---
_id: '61006'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "<jats:sec>\r\n                  <jats:title>Objective</jats:title>\r\n                  <jats:p>This
    cross-sectional study aimed to investigate subjective and objective deficits of
    neurocognitive function, balance and vestibulo-ocular performance in athletes
    with sport-related concussion (SRC) compared with healthy control athletes.</jats:p>\r\n
    \              </jats:sec>\r\n               <jats:sec>\r\n                  <jats:title>Methods</jats:title>\r\n
    \                 <jats:p>72 patients with SRC and 72 matched healthy controls
    were included. All participants performed computerised testing of neurocognitive
    function, device-assisted balance testing and objective evaluation of vestibulo-ocular
    function (video head impulse and dynamic visual acuity test). Clinical symptom
    clusters (headache/migraine, anxiety/mood, fatigue, cognitive, vestibular, ocular)
    were determined for each patient using the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool, 5th
    edition symptom evaluation. Independent t-tests or Mann-Whitney U tests were calculated
    to test for group differences in the whole cohort and according to clinical symptom
    clusters.</jats:p>\r\n               </jats:sec>\r\n               <jats:sec>\r\n
    \                 <jats:title>Results</jats:title>\r\n                  <jats:p>When
    investigating the whole cohort, significant differences between patients with
    SRC and control subjects were found in one parameter of balance testing (sway
    velocity double-firm), with lower performance in the SRC group (p&lt;0.001, r=0.345).
    The number of symptom clusters assigned to the SRC patients ranged from 0 (no
    definite cluster) to 6 (all clusters), and all clusters were frequent in the investigated
    cohort. Patients with vestibular, cognitive and fatigue symptom clusters demonstrated
    significantly lower performance in balance testing compared with SRC patients
    without those clusters (p&lt;0.001 to p=0.005, r=0.368–0.439). Additionally, SRC
    patients presenting with symptoms of the fatigue cluster demonstrated significantly
    worse performance in vestibulo-ocular testing compared with SRC patients without
    the fatigue cluster (p=0.006, d=0.781).</jats:p>\r\n               </jats:sec>\r\n
    \              <jats:sec>\r\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title>\r\n
    \                 <jats:p>SRC patients presented with variable numbers and qualities
    of clinical symptom clusters. Some subjective clusters were associated with abnormal
    objective tests of other clusters (vestibular, cognitive and fatigue with abnormal
    balance; and fatigue with abnormal vestibulo-ocular performance). Clinical symptom
    clusters and their overlap should be considered when examining patients with SRC.</jats:p>\r\n
    \              </jats:sec>"
article_number: e002447
author:
- first_name: Lea
  full_name: Weike, Lea
  last_name: Weike
- first_name: Rebecca
  full_name: Reeschke, Rebecca
  id: '44893'
  last_name: Reeschke
- first_name: Claus
  full_name: Reinsberger, Claus
  id: '48978'
  last_name: Reinsberger
citation:
  ama: Weike L, Reeschke R, Reinsberger C. Clinical symptom clusters, neurocognitive
    function, balance and vestibulo-ocular function in athletes with sport-related
    concussion. <i>BMJ Open Sport &#38;amp; Exercise Medicine</i>. 2025;11(3). doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002447">10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002447</a>
  apa: Weike, L., Reeschke, R., &#38; Reinsberger, C. (2025). Clinical symptom clusters,
    neurocognitive function, balance and vestibulo-ocular function in athletes with
    sport-related concussion. <i>BMJ Open Sport &#38;amp; Exercise Medicine</i>, <i>11</i>(3),
    Article e002447. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002447">https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002447</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Weike_Reeschke_Reinsberger_2025, title={Clinical symptom clusters,
    neurocognitive function, balance and vestibulo-ocular function in athletes with
    sport-related concussion}, volume={11}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002447">10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002447</a>},
    number={3e002447}, journal={BMJ Open Sport &#38;amp; Exercise Medicine}, publisher={BMJ},
    author={Weike, Lea and Reeschke, Rebecca and Reinsberger, Claus}, year={2025}
    }'
  chicago: Weike, Lea, Rebecca Reeschke, and Claus Reinsberger. “Clinical Symptom
    Clusters, Neurocognitive Function, Balance and Vestibulo-Ocular Function in Athletes
    with Sport-Related Concussion.” <i>BMJ Open Sport &#38;amp; Exercise Medicine</i>
    11, no. 3 (2025). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002447">https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002447</a>.
  ieee: 'L. Weike, R. Reeschke, and C. Reinsberger, “Clinical symptom clusters, neurocognitive
    function, balance and vestibulo-ocular function in athletes with sport-related
    concussion,” <i>BMJ Open Sport &#38;amp; Exercise Medicine</i>, vol. 11, no. 3,
    Art. no. e002447, 2025, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002447">10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002447</a>.'
  mla: Weike, Lea, et al. “Clinical Symptom Clusters, Neurocognitive Function, Balance
    and Vestibulo-Ocular Function in Athletes with Sport-Related Concussion.” <i>BMJ
    Open Sport &#38;amp; Exercise Medicine</i>, vol. 11, no. 3, e002447, BMJ, 2025,
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002447">10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002447</a>.
  short: L. Weike, R. Reeschke, C. Reinsberger, BMJ Open Sport &#38;amp; Exercise
    Medicine 11 (2025).
date_created: 2025-08-25T15:45:20Z
date_updated: 2025-08-27T08:41:19Z
department:
- _id: '35'
- _id: '176'
- _id: '17'
doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002447
intvolume: '        11'
issue: '3'
language:
- iso: eng
publication: BMJ Open Sport &amp; Exercise Medicine
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2055-7647
publication_status: published
publisher: BMJ
status: public
title: Clinical symptom clusters, neurocognitive function, balance and vestibulo-ocular
  function in athletes with sport-related concussion
type: journal_article
user_id: '33213'
volume: 11
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '61007'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "<jats:title>ABSTRACT</jats:title>\r\n          <jats:sec>\r\n            <jats:title>Purpose</jats:title>\r\n
    \           <jats:p>Repetitive head impacts due to heading in soccer may bear
    the potential to induce brain changes. To investigate how brain development is
    affected by heading, effects of heading exposure on neurocognitive and vestibular
    performance in adolescent soccer players were prospectively examined.</jats:p>\r\n
    \         </jats:sec>\r\n          <jats:sec>\r\n            <jats:title>Methods</jats:title>\r\n
    \           <jats:p>In this longitudinal cohort study, male and female high-level
    youth soccer players of different ages were enrolled in two seasons. Age-matched
    athletes of other ball sports were included as controls. Before and after each
    season, neurocognitive performance (6 domain scores), vestibulo-ocular reflex,
    dynamic visual acuity, and postural control (sway velocity) were objectively assessed
    in all athletes. Every soccer training and match during the observation period
    was videotaped to analyze individual heading exposure. Associations between heading
    frequency (total, in duels, &gt;20 m flight distance) and pre- to post-changes
    were investigated via Spearman correlation.</jats:p>\r\n          </jats:sec>\r\n
    \         <jats:sec>\r\n            <jats:title>Results</jats:title>\r\n            <jats:p>103
    soccer and 51 control athletes (9-19 years) participated. Neurocognitive scores
    and sway velocity significantly improved in each season in soccer and control
    athletes. There were no associations between total heading numbers and changes
    in any parameter. Over the first season, the more headers played in duels (r =
    -0.255, 95%CI = -0.474 to -0.006, p = 0.04) and from &gt;20 m distance (r = -0.299,
    95%CI = -0.510 to -0.055, p = 0.02) the less psychomotor speed improvement occurred.
    In the second season, improvements in reaction time were significantly smaller
    with higher numbers of headers played in duels (r = 0.375, 95%CI = 0.043 to 0.632,
    p = 0.02) and from &gt;20 m distance (r = 0.359, 95%CI = 0.025 to 0.621, p = 0.03).</jats:p>\r\n
    \         </jats:sec>\r\n          <jats:sec>\r\n            <jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title>\r\n
    \           <jats:p>Potential high-impact headers may have affected neurocognitive
    improvements, exhibiting small to moderate effects. Therefore, more high-impact
    headers may be more important to consider than solely the overall heading exposure
    in discussions about adverse effects in youth soccer.</jats:p>\r\n          </jats:sec>"
author:
- first_name: Rebecca
  full_name: Reeschke, Rebecca
  id: '44893'
  last_name: Reeschke
- first_name: Lena
  full_name: Dautzenberg, Lena
  last_name: Dautzenberg
- first_name: Franziska Katharina
  full_name: Mund, Franziska Katharina
  id: '63237'
  last_name: Mund
  orcid: 0000-0001-8127-8458
- first_name: Thorsten
  full_name: Koch, Thorsten
  last_name: Koch
- first_name: Claus
  full_name: Reinsberger, Claus
  last_name: Reinsberger
citation:
  ama: Reeschke R, Dautzenberg L, Mund FK, Koch T, Reinsberger C. Effects of Different
    Header Types on Neurocognitive and Vestibular Performance in Youth Soccer Players.
    <i>Medicine &#38;amp; Science in Sports &#38;amp; Exercise</i>. Published online
    2025. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003831">10.1249/mss.0000000000003831</a>
  apa: Reeschke, R., Dautzenberg, L., Mund, F. K., Koch, T., &#38; Reinsberger, C.
    (2025). Effects of Different Header Types on Neurocognitive and Vestibular Performance
    in Youth Soccer Players. <i>Medicine &#38;amp; Science in Sports &#38;amp; Exercise</i>.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003831">https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003831</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Reeschke_Dautzenberg_Mund_Koch_Reinsberger_2025, title={Effects
    of Different Header Types on Neurocognitive and Vestibular Performance in Youth
    Soccer Players}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003831">10.1249/mss.0000000000003831</a>},
    journal={Medicine &#38;amp; Science in Sports &#38;amp; Exercise}, publisher={Ovid
    Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)}, author={Reeschke, Rebecca and Dautzenberg,
    Lena and Mund, Franziska Katharina and Koch, Thorsten and Reinsberger, Claus},
    year={2025} }'
  chicago: Reeschke, Rebecca, Lena Dautzenberg, Franziska Katharina Mund, Thorsten
    Koch, and Claus Reinsberger. “Effects of Different Header Types on Neurocognitive
    and Vestibular Performance in Youth Soccer Players.” <i>Medicine &#38;amp; Science
    in Sports &#38;amp; Exercise</i>, 2025. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003831">https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003831</a>.
  ieee: 'R. Reeschke, L. Dautzenberg, F. K. Mund, T. Koch, and C. Reinsberger, “Effects
    of Different Header Types on Neurocognitive and Vestibular Performance in Youth
    Soccer Players,” <i>Medicine &#38;amp; Science in Sports &#38;amp; Exercise</i>,
    2025, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003831">10.1249/mss.0000000000003831</a>.'
  mla: Reeschke, Rebecca, et al. “Effects of Different Header Types on Neurocognitive
    and Vestibular Performance in Youth Soccer Players.” <i>Medicine &#38;amp; Science
    in Sports &#38;amp; Exercise</i>, Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health), 2025,
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003831">10.1249/mss.0000000000003831</a>.
  short: R. Reeschke, L. Dautzenberg, F.K. Mund, T. Koch, C. Reinsberger, Medicine
    &#38;amp; Science in Sports &#38;amp; Exercise (2025).
date_created: 2025-08-25T15:45:39Z
date_updated: 2025-08-27T08:41:58Z
department:
- _id: '35'
- _id: '176'
- _id: '17'
doi: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003831
language:
- iso: eng
publication: Medicine &amp; Science in Sports &amp; Exercise
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1530-0315
  - 0195-9131
publication_status: published
publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
status: public
title: Effects of Different Header Types on Neurocognitive and Vestibular Performance
  in Youth Soccer Players
type: journal_article
user_id: '33213'
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '55171'
author:
- first_name: Rebecca
  full_name: Reeschke, Rebecca
  id: '44893'
  last_name: Reeschke
- first_name: L
  full_name: Dautzenberg, L
  last_name: Dautzenberg
- first_name: T
  full_name: Koch, T
  last_name: Koch
- first_name: Claus
  full_name: Reinsberger, Claus
  id: '48978'
  last_name: Reinsberger
citation:
  ama: Reeschke R, Dautzenberg L, Koch T, Reinsberger C. Neurocognitive Performance,
    Vestibulo-Ocular Function and Postural Control in Youth Male Soccer and Basketball
    Players of Different Ages. <i>Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin</i>. 2024;75(3):90-96.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5960/dzsm.2024.597">10.5960/dzsm.2024.597</a>
  apa: Reeschke, R., Dautzenberg, L., Koch, T., &#38; Reinsberger, C. (2024). Neurocognitive
    Performance, Vestibulo-Ocular Function and Postural Control in Youth Male Soccer
    and Basketball Players of Different Ages. <i>Deutsche Zeitschrift Für Sportmedizin</i>,
    <i>75</i>(3), 90–96. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5960/dzsm.2024.597">https://doi.org/10.5960/dzsm.2024.597</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Reeschke_Dautzenberg_Koch_Reinsberger_2024, title={Neurocognitive
    Performance, Vestibulo-Ocular Function and Postural Control in Youth Male Soccer
    and Basketball Players of Different Ages}, volume={75}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.5960/dzsm.2024.597">10.5960/dzsm.2024.597</a>},
    number={3}, journal={Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin}, publisher={Deutsche
    Zeitschrift Fur Sportmedizin/German Journal of Sports Medicine}, author={Reeschke,
    Rebecca and Dautzenberg, L and Koch, T and Reinsberger, Claus}, year={2024}, pages={90–96}
    }'
  chicago: 'Reeschke, Rebecca, L Dautzenberg, T Koch, and Claus Reinsberger. “Neurocognitive
    Performance, Vestibulo-Ocular Function and Postural Control in Youth Male Soccer
    and Basketball Players of Different Ages.” <i>Deutsche Zeitschrift Für Sportmedizin</i>
    75, no. 3 (2024): 90–96. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5960/dzsm.2024.597">https://doi.org/10.5960/dzsm.2024.597</a>.'
  ieee: 'R. Reeschke, L. Dautzenberg, T. Koch, and C. Reinsberger, “Neurocognitive
    Performance, Vestibulo-Ocular Function and Postural Control in Youth Male Soccer
    and Basketball Players of Different Ages,” <i>Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin</i>,
    vol. 75, no. 3, pp. 90–96, 2024, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5960/dzsm.2024.597">10.5960/dzsm.2024.597</a>.'
  mla: Reeschke, Rebecca, et al. “Neurocognitive Performance, Vestibulo-Ocular Function
    and Postural Control in Youth Male Soccer and Basketball Players of Different
    Ages.” <i>Deutsche Zeitschrift Für Sportmedizin</i>, vol. 75, no. 3, Deutsche
    Zeitschrift Fur Sportmedizin/German Journal of Sports Medicine, 2024, pp. 90–96,
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5960/dzsm.2024.597">10.5960/dzsm.2024.597</a>.
  short: R. Reeschke, L. Dautzenberg, T. Koch, C. Reinsberger, Deutsche Zeitschrift
    Für Sportmedizin 75 (2024) 90–96.
date_created: 2024-07-11T07:02:30Z
date_updated: 2024-07-16T07:03:25Z
doi: 10.5960/dzsm.2024.597
intvolume: '        75'
issue: '3'
language:
- iso: eng
page: 90-96
publication: Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin
publication_status: published
publisher: Deutsche Zeitschrift Fur Sportmedizin/German Journal of Sports Medicine
status: public
title: Neurocognitive Performance, Vestibulo-Ocular Function and Postural Control
  in Youth Male Soccer and Basketball Players of Different Ages
type: journal_article
user_id: '44893'
volume: 75
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '46818'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective</jats:title><jats:p>Concerns
    about short‐ and long‐term consequences of repetitive heading contributed to heading
    restrictions in youth football in some countries. This prospective longitudinal
    cohort study aims to describe heading exposure in children's and youth football
    over two seasons using standardized video analysis.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>All
    matches and training sessions of a male Under‐11 (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 29),
    Under‐15 (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 28), Under‐19 (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 38),
    and female Under‐17 (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 39) team were videotaped during
    the seasons 2019–2020 and 2020–2021. Heading frequencies and characteristics were
    analyzed. Individual heading exposure is presented as average incidence rates
    (IR) per 1000 match/training hours.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>In
    275 matches and 673 training sessions, 22 921 headers were observed. Heading IR
    per player in matches was 1256 (Under‐11 m), 1608 (Under‐15 m), 1050 (Under‐17 f),
    and 1966 (Under‐19 m). In training sessions, IR per player was 739 (Under‐11 m),
    2206 (Under‐15 m), 1661 (Under‐17 f), and 1419 (Under‐19 m). Five Under‐15 males
    headed the ball five to eight times per training on average. Most headers were
    performed without heading duels. Flight distance was predominantly 5–20 m (54%)
    in matches and &lt;5 m (65%) in training. While head impact location most frequently
    was at frontal areas, one‐third of all headers in Under‐11 in matches hit temporal,
    parietal, and occipital parts of the head.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title><jats:p>Heading
    incidence was low in the youngest age group, whereas (predominantly five) Under‐15
    males showed very high heading exposures in training. In assessment and regulation
    of heading burden, training sessions and individual heading behavior should specifically
    be addressed. Recommendations for heading the ball in practice should account
    for individual and age‐related differences.</jats:p></jats:sec>
author:
- first_name: Rebecca
  full_name: Reeschke, Rebecca
  id: '44893'
  last_name: Reeschke
- first_name: Franziska Katharina
  full_name: Haase, Franziska Katharina
  id: '63237'
  last_name: Haase
  orcid: 0000-0001-8127-8458
- first_name: Lena
  full_name: Dautzenberg, Lena
  last_name: Dautzenberg
- first_name: Werner
  full_name: Krutsch, Werner
  last_name: Krutsch
- first_name: Claus
  full_name: Reinsberger, Claus
  id: '48978'
  last_name: Reinsberger
citation:
  ama: 'Reeschke R, Haase FK, Dautzenberg L, Krutsch W, Reinsberger C. Training matters:
    Heading incidence and characteristics in children’s and youth football (soccer)
    players. <i>Scandinavian Journal of Medicine &#38; Science in Sports</i>. 2023;33(9):1821-1830.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14408">10.1111/sms.14408</a>'
  apa: 'Reeschke, R., Haase, F. K., Dautzenberg, L., Krutsch, W., &#38; Reinsberger,
    C. (2023). Training matters: Heading incidence and characteristics in children’s
    and youth football (soccer) players. <i>Scandinavian Journal of Medicine &#38;
    Science in Sports</i>, <i>33</i>(9), 1821–1830. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14408">https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14408</a>'
  bibtex: '@article{Reeschke_Haase_Dautzenberg_Krutsch_Reinsberger_2023, title={Training
    matters: Heading incidence and characteristics in children’s and youth football
    (soccer) players}, volume={33}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14408">10.1111/sms.14408</a>},
    number={9}, journal={Scandinavian Journal of Medicine &#38; Science in Sports},
    publisher={Wiley}, author={Reeschke, Rebecca and Haase, Franziska Katharina and
    Dautzenberg, Lena and Krutsch, Werner and Reinsberger, Claus}, year={2023}, pages={1821–1830}
    }'
  chicago: 'Reeschke, Rebecca, Franziska Katharina Haase, Lena Dautzenberg, Werner
    Krutsch, and Claus Reinsberger. “Training Matters: Heading Incidence and Characteristics
    in Children’s and Youth Football (Soccer) Players.” <i>Scandinavian Journal of
    Medicine &#38; Science in Sports</i> 33, no. 9 (2023): 1821–30. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14408">https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14408</a>.'
  ieee: 'R. Reeschke, F. K. Haase, L. Dautzenberg, W. Krutsch, and C. Reinsberger,
    “Training matters: Heading incidence and characteristics in children’s and youth
    football (soccer) players,” <i>Scandinavian Journal of Medicine &#38; Science
    in Sports</i>, vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 1821–1830, 2023, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14408">10.1111/sms.14408</a>.'
  mla: 'Reeschke, Rebecca, et al. “Training Matters: Heading Incidence and Characteristics
    in Children’s and Youth Football (Soccer) Players.” <i>Scandinavian Journal of
    Medicine &#38; Science in Sports</i>, vol. 33, no. 9, Wiley, 2023, pp. 1821–30,
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14408">10.1111/sms.14408</a>.'
  short: R. Reeschke, F.K. Haase, L. Dautzenberg, W. Krutsch, C. Reinsberger, Scandinavian
    Journal of Medicine &#38; Science in Sports 33 (2023) 1821–1830.
date_created: 2023-09-06T11:06:47Z
date_updated: 2023-09-06T11:12:10Z
doi: 10.1111/sms.14408
intvolume: '        33'
issue: '9'
keyword:
- Physical Therapy
- Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation
- Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
language:
- iso: eng
page: 1821-1830
publication: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0905-7188
  - 1600-0838
publication_status: published
publisher: Wiley
status: public
title: 'Training matters: Heading incidence and characteristics in children''s and
  youth football (soccer) players'
type: journal_article
user_id: '44893'
volume: 33
year: '2023'
...