I. Asino, E. A. Kyza, C. K. Looi, D. T. Keifert, and E. Suárez, 1863–70. International Society of the Learning Sciences, 2024.","ieee":"K. M. Miller <i>et al.</i>, “Data and Social Worlds: How Data Science Education Supports Civic Participation and Social Discourse,” in <i>Proceedings of the 18th International Conference of the Learning Sciences-ICLS 2024</i>, 2024, pp. 1863–1870."},"page":"1863-1870","has_accepted_license":"1"},{"year":"2024","title":"Intuitiver Zugang zu datenbasierten Entscheidungsbäumen","date_created":"2025-01-06T11:14:58Z","publisher":"WTM-Verlag","file":[{"creator":"krueter","date_created":"2025-01-06T11:14:34Z","date_updated":"2025-01-06T11:14:34Z","file_id":"57951","access_level":"closed","file_name":"BzMU24_167.pdf","file_size":2075329,"content_type":"application/pdf","relation":"main_file","success":1}],"publication":"Beiträge zum Mathematikunterricht 2024 - 57. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Didaktik der Mathematik.","language":[{"iso":"ger"}],"ddc":["510"],"citation":{"short":"Y. Fleischer, R. Biehler, in: P. Ebers, F. Rösken, B. Barzel, A. Büchter, F. Schacht, P. Scherer (Eds.), Beiträge zum Mathematikunterricht 2024 - 57. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Didaktik der Mathematik., WTM-Verlag, Münster, 2024, pp. 167–170.","mla":"Fleischer, Yannik, and Rolf Biehler. “Intuitiver Zugang zu datenbasierten Entscheidungsbäumen.” <i>Beiträge zum Mathematikunterricht 2024 - 57. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Didaktik der Mathematik.</i>, edited by P. Ebers et al., WTM-Verlag, 2024, pp. 167–70, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.37626/GA9783959872782.0\">10.37626/GA9783959872782.0</a>.","bibtex":"@inbook{Fleischer_Biehler_2024, place={Münster}, title={Intuitiver Zugang zu datenbasierten Entscheidungsbäumen}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.37626/GA9783959872782.0\">10.37626/GA9783959872782.0</a>}, booktitle={Beiträge zum Mathematikunterricht 2024 - 57. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Didaktik der Mathematik.}, publisher={WTM-Verlag}, author={Fleischer, Yannik and Biehler, Rolf}, editor={Ebers, P. and Rösken, F. and Barzel, B. and Büchter, A. and Schacht, F. and Scherer, P.}, year={2024}, pages={167–170} }","apa":"Fleischer, Y., &#38; Biehler, R. (2024). Intuitiver Zugang zu datenbasierten Entscheidungsbäumen. In P. Ebers, F. Rösken, B. Barzel, A. Büchter, F. Schacht, &#38; P. Scherer (Eds.), <i>Beiträge zum Mathematikunterricht 2024 - 57. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Didaktik der Mathematik.</i> (pp. 167–170). WTM-Verlag. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.37626/GA9783959872782.0\">https://doi.org/10.37626/GA9783959872782.0</a>","chicago":"Fleischer, Yannik, and Rolf Biehler. “Intuitiver Zugang zu datenbasierten Entscheidungsbäumen.” In <i>Beiträge zum Mathematikunterricht 2024 - 57. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Didaktik der Mathematik.</i>, edited by P. Ebers, F. Rösken, B. Barzel, A. Büchter, F. Schacht, and P. Scherer, 167–70. Münster: WTM-Verlag, 2024. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.37626/GA9783959872782.0\">https://doi.org/10.37626/GA9783959872782.0</a>.","ieee":"Y. Fleischer and R. Biehler, “Intuitiver Zugang zu datenbasierten Entscheidungsbäumen,” in <i>Beiträge zum Mathematikunterricht 2024 - 57. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Didaktik der Mathematik.</i>, P. Ebers, F. Rösken, B. Barzel, A. Büchter, F. Schacht, and P. Scherer, Eds. Münster: WTM-Verlag, 2024, pp. 167–170.","ama":"Fleischer Y, Biehler R. Intuitiver Zugang zu datenbasierten Entscheidungsbäumen. In: Ebers P, Rösken F, Barzel B, Büchter A, Schacht F, Scherer P, eds. <i>Beiträge zum Mathematikunterricht 2024 - 57. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Didaktik der Mathematik.</i> WTM-Verlag; 2024:167-170. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.37626/GA9783959872782.0\">10.37626/GA9783959872782.0</a>"},"page":"167-170","place":"Münster","has_accepted_license":"1","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.37626/GA9783959872782.0"}],"doi":"10.37626/GA9783959872782.0","author":[{"first_name":"Yannik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0318-0329","last_name":"Fleischer","full_name":"Fleischer, Yannik","id":"42660"},{"first_name":"Rolf","last_name":"Biehler","full_name":"Biehler, Rolf","id":"16274"}],"date_updated":"2025-01-06T11:15:07Z","status":"public","editor":[{"last_name":"Ebers","full_name":"Ebers, P.","first_name":"P."},{"first_name":"F.","last_name":"Rösken","full_name":"Rösken, F."},{"first_name":"B.","full_name":"Barzel, B.","last_name":"Barzel"},{"full_name":"Büchter, A.","last_name":"Büchter","first_name":"A."},{"last_name":"Schacht","full_name":"Schacht, F.","first_name":"F."},{"first_name":"P.","full_name":"Scherer, P.","last_name":"Scherer"}],"type":"book_chapter","file_date_updated":"2025-01-06T11:14:34Z","user_id":"37888","department":[{"_id":"363"}],"_id":"57950"},{"publication_status":"published","citation":{"ama":"Fleischer FY, Hüsing S, Biehler R, Podworny S, Schulte C. Jupyter Notebooks for Teaching, Learning, and Doing Data Science. In: Peters SA, Zapata-Cardona L, Bonafini F, Fan A, eds. <i>Bridging the Gap: Empowering and Educating Today’s Learners in Statistics. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Teaching Statistics</i>. International Association for Statistical Education; 2022. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52041/iase.icots11.t10e3\">10.52041/iase.icots11.t10e3</a>","ieee":"F. Y. Fleischer, S. Hüsing, R. Biehler, S. Podworny, and C. Schulte, “Jupyter Notebooks for Teaching, Learning, and Doing Data Science,” in <i>Bridging the Gap: Empowering and Educating Today’s Learners in Statistics. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Teaching Statistics</i>, 2022, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52041/iase.icots11.t10e3\">10.52041/iase.icots11.t10e3</a>.","chicago":"Fleischer, Franz Yannik, Sven Hüsing, Rolf Biehler, Susanne Podworny, and Carsten Schulte. “Jupyter Notebooks for Teaching, Learning, and Doing Data Science.” In <i>Bridging the Gap: Empowering and Educating Today’s Learners in Statistics. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Teaching Statistics</i>, edited by S. A. Peters, L. Zapata-Cardona, F. Bonafini, and A. Fan. International Association for Statistical Education, 2022. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52041/iase.icots11.t10e3\">https://doi.org/10.52041/iase.icots11.t10e3</a>.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Fleischer_Hüsing_Biehler_Podworny_Schulte_2022, title={Jupyter Notebooks for Teaching, Learning, and Doing Data Science}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52041/iase.icots11.t10e3\">10.52041/iase.icots11.t10e3</a>}, booktitle={Bridging the Gap: Empowering and Educating Today’s Learners in Statistics. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Teaching Statistics}, publisher={International Association for Statistical Education}, author={Fleischer, Franz Yannik and Hüsing, Sven and Biehler, Rolf and Podworny, Susanne and Schulte, Carsten}, editor={Peters, S. A. and Zapata-Cardona, L. and Bonafini, F. and Fan, A.}, year={2022} }","mla":"Fleischer, Franz Yannik, et al. “Jupyter Notebooks for Teaching, Learning, and Doing Data Science.” <i>Bridging the Gap: Empowering and Educating Today’s Learners in Statistics. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Teaching Statistics</i>, edited by S. A. Peters et al., International Association for Statistical Education, 2022, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52041/iase.icots11.t10e3\">10.52041/iase.icots11.t10e3</a>.","short":"F.Y. Fleischer, S. Hüsing, R. Biehler, S. Podworny, C. Schulte, in: S.A. Peters, L. Zapata-Cardona, F. Bonafini, A. Fan (Eds.), Bridging the Gap: Empowering and Educating Today’s Learners in Statistics. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Teaching Statistics, International Association for Statistical Education, 2022.","apa":"Fleischer, F. Y., Hüsing, S., Biehler, R., Podworny, S., &#38; Schulte, C. (2022). Jupyter Notebooks for Teaching, Learning, and Doing Data Science. In S. A. Peters, L. Zapata-Cardona, F. Bonafini, &#38; A. Fan (Eds.), <i>Bridging the Gap: Empowering and Educating Today’s Learners in Statistics. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Teaching Statistics</i>. International Association for Statistical Education. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52041/iase.icots11.t10e3\">https://doi.org/10.52041/iase.icots11.t10e3</a>"},"year":"2022","date_created":"2023-01-10T08:50:47Z","author":[{"first_name":"Franz Yannik","id":"42660","full_name":"Fleischer, Franz Yannik","last_name":"Fleischer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0318-0329"},{"id":"58465","full_name":"Hüsing, Sven","last_name":"Hüsing","first_name":"Sven"},{"full_name":"Biehler, Rolf","id":"16274","last_name":"Biehler","first_name":"Rolf"},{"first_name":"Susanne","orcid":"0000-0002-6313-5987","last_name":"Podworny","full_name":"Podworny, Susanne","id":"30619"},{"last_name":"Schulte","full_name":"Schulte, Carsten","id":"60311","first_name":"Carsten"}],"publisher":"International Association for Statistical Education","date_updated":"2024-08-21T10:03:47Z","doi":"10.52041/iase.icots11.t10e3","title":"Jupyter Notebooks for Teaching, Learning, and Doing Data Science","type":"conference","publication":"Bridging the Gap: Empowering and Educating Today’s Learners in Statistics. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Teaching Statistics","status":"public","editor":[{"first_name":"S. A.","last_name":"Peters","full_name":"Peters, S. A."},{"full_name":"Zapata-Cardona, L.","last_name":"Zapata-Cardona","first_name":"L."},{"full_name":"Bonafini, F.","last_name":"Bonafini","first_name":"F."},{"first_name":"A.","last_name":"Fan","full_name":"Fan, A."}],"abstract":[{"text":"<jats:p>We report on our work with students in our data science courses, focusing on the analysis of students’ results. This study represents an in-depth analysis of students’ creation and documentation of machine learning models. The students were supported by educationally designed Jupyter Notebooks, which are used as worked examples. Using the worked example, students document their results in a so-called computational essay. We examine which aspects of creating computational essays are difficult for students to find out how worked examples should be designed to support students without being too prescriptive. We analyze the computational essays produced by students and draw consequences for redesigning our worked example.</jats:p>","lang":"eng"}],"user_id":"37888","department":[{"_id":"363"},{"_id":"67"}],"_id":"35674","language":[{"iso":"eng"}]},{"issue":"2","publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1570-1824"]},"citation":{"ama":"Fleischer FY, Biehler R, Schulte C. Teaching and Learning Data-Driven Machine Learning with Educationally Designed Jupyter Notebooks. <i>Statistics Education Research Journal</i>. 2022;21(2). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52041/serj.v21i2.61\">10.52041/serj.v21i2.61</a>","chicago":"Fleischer, Franz Yannik, Rolf Biehler, and Carsten Schulte. “Teaching and Learning Data-Driven Machine Learning with Educationally Designed Jupyter Notebooks.” <i>Statistics Education Research Journal</i> 21, no. 2 (2022). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52041/serj.v21i2.61\">https://doi.org/10.52041/serj.v21i2.61</a>.","ieee":"F. Y. Fleischer, R. Biehler, and C. Schulte, “Teaching and Learning Data-Driven Machine Learning with Educationally Designed Jupyter Notebooks,” <i>Statistics Education Research Journal</i>, vol. 21, no. 2, Art. no. 7, 2022, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52041/serj.v21i2.61\">10.52041/serj.v21i2.61</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Fleischer_Biehler_Schulte_2022, title={Teaching and Learning Data-Driven Machine Learning with Educationally Designed Jupyter Notebooks}, volume={21}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52041/serj.v21i2.61\">10.52041/serj.v21i2.61</a>}, number={27}, journal={Statistics Education Research Journal}, publisher={International Association for Statistical Education}, author={Fleischer, Franz Yannik and Biehler, Rolf and Schulte, Carsten}, year={2022} }","mla":"Fleischer, Franz Yannik, et al. “Teaching and Learning Data-Driven Machine Learning with Educationally Designed Jupyter Notebooks.” <i>Statistics Education Research Journal</i>, vol. 21, no. 2, 7, International Association for Statistical Education, 2022, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52041/serj.v21i2.61\">10.52041/serj.v21i2.61</a>.","short":"F.Y. Fleischer, R. Biehler, C. Schulte, Statistics Education Research Journal 21 (2022).","apa":"Fleischer, F. Y., Biehler, R., &#38; Schulte, C. (2022). Teaching and Learning Data-Driven Machine Learning with Educationally Designed Jupyter Notebooks. <i>Statistics Education Research Journal</i>, <i>21</i>(2), Article 7. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.52041/serj.v21i2.61\">https://doi.org/10.52041/serj.v21i2.61</a>"},"intvolume":"        21","year":"2022","date_created":"2023-01-10T08:48:23Z","author":[{"first_name":"Franz Yannik","id":"42660","full_name":"Fleischer, Franz Yannik","last_name":"Fleischer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0318-0329"},{"full_name":"Biehler, Rolf","id":"16274","last_name":"Biehler","first_name":"Rolf"},{"first_name":"Carsten","last_name":"Schulte","full_name":"Schulte, Carsten","id":"60311"}],"volume":21,"date_updated":"2024-08-21T10:04:41Z","publisher":"International Association for Statistical Education","doi":"10.52041/serj.v21i2.61","title":"Teaching and Learning Data-Driven Machine Learning with Educationally Designed Jupyter Notebooks","type":"journal_article","publication":"Statistics Education Research Journal","status":"public","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"<jats:p>This study examines modelling with machine learning. In the context of a yearlong data science course, the study explores how upper secondary students apply machine learning with Jupyter Notebooks and document the modelling process as a computational essay incorporating the different steps of the CRISP-DM cycle. The students’ work is based on a teaching module about decision trees in machine learning and a worked example of such a modelling process. The study outlines the students’ performance in carrying out the machine learning technically and reasoning about bias in the data, different data preparation steps, the application context, and the resulting decision model. 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