---
_id: '60136'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: <jats:p>Modulation conditioned on measurements on entangled photonic quantum
    states is a cornerstone technology of optical quantum information processing.
    Performing this task with low latency requires combining single-photon-level detectors
    with both electronic logic processing and optical modulation in close proximity.
    Here, we demonstrate low-latency feedforward using a quasi-photon-number-resolved
    measurement on a quantum light source. Specifically, we use a multipixel superconducting
    nanowire single-photon detector, amplifier, logic, and an integrated electro-optic
    modulator <jats:italic toggle="yes">in situ</jats:italic> below 4 K. We modulate
    the signal mode of a spontaneous parametric down-conversion source, conditional
    on a photon-number measurement of the idler mode, with a total latency of (23±3)ns.
    Furthermore, we investigate the resulting change in the photon statistics. This
    represents an important benchmark for the fastest quantum photonic feedforward
    experiments comprising measurement, amplification, logic, and modulation. This
    has direct applications in quantum computing, communication, and simulation protocols.</jats:p>
article_number: '720'
author:
- first_name: Frederik
  full_name: Thiele, Frederik
  id: '50819'
  last_name: Thiele
  orcid: 0000-0003-0663-5587
- first_name: Niklas
  full_name: Lamberty, Niklas
  id: '75307'
  last_name: Lamberty
- first_name: Thomas
  full_name: Hummel, Thomas
  id: '83846'
  last_name: Hummel
  orcid: 0000-0001-8627-2119
- first_name: Nina Amelie
  full_name: Lange, Nina Amelie
  id: '56843'
  last_name: Lange
  orcid: 0000-0001-6624-7098
- first_name: Lorenzo Manuel
  full_name: Procopio Peña, Lorenzo Manuel
  id: '105816'
  last_name: Procopio Peña
- first_name: Aishi
  full_name: Barua, Aishi
  id: '104502'
  last_name: Barua
- first_name: Sebastian
  full_name: Lengeling, Sebastian
  id: '44373'
  last_name: Lengeling
- first_name: Viktor
  full_name: Quiring, Viktor
  last_name: Quiring
- first_name: Christof
  full_name: Eigner, Christof
  id: '13244'
  last_name: Eigner
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5693-3083
- first_name: Christine
  full_name: Silberhorn, Christine
  id: '26263'
  last_name: Silberhorn
- first_name: Tim
  full_name: Bartley, Tim
  id: '49683'
  last_name: Bartley
citation:
  ama: Thiele F, Lamberty N, Hummel T, et al. Cryogenic feedforward of a photonic
    quantum state. <i>Optica</i>. 2025;12(5). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/optica.551287">10.1364/optica.551287</a>
  apa: Thiele, F., Lamberty, N., Hummel, T., Lange, N. A., Procopio Peña, L. M., Barua,
    A., Lengeling, S., Quiring, V., Eigner, C., Silberhorn, C., &#38; Bartley, T.
    (2025). Cryogenic feedforward of a photonic quantum state. <i>Optica</i>, <i>12</i>(5),
    Article 720. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/optica.551287">https://doi.org/10.1364/optica.551287</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Thiele_Lamberty_Hummel_Lange_Procopio Peña_Barua_Lengeling_Quiring_Eigner_Silberhorn_et
    al._2025, title={Cryogenic feedforward of a photonic quantum state}, volume={12},
    DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/optica.551287">10.1364/optica.551287</a>},
    number={5720}, journal={Optica}, publisher={Optica Publishing Group}, author={Thiele,
    Frederik and Lamberty, Niklas and Hummel, Thomas and Lange, Nina Amelie and Procopio
    Peña, Lorenzo Manuel and Barua, Aishi and Lengeling, Sebastian and Quiring, Viktor
    and Eigner, Christof and Silberhorn, Christine and et al.}, year={2025} }'
  chicago: Thiele, Frederik, Niklas Lamberty, Thomas Hummel, Nina Amelie Lange, Lorenzo
    Manuel Procopio Peña, Aishi Barua, Sebastian Lengeling, et al. “Cryogenic Feedforward
    of a Photonic Quantum State.” <i>Optica</i> 12, no. 5 (2025). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/optica.551287">https://doi.org/10.1364/optica.551287</a>.
  ieee: 'F. Thiele <i>et al.</i>, “Cryogenic feedforward of a photonic quantum state,”
    <i>Optica</i>, vol. 12, no. 5, Art. no. 720, 2025, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/optica.551287">10.1364/optica.551287</a>.'
  mla: Thiele, Frederik, et al. “Cryogenic Feedforward of a Photonic Quantum State.”
    <i>Optica</i>, vol. 12, no. 5, 720, Optica Publishing Group, 2025, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/optica.551287">10.1364/optica.551287</a>.
  short: F. Thiele, N. Lamberty, T. Hummel, N.A. Lange, L.M. Procopio Peña, A. Barua,
    S. Lengeling, V. Quiring, C. Eigner, C. Silberhorn, T. Bartley, Optica 12 (2025).
date_created: 2025-06-04T18:34:16Z
date_updated: 2025-06-12T09:56:47Z
doi: 10.1364/optica.551287
intvolume: '        12'
issue: '5'
language:
- iso: eng
publication: Optica
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2334-2536
publication_status: published
publisher: Optica Publishing Group
status: public
title: Cryogenic feedforward of a photonic quantum state
type: journal_article
user_id: '56843'
volume: 12
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '55553'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: <jats:p>Cryogenic opto-electronic interconnects are gaining increasing interest
    as a means to control and readout cryogenic electronic components. The challenge
    is to achieve sufficient signal integrity with low heat load processing. In this
    context, we demonstrate the opto-electronic bias and readout of a commercial four-pixel
    superconducting nanowire single-photon detector array using a cryogenic photodiode
    and laser. We show that this approach has a similar system detection efficiency
    to a conventional bias. Furthermore, multi-pixel detection events are faithfully
    converted between the optical and electrical domains, which allows reliable extraction
    of amplitude multiplexed photon statistics. Our device has a latent heat load
    of 2.6 mW, maintains a signal rise time of 3 ns, and operates in free-running
    (self-resetting) mode at a repetition rate of 600 kHz. This demonstrates the potential
    of high-bandwidth, low noise, and low heat load opto-electronic interconnects
    for scalable cryogenic signal processing and transmission.</jats:p>
author:
- first_name: Frederik
  full_name: Thiele, Frederik
  id: '50819'
  last_name: Thiele
  orcid: 0000-0003-0663-5587
- first_name: Niklas
  full_name: Lamberty, Niklas
  last_name: Lamberty
- first_name: Thomas
  full_name: Hummel, Thomas
  id: '83846'
  last_name: Hummel
  orcid: 0000-0001-8627-2119
- first_name: Tim
  full_name: Bartley, Tim
  id: '49683'
  last_name: Bartley
citation:
  ama: Thiele F, Lamberty N, Hummel T, Bartley T. Optical bias and cryogenic laser
    readout of a multipixel superconducting nanowire single photon detector. <i>APL
    Photonics</i>. 2024;9(7). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0209458">10.1063/5.0209458</a>
  apa: Thiele, F., Lamberty, N., Hummel, T., &#38; Bartley, T. (2024). Optical bias
    and cryogenic laser readout of a multipixel superconducting nanowire single photon
    detector. <i>APL Photonics</i>, <i>9</i>(7). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0209458">https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0209458</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Thiele_Lamberty_Hummel_Bartley_2024, title={Optical bias and cryogenic
    laser readout of a multipixel superconducting nanowire single photon detector},
    volume={9}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0209458">10.1063/5.0209458</a>},
    number={7}, journal={APL Photonics}, publisher={AIP Publishing}, author={Thiele,
    Frederik and Lamberty, Niklas and Hummel, Thomas and Bartley, Tim}, year={2024}
    }'
  chicago: Thiele, Frederik, Niklas Lamberty, Thomas Hummel, and Tim Bartley. “Optical
    Bias and Cryogenic Laser Readout of a Multipixel Superconducting Nanowire Single
    Photon Detector.” <i>APL Photonics</i> 9, no. 7 (2024). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0209458">https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0209458</a>.
  ieee: 'F. Thiele, N. Lamberty, T. Hummel, and T. Bartley, “Optical bias and cryogenic
    laser readout of a multipixel superconducting nanowire single photon detector,”
    <i>APL Photonics</i>, vol. 9, no. 7, 2024, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0209458">10.1063/5.0209458</a>.'
  mla: Thiele, Frederik, et al. “Optical Bias and Cryogenic Laser Readout of a Multipixel
    Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detector.” <i>APL Photonics</i>, vol. 9,
    no. 7, AIP Publishing, 2024, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0209458">10.1063/5.0209458</a>.
  short: F. Thiele, N. Lamberty, T. Hummel, T. Bartley, APL Photonics 9 (2024).
date_created: 2024-08-06T06:51:41Z
date_updated: 2024-09-17T09:01:59Z
doi: 10.1063/5.0209458
intvolume: '         9'
issue: '7'
language:
- iso: eng
publication: APL Photonics
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2378-0967
publication_status: published
publisher: AIP Publishing
status: public
title: Optical bias and cryogenic laser readout of a multipixel superconducting nanowire
  single photon detector
type: journal_article
user_id: '50819'
volume: 9
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '51356'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\r\n               <jats:p>Lithium niobate
    has emerged as a promising platform for integrated quantum optics, enabling efficient
    generation, manipulation, and detection of quantum states of light. However, integrating
    single-photon detectors requires cryogenic operating temperatures, since the best
    performing detectors are based on narrow superconducting wires. While previous
    studies have demonstrated the operation of quantum light sources and electro-optic
    modulators in LiNbO<jats:sub>3</jats:sub> at cryogenic temperatures, the thermal
    transition between room temperature and cryogenic conditions introduces additional
    effects that can significantly influence device performance. In this paper, we
    investigate the generation of pyroelectric charges and their impact on the optical
    properties of lithium niobate waveguides when changing from room temperature to
    25 K, and vice versa. We measure the generated pyroelectric charge flow and correlate
    this with fast changes in the birefringence acquired through the Sénarmont-method.
    Both electrical and optical influence of the pyroelectric effect occur predominantly
    at temperatures above 100 K.</jats:p>"
article_number: '015402'
author:
- first_name: Frederik
  full_name: Thiele, Frederik
  id: '50819'
  last_name: Thiele
  orcid: 0000-0003-0663-5587
- first_name: Thomas
  full_name: Hummel, Thomas
  id: '83846'
  last_name: Hummel
  orcid: 0000-0001-8627-2119
- first_name: Nina Amelie
  full_name: Lange, Nina Amelie
  id: '56843'
  last_name: Lange
  orcid: 0000-0001-6624-7098
- first_name: Felix
  full_name: Dreher, Felix
  last_name: Dreher
- first_name: Maximilian
  full_name: Protte, Maximilian
  last_name: Protte
- first_name: Felix vom
  full_name: Bruch, Felix vom
  last_name: Bruch
- first_name: Sebastian
  full_name: Lengeling, Sebastian
  id: '44373'
  last_name: Lengeling
- first_name: Harald
  full_name: Herrmann, Harald
  id: '216'
  last_name: Herrmann
- first_name: Christof
  full_name: Eigner, Christof
  id: '13244'
  last_name: Eigner
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5693-3083
- first_name: Christine
  full_name: Silberhorn, Christine
  id: '26263'
  last_name: Silberhorn
- first_name: Tim
  full_name: Bartley, Tim
  id: '49683'
  last_name: Bartley
citation:
  ama: Thiele F, Hummel T, Lange NA, et al. Pyroelectric influence on lithium niobate
    during the thermal transition for cryogenic integrated photonics. <i>Materials
    for Quantum Technology</i>. 2024;4(1). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/2633-4356/ad207d">10.1088/2633-4356/ad207d</a>
  apa: Thiele, F., Hummel, T., Lange, N. A., Dreher, F., Protte, M., Bruch, F. vom,
    Lengeling, S., Herrmann, H., Eigner, C., Silberhorn, C., &#38; Bartley, T. (2024).
    Pyroelectric influence on lithium niobate during the thermal transition for cryogenic
    integrated photonics. <i>Materials for Quantum Technology</i>, <i>4</i>(1), Article
    015402. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/2633-4356/ad207d">https://doi.org/10.1088/2633-4356/ad207d</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Thiele_Hummel_Lange_Dreher_Protte_Bruch_Lengeling_Herrmann_Eigner_Silberhorn_et
    al._2024, title={Pyroelectric influence on lithium niobate during the thermal
    transition for cryogenic integrated photonics}, volume={4}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/2633-4356/ad207d">10.1088/2633-4356/ad207d</a>},
    number={1015402}, journal={Materials for Quantum Technology}, publisher={IOP Publishing},
    author={Thiele, Frederik and Hummel, Thomas and Lange, Nina Amelie and Dreher,
    Felix and Protte, Maximilian and Bruch, Felix vom and Lengeling, Sebastian and
    Herrmann, Harald and Eigner, Christof and Silberhorn, Christine and et al.}, year={2024}
    }'
  chicago: Thiele, Frederik, Thomas Hummel, Nina Amelie Lange, Felix Dreher, Maximilian
    Protte, Felix vom Bruch, Sebastian Lengeling, et al. “Pyroelectric Influence on
    Lithium Niobate during the Thermal Transition for Cryogenic Integrated Photonics.”
    <i>Materials for Quantum Technology</i> 4, no. 1 (2024). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/2633-4356/ad207d">https://doi.org/10.1088/2633-4356/ad207d</a>.
  ieee: 'F. Thiele <i>et al.</i>, “Pyroelectric influence on lithium niobate during
    the thermal transition for cryogenic integrated photonics,” <i>Materials for Quantum
    Technology</i>, vol. 4, no. 1, Art. no. 015402, 2024, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/2633-4356/ad207d">10.1088/2633-4356/ad207d</a>.'
  mla: Thiele, Frederik, et al. “Pyroelectric Influence on Lithium Niobate during
    the Thermal Transition for Cryogenic Integrated Photonics.” <i>Materials for Quantum
    Technology</i>, vol. 4, no. 1, 015402, IOP Publishing, 2024, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/2633-4356/ad207d">10.1088/2633-4356/ad207d</a>.
  short: F. Thiele, T. Hummel, N.A. Lange, F. Dreher, M. Protte, F. vom Bruch, S.
    Lengeling, H. Herrmann, C. Eigner, C. Silberhorn, T. Bartley, Materials for Quantum
    Technology 4 (2024).
date_created: 2024-02-16T07:56:44Z
date_updated: 2025-12-15T09:23:02Z
doi: 10.1088/2633-4356/ad207d
intvolume: '         4'
issue: '1'
keyword:
- General Earth and Planetary Sciences
- General Environmental Science
language:
- iso: eng
project:
- _id: '171'
  name: 'TRR 142; TP C07: Hohlraum-verstärkte Parametrische Fluoreszenz mit zeitlicher
    Filterung unter Verwendung integrierter supraleitender Detektoren'
publication: Materials for Quantum Technology
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2633-4356
publication_status: published
publisher: IOP Publishing
status: public
title: Pyroelectric influence on lithium niobate during the thermal transition for
  cryogenic integrated photonics
type: journal_article
user_id: '56843'
volume: 4
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '48399'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: <jats:p>Quantum photonic processing via electro-optic components typically
    requires electronic links across different operation environments, especially
    when interfacing cryogenic components such as superconducting single photon detectors
    with room-temperature control and readout electronics. However, readout and driving
    electronics can introduce detrimental parasitic effects. Here we show an all-optical
    control and readout of a superconducting nanowire single photon detector (SNSPD),
    completely electrically decoupled from room temperature electronics. We provide
    the operation power for the superconducting detector via a cryogenic photodiode,
    and readout single photon detection signals via a cryogenic electro-optic modulator
    in the same cryostat. This method opens the possibility for control and readout
    of superconducting circuits, and feedforward for photonic quantum computing.</jats:p>
article_number: '32717'
author:
- first_name: Frederik
  full_name: Thiele, Frederik
  id: '50819'
  last_name: Thiele
  orcid: 0000-0003-0663-5587
- first_name: Thomas
  full_name: Hummel, Thomas
  id: '83846'
  last_name: Hummel
- first_name: Adam N.
  full_name: McCaughan, Adam N.
  last_name: McCaughan
- first_name: Julian
  full_name: Brockmeier, Julian
  id: '44807'
  last_name: Brockmeier
- first_name: Maximilian
  full_name: Protte, Maximilian
  id: '46170'
  last_name: Protte
- first_name: Victor
  full_name: Quiring, Victor
  last_name: Quiring
- first_name: Sebastian
  full_name: Lengeling, Sebastian
  id: '44373'
  last_name: Lengeling
- first_name: Christof
  full_name: Eigner, Christof
  id: '13244'
  last_name: Eigner
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5693-3083
- first_name: Christine
  full_name: Silberhorn, Christine
  id: '26263'
  last_name: Silberhorn
- first_name: Tim
  full_name: Bartley, Tim
  id: '49683'
  last_name: Bartley
citation:
  ama: Thiele F, Hummel T, McCaughan AN, et al. All optical operation of a superconducting
    photonic interface. <i>Optics Express</i>. 2023;31(20). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.492035">10.1364/oe.492035</a>
  apa: Thiele, F., Hummel, T., McCaughan, A. N., Brockmeier, J., Protte, M., Quiring,
    V., Lengeling, S., Eigner, C., Silberhorn, C., &#38; Bartley, T. (2023). All optical
    operation of a superconducting photonic interface. <i>Optics Express</i>, <i>31</i>(20),
    Article 32717. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.492035">https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.492035</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Thiele_Hummel_McCaughan_Brockmeier_Protte_Quiring_Lengeling_Eigner_Silberhorn_Bartley_2023,
    title={All optical operation of a superconducting photonic interface}, volume={31},
    DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.492035">10.1364/oe.492035</a>}, number={2032717},
    journal={Optics Express}, publisher={Optica Publishing Group}, author={Thiele,
    Frederik and Hummel, Thomas and McCaughan, Adam N. and Brockmeier, Julian and
    Protte, Maximilian and Quiring, Victor and Lengeling, Sebastian and Eigner, Christof
    and Silberhorn, Christine and Bartley, Tim}, year={2023} }'
  chicago: Thiele, Frederik, Thomas Hummel, Adam N. McCaughan, Julian Brockmeier,
    Maximilian Protte, Victor Quiring, Sebastian Lengeling, Christof Eigner, Christine
    Silberhorn, and Tim Bartley. “All Optical Operation of a Superconducting Photonic
    Interface.” <i>Optics Express</i> 31, no. 20 (2023). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.492035">https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.492035</a>.
  ieee: 'F. Thiele <i>et al.</i>, “All optical operation of a superconducting photonic
    interface,” <i>Optics Express</i>, vol. 31, no. 20, Art. no. 32717, 2023, doi:
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.492035">10.1364/oe.492035</a>.'
  mla: Thiele, Frederik, et al. “All Optical Operation of a Superconducting Photonic
    Interface.” <i>Optics Express</i>, vol. 31, no. 20, 32717, Optica Publishing Group,
    2023, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.492035">10.1364/oe.492035</a>.
  short: F. Thiele, T. Hummel, A.N. McCaughan, J. Brockmeier, M. Protte, V. Quiring,
    S. Lengeling, C. Eigner, C. Silberhorn, T. Bartley, Optics Express 31 (2023).
date_created: 2023-10-24T06:43:16Z
date_updated: 2023-11-27T08:43:33Z
doi: 10.1364/oe.492035
intvolume: '        31'
issue: '20'
keyword:
- Atomic and Molecular Physics
- and Optics
language:
- iso: eng
publication: Optics Express
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1094-4087
publication_status: published
publisher: Optica Publishing Group
status: public
title: All optical operation of a superconducting photonic interface
type: journal_article
user_id: '50819'
volume: 31
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '33672'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\r\n               <jats:p>Lithium niobate
    is a promising platform for integrated quantum optics. In this platform, we aim
    to efficiently manipulate and detect quantum states by combining superconducting
    single photon detectors and modulators. The cryogenic operation of a superconducting
    single photon detector dictates the optimisation of the electro-optic modulators
    under the same operating conditions. To that end, we characterise a phase modulator,
    directional coupler, and polarisation converter at both ambient and cryogenic
    temperatures. The operation voltage <jats:inline-formula>\r\n                     <jats:tex-math><?CDATA
    $V_{\\pi/2}$?></jats:tex-math>\r\n                     <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"
    overflow=\"scroll\">\r\n                        <mml:msub>\r\n                           <mml:mi>V</mml:mi>\r\n
    \                          <mml:mrow>\r\n                              <mml:mi>π</mml:mi>\r\n
    \                             <mml:mrow>\r\n                                 <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>\r\n
    \                             </mml:mrow>\r\n                              <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>\r\n
    \                          </mml:mrow>\r\n                        </mml:msub>\r\n
    \                    </mml:math>\r\n                     <jats:inline-graphic
    xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"jpphotonac6c63ieqn1.gif\"
    xlink:type=\"simple\" />\r\n                  </jats:inline-formula> of these
    modulators increases, due to the decrease in the electro-optic effect, by 74%
    for the phase modulator, 84% for the directional coupler and 35% for the polarisation
    converter below 8.5<jats:inline-formula>\r\n                     <jats:tex-math><?CDATA
    $\\,\\mathrm{K}$?></jats:tex-math>\r\n                     <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"
    overflow=\"scroll\">\r\n                        <mml:mrow>\r\n                           <mml:mi
    mathvariant=\"normal\">K</mml:mi>\r\n                        </mml:mrow>\r\n                     </mml:math>\r\n
    \                    <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"
    xlink:href=\"jpphotonac6c63ieqn2.gif\" xlink:type=\"simple\" />\r\n                  </jats:inline-formula>.
    The phase modulator preserves its broadband nature and modulates light in the
    characterised wavelength range. The unbiased bar state of the directional coupler
    changed by a wavelength shift of 85<jats:inline-formula>\r\n                     <jats:tex-math><?CDATA
    $\\,\\mathrm{nm}$?></jats:tex-math>\r\n                     <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"
    overflow=\"scroll\">\r\n                        <mml:mrow>\r\n                           <mml:mi
    mathvariant=\"normal\">n</mml:mi>\r\n                           <mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">m</mml:mi>\r\n
    \                       </mml:mrow>\r\n                     </mml:math>\r\n                     <jats:inline-graphic
    xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"jpphotonac6c63ieqn3.gif\"
    xlink:type=\"simple\" />\r\n                  </jats:inline-formula> while cooling
    the device down to 5<jats:inline-formula>\r\n                     <jats:tex-math><?CDATA
    $\\,\\mathrm{K}$?></jats:tex-math>\r\n                     <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"
    overflow=\"scroll\">\r\n                        <mml:mrow>\r\n                           <mml:mi
    mathvariant=\"normal\">K</mml:mi>\r\n                        </mml:mrow>\r\n                     </mml:math>\r\n
    \                    <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"
    xlink:href=\"jpphotonac6c63ieqn4.gif\" xlink:type=\"simple\" />\r\n                  </jats:inline-formula>.
    The polarisation converter uses periodic poling to phasematch the two orthogonal
    polarisations. The phasematched wavelength of the utilised poling changes by 112<jats:inline-formula>\r\n
    \                    <jats:tex-math><?CDATA $\\,\\mathrm{nm}$?></jats:tex-math>\r\n
    \                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"
    overflow=\"scroll\">\r\n                        <mml:mrow>\r\n                           <mml:mi
    mathvariant=\"normal\">n</mml:mi>\r\n                           <mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">m</mml:mi>\r\n
    \                       </mml:mrow>\r\n                     </mml:math>\r\n                     <jats:inline-graphic
    xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"jpphotonac6c63ieqn5.gif\"
    xlink:type=\"simple\" />\r\n                  </jats:inline-formula> when cooling
    to 5<jats:inline-formula>\r\n                     <jats:tex-math><?CDATA $\\,\\mathrm{K}$?></jats:tex-math>\r\n
    \                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"
    overflow=\"scroll\">\r\n                        <mml:mrow>\r\n                           <mml:mi
    mathvariant=\"normal\">K</mml:mi>\r\n                        </mml:mrow>\r\n                     </mml:math>\r\n
    \                    <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"
    xlink:href=\"jpphotonac6c63ieqn6.gif\" xlink:type=\"simple\" />\r\n                  </jats:inline-formula>.</jats:p>"
article_number: '034004'
author:
- first_name: Frederik
  full_name: Thiele, Frederik
  id: '50819'
  last_name: Thiele
  orcid: 0000-0003-0663-5587
- first_name: Felix
  full_name: vom Bruch, Felix
  id: '71245'
  last_name: vom Bruch
- first_name: Julian
  full_name: Brockmeier, Julian
  id: '44807'
  last_name: Brockmeier
- first_name: Maximilian
  full_name: Protte, Maximilian
  id: '46170'
  last_name: Protte
- first_name: Thomas
  full_name: Hummel, Thomas
  id: '83846'
  last_name: Hummel
- first_name: Raimund
  full_name: Ricken, Raimund
  last_name: Ricken
- first_name: Viktor
  full_name: Quiring, Viktor
  last_name: Quiring
- first_name: Sebastian
  full_name: Lengeling, Sebastian
  id: '44373'
  last_name: Lengeling
- first_name: Harald
  full_name: Herrmann, Harald
  id: '216'
  last_name: Herrmann
- first_name: Christof
  full_name: Eigner, Christof
  id: '13244'
  last_name: Eigner
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5693-3083
- first_name: Christine
  full_name: Silberhorn, Christine
  id: '26263'
  last_name: Silberhorn
- first_name: Tim
  full_name: Bartley, Tim
  id: '49683'
  last_name: Bartley
citation:
  ama: 'Thiele F, vom Bruch F, Brockmeier J, et al. Cryogenic electro-optic modulation
    in titanium in-diffused lithium niobate waveguides. <i>Journal of Physics: Photonics</i>.
    2022;4(3). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7647/ac6c63">10.1088/2515-7647/ac6c63</a>'
  apa: 'Thiele, F., vom Bruch, F., Brockmeier, J., Protte, M., Hummel, T., Ricken,
    R., Quiring, V., Lengeling, S., Herrmann, H., Eigner, C., Silberhorn, C., &#38;
    Bartley, T. (2022). Cryogenic electro-optic modulation in titanium in-diffused
    lithium niobate waveguides. <i>Journal of Physics: Photonics</i>, <i>4</i>(3),
    Article 034004. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7647/ac6c63">https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7647/ac6c63</a>'
  bibtex: '@article{Thiele_vom Bruch_Brockmeier_Protte_Hummel_Ricken_Quiring_Lengeling_Herrmann_Eigner_et
    al._2022, title={Cryogenic electro-optic modulation in titanium in-diffused lithium
    niobate waveguides}, volume={4}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7647/ac6c63">10.1088/2515-7647/ac6c63</a>},
    number={3034004}, journal={Journal of Physics: Photonics}, publisher={IOP Publishing},
    author={Thiele, Frederik and vom Bruch, Felix and Brockmeier, Julian and Protte,
    Maximilian and Hummel, Thomas and Ricken, Raimund and Quiring, Viktor and Lengeling,
    Sebastian and Herrmann, Harald and Eigner, Christof and et al.}, year={2022} }'
  chicago: 'Thiele, Frederik, Felix vom Bruch, Julian Brockmeier, Maximilian Protte,
    Thomas Hummel, Raimund Ricken, Viktor Quiring, et al. “Cryogenic Electro-Optic
    Modulation in Titanium in-Diffused Lithium Niobate Waveguides.” <i>Journal of
    Physics: Photonics</i> 4, no. 3 (2022). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7647/ac6c63">https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7647/ac6c63</a>.'
  ieee: 'F. Thiele <i>et al.</i>, “Cryogenic electro-optic modulation in titanium
    in-diffused lithium niobate waveguides,” <i>Journal of Physics: Photonics</i>,
    vol. 4, no. 3, Art. no. 034004, 2022, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7647/ac6c63">10.1088/2515-7647/ac6c63</a>.'
  mla: 'Thiele, Frederik, et al. “Cryogenic Electro-Optic Modulation in Titanium in-Diffused
    Lithium Niobate Waveguides.” <i>Journal of Physics: Photonics</i>, vol. 4, no.
    3, 034004, IOP Publishing, 2022, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7647/ac6c63">10.1088/2515-7647/ac6c63</a>.'
  short: 'F. Thiele, F. vom Bruch, J. Brockmeier, M. Protte, T. Hummel, R. Ricken,
    V. Quiring, S. Lengeling, H. Herrmann, C. Eigner, C. Silberhorn, T. Bartley, Journal
    of Physics: Photonics 4 (2022).'
date_created: 2022-10-11T07:14:40Z
date_updated: 2023-01-12T15:16:35Z
department:
- _id: '15'
- _id: '230'
- _id: '623'
doi: 10.1088/2515-7647/ac6c63
intvolume: '         4'
issue: '3'
keyword:
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Atomic and Molecular Physics
- and Optics
- Electronic
- Optical and Magnetic Materials
language:
- iso: eng
publication: 'Journal of Physics: Photonics'
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2515-7647
publication_status: published
publisher: IOP Publishing
status: public
title: Cryogenic electro-optic modulation in titanium in-diffused lithium niobate
  waveguides
type: journal_article
user_id: '83846'
volume: 4
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '33673'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: <jats:p> Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detectors (SNSPDs) have become
    an integral part of quantum optics in recent years because of their high performance
    in single photon detection. We present a method to replace the electrical input
    by supplying the required bias current via the photocurrent of a photodiode situated
    on the cold stage of the cryostat. Light is guided to the bias photodiode through
    an optical fiber, which enables a lower thermal conduction and galvanic isolation
    between room temperature and the cold stage. We show that an off-the-shelf InGaAs–InP
    photodiode exhibits a responsivity of at least 0.55 A/W at 0.8 K. Using this device
    to bias an SNSPD, we characterize the count rate dependent on the optical power
    incident on the photodiode. This configuration of the SNSPD and photodiode shows
    an expected plateau in the single photon count rate with an optical bias power
    on the photodiode above 6.8 µW. Furthermore, we compare the same detector under
    both optical and electrical bias, and show there is no significant changes in
    performance. This has the advantage of avoiding an electrical input cable, which
    reduces the latent heat load by a factor of 100 and, in principle, allows for
    low loss RF current supply at the cold stage. </jats:p>
article_number: '081303'
author:
- first_name: Frederik
  full_name: Thiele, Frederik
  id: '50819'
  last_name: Thiele
  orcid: 0000-0003-0663-5587
- first_name: Thomas
  full_name: Hummel, Thomas
  id: '83846'
  last_name: Hummel
- first_name: Maximilian
  full_name: Protte, Maximilian
  id: '46170'
  last_name: Protte
- first_name: Tim
  full_name: Bartley, Tim
  id: '49683'
  last_name: Bartley
citation:
  ama: Thiele F, Hummel T, Protte M, Bartley T. Opto-electronic bias of a superconducting
    nanowire single photon detector using a cryogenic photodiode. <i>APL Photonics</i>.
    2022;7(8). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097506">10.1063/5.0097506</a>
  apa: Thiele, F., Hummel, T., Protte, M., &#38; Bartley, T. (2022). Opto-electronic
    bias of a superconducting nanowire single photon detector using a cryogenic photodiode.
    <i>APL Photonics</i>, <i>7</i>(8), Article 081303. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097506">https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097506</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Thiele_Hummel_Protte_Bartley_2022, title={Opto-electronic bias
    of a superconducting nanowire single photon detector using a cryogenic photodiode},
    volume={7}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097506">10.1063/5.0097506</a>},
    number={8081303}, journal={APL Photonics}, publisher={AIP Publishing}, author={Thiele,
    Frederik and Hummel, Thomas and Protte, Maximilian and Bartley, Tim}, year={2022}
    }'
  chicago: Thiele, Frederik, Thomas Hummel, Maximilian Protte, and Tim Bartley. “Opto-Electronic
    Bias of a Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detector Using a Cryogenic Photodiode.”
    <i>APL Photonics</i> 7, no. 8 (2022). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097506">https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097506</a>.
  ieee: 'F. Thiele, T. Hummel, M. Protte, and T. Bartley, “Opto-electronic bias of
    a superconducting nanowire single photon detector using a cryogenic photodiode,”
    <i>APL Photonics</i>, vol. 7, no. 8, Art. no. 081303, 2022, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097506">10.1063/5.0097506</a>.'
  mla: Thiele, Frederik, et al. “Opto-Electronic Bias of a Superconducting Nanowire
    Single Photon Detector Using a Cryogenic Photodiode.” <i>APL Photonics</i>, vol.
    7, no. 8, 081303, AIP Publishing, 2022, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0097506">10.1063/5.0097506</a>.
  short: F. Thiele, T. Hummel, M. Protte, T. Bartley, APL Photonics 7 (2022).
date_created: 2022-10-11T07:15:09Z
date_updated: 2023-01-12T15:13:40Z
department:
- _id: '15'
- _id: '230'
- _id: '623'
doi: 10.1063/5.0097506
intvolume: '         7'
issue: '8'
keyword:
- Computer Networks and Communications
- Atomic and Molecular Physics
- and Optics
language:
- iso: eng
publication: APL Photonics
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2378-0967
publication_status: published
publisher: AIP Publishing
status: public
title: Opto-electronic bias of a superconducting nanowire single photon detector using
  a cryogenic photodiode
type: journal_article
user_id: '83846'
volume: 7
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '26221'
author:
- first_name: Moritz
  full_name: Bartnick, Moritz
  last_name: Bartnick
- first_name: Matteo
  full_name: Santandrea, Matteo
  id: '55095'
  last_name: Santandrea
  orcid: 0000-0001-5718-358X
- first_name: Jan Philipp
  full_name: Höpker, Jan Philipp
  id: '33913'
  last_name: Höpker
- first_name: Frederik
  full_name: Thiele, Frederik
  id: '50819'
  last_name: Thiele
  orcid: 0000-0003-0663-5587
- first_name: Raimund
  full_name: Ricken, Raimund
  last_name: Ricken
- first_name: Viktor
  full_name: Quiring, Viktor
  last_name: Quiring
- first_name: Christof
  full_name: Eigner, Christof
  id: '13244'
  last_name: Eigner
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5693-3083
- first_name: Harald
  full_name: Herrmann, Harald
  id: '216'
  last_name: Herrmann
- first_name: Christine
  full_name: Silberhorn, Christine
  id: '26263'
  last_name: Silberhorn
- first_name: Tim
  full_name: Bartley, Tim
  id: '49683'
  last_name: Bartley
citation:
  ama: Bartnick M, Santandrea M, Höpker JP, et al. Cryogenic Second-Harmonic Generation
    in Periodically Poled Lithium Niobate Waveguides. <i>Physical Review Applied</i>.
    Published online 2021. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.15.024028">10.1103/physrevapplied.15.024028</a>
  apa: Bartnick, M., Santandrea, M., Höpker, J. P., Thiele, F., Ricken, R., Quiring,
    V., Eigner, C., Herrmann, H., Silberhorn, C., &#38; Bartley, T. (2021). Cryogenic
    Second-Harmonic Generation in Periodically Poled Lithium Niobate Waveguides. <i>Physical
    Review Applied</i>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.15.024028">https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.15.024028</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Bartnick_Santandrea_Höpker_Thiele_Ricken_Quiring_Eigner_Herrmann_Silberhorn_Bartley_2021,
    title={Cryogenic Second-Harmonic Generation in Periodically Poled Lithium Niobate
    Waveguides}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.15.024028">10.1103/physrevapplied.15.024028</a>},
    journal={Physical Review Applied}, author={Bartnick, Moritz and Santandrea, Matteo
    and Höpker, Jan Philipp and Thiele, Frederik and Ricken, Raimund and Quiring,
    Viktor and Eigner, Christof and Herrmann, Harald and Silberhorn, Christine and
    Bartley, Tim}, year={2021} }'
  chicago: Bartnick, Moritz, Matteo Santandrea, Jan Philipp Höpker, Frederik Thiele,
    Raimund Ricken, Viktor Quiring, Christof Eigner, Harald Herrmann, Christine Silberhorn,
    and Tim Bartley. “Cryogenic Second-Harmonic Generation in Periodically Poled Lithium
    Niobate Waveguides.” <i>Physical Review Applied</i>, 2021. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.15.024028">https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.15.024028</a>.
  ieee: 'M. Bartnick <i>et al.</i>, “Cryogenic Second-Harmonic Generation in Periodically
    Poled Lithium Niobate Waveguides,” <i>Physical Review Applied</i>, 2021, doi:
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.15.024028">10.1103/physrevapplied.15.024028</a>.'
  mla: Bartnick, Moritz, et al. “Cryogenic Second-Harmonic Generation in Periodically
    Poled Lithium Niobate Waveguides.” <i>Physical Review Applied</i>, 2021, doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.15.024028">10.1103/physrevapplied.15.024028</a>.
  short: M. Bartnick, M. Santandrea, J.P. Höpker, F. Thiele, R. Ricken, V. Quiring,
    C. Eigner, H. Herrmann, C. Silberhorn, T. Bartley, Physical Review Applied (2021).
date_created: 2021-10-15T09:24:10Z
date_updated: 2023-01-12T13:39:50Z
department:
- _id: '230'
doi: 10.1103/physrevapplied.15.024028
language:
- iso: eng
publication: Physical Review Applied
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2331-7019
publication_status: published
status: public
title: Cryogenic Second-Harmonic Generation in Periodically Poled Lithium Niobate
  Waveguides
type: journal_article
user_id: '33913'
year: '2021'
...
---
_id: '20157'
article_number: '28961'
author:
- first_name: Frederik
  full_name: Thiele, Frederik
  id: '50819'
  last_name: Thiele
  orcid: 0000-0003-0663-5587
- first_name: Felix
  full_name: vom Bruch, Felix
  id: '71245'
  last_name: vom Bruch
- first_name: Victor
  full_name: Quiring, Victor
  last_name: Quiring
- first_name: Raimund
  full_name: Ricken, Raimund
  last_name: Ricken
- first_name: Harald
  full_name: Herrmann, Harald
  id: '216'
  last_name: Herrmann
- first_name: Christof
  full_name: Eigner, Christof
  id: '13244'
  last_name: Eigner
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5693-3083
- first_name: Christine
  full_name: Silberhorn, Christine
  id: '26263'
  last_name: Silberhorn
- first_name: Tim
  full_name: Bartley, Tim
  id: '49683'
  last_name: Bartley
citation:
  ama: Thiele F, vom Bruch F, Quiring V, et al. Cryogenic electro-optic polarisation
    conversion in titanium in-diffused lithium niobate waveguides. <i>Optics Express</i>.
    Published online 2020. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.399818">10.1364/oe.399818</a>
  apa: Thiele, F., vom Bruch, F., Quiring, V., Ricken, R., Herrmann, H., Eigner, C.,
    Silberhorn, C., &#38; Bartley, T. (2020). Cryogenic electro-optic polarisation
    conversion in titanium in-diffused lithium niobate waveguides. <i>Optics Express</i>,
    Article 28961. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.399818">https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.399818</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Thiele_vom Bruch_Quiring_Ricken_Herrmann_Eigner_Silberhorn_Bartley_2020,
    title={Cryogenic electro-optic polarisation conversion in titanium in-diffused
    lithium niobate waveguides}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.399818">10.1364/oe.399818</a>},
    number={28961}, journal={Optics Express}, author={Thiele, Frederik and vom Bruch,
    Felix and Quiring, Victor and Ricken, Raimund and Herrmann, Harald and Eigner,
    Christof and Silberhorn, Christine and Bartley, Tim}, year={2020} }'
  chicago: Thiele, Frederik, Felix vom Bruch, Victor Quiring, Raimund Ricken, Harald
    Herrmann, Christof Eigner, Christine Silberhorn, and Tim Bartley. “Cryogenic Electro-Optic
    Polarisation Conversion in Titanium in-Diffused Lithium Niobate Waveguides.” <i>Optics
    Express</i>, 2020. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.399818">https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.399818</a>.
  ieee: 'F. Thiele <i>et al.</i>, “Cryogenic electro-optic polarisation conversion
    in titanium in-diffused lithium niobate waveguides,” <i>Optics Express</i>, Art.
    no. 28961, 2020, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.399818">10.1364/oe.399818</a>.'
  mla: Thiele, Frederik, et al. “Cryogenic Electro-Optic Polarisation Conversion in
    Titanium in-Diffused Lithium Niobate Waveguides.” <i>Optics Express</i>, 28961,
    2020, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.399818">10.1364/oe.399818</a>.
  short: F. Thiele, F. vom Bruch, V. Quiring, R. Ricken, H. Herrmann, C. Eigner, C.
    Silberhorn, T. Bartley, Optics Express (2020).
date_created: 2020-10-21T11:03:11Z
date_updated: 2022-10-25T07:40:20Z
department:
- _id: '15'
doi: 10.1364/oe.399818
language:
- iso: eng
publication: Optics Express
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1094-4087
publication_status: published
status: public
title: Cryogenic electro-optic polarisation conversion in titanium in-diffused lithium
  niobate waveguides
type: journal_article
user_id: '49683'
year: '2020'
...