@article{64859,
  abstract     = {{This study investigated whether external effort mobilization through try-harder instructions enhances performance in complex motor tasks, as reflected by the reduction of costs associated with producing a deceptive action. Basketball passing movements with and without head fakes were examined in a reaction-time paradigm. Participants were generally instructed to initiate the movement as fast and accurately as possible, while try-harder instructions were presented in 25 % of trials, prompting participants to mobilize all their cognitive resources to perform even faster. To investigate if athletic expertise modulates the potential effects of effort mobilization, basketball novices and experienced players were tested. Results demonstrated that try-harder instructions generally improved participants’ performance, facilitating faster response initiation times and movement execution, as well as a specific reduction in initiation time variability. Novices benefited more than experienced players, indicating that effort results in greater improvement when complex motor actions (for example, passes with head fakes) are not yet fully stabilized and lack automated fluency. This pattern suggests that effort enhances performance in complex actions when performance is limited by the amount of cognitive capacity available, supporting the coordination of partly conflicting movement components within tight temporal constraints. The findings extend previous research on effort mobilization from simple to complex motor tasks. Try-harder instructions appear to enhance performance primarily by reducing attentional lapses rather than generally improving processing speed. Future research should investigate the effectiveness of effort mobilization in experienced athletes in situations of high concurrent cognitive load.}},
  author       = {{Böer, Nils Tobias and Steinborn, Michael B. and Weigelt, Matthias and Güldenpenning, Iris}},
  issn         = {{1469-0292}},
  journal      = {{Psychology of Sport and Exercise}},
  keywords     = {{Effort, Try-harder instruction, Deception, Basketball, Head fake, Fake production}},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier BV}},
  title        = {{{Mobilizing effort in complex motor tasks: Try-harder instructions in deceptive actions}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.psychsport.2026.103083}},
  volume       = {{84}},
  year         = {{2026}},
}

@inproceedings{60133,
  author       = {{Böer, Nils Tobias and Güldenpenning, Iris and Weigelt, Matthias}},
  booktitle    = {{57. Jahrestagung der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Sportpsychologie (ASP)}},
  editor       = {{Kullik, Lisa and Birnkraut, Tim and Kellmann, Michael}},
  location     = {{Bochum}},
  pages        = {{105}},
  title        = {{{Differences of producing head fakes with and without a social partner}}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}

@inproceedings{61884,
  author       = {{Güldenpenning, Iris and Schulze Freilinghaus, Lars and Böer, Nils Tobias and Weigelt, Matthias}},
  booktitle    = {{57. Herbsttagung experimentelle Kognitionspsychologie (HexKop)}},
  editor       = {{Geißler, Christoph F. and Schöpper, Lars-Michael}},
  location     = {{Trier}},
  title        = {{{Unraveling the head-fake effect: Dynamic measures of cognitive conflict in sport contexts}}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}

@article{62111,
  abstract     = {{<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>
          <jats:p>The execution of incompatible actions imposes costs on action planning, commonly known as response-response incompatibility-costs. This phenomenon is also evident in sports: A basketball player who performs a pass in one direction whilst orienting the head into the contrary direction (pass with head fake) needs more time to initiate the action as if pass direction and head orientation are the same (pass without head fake).</jats:p>
          <jats:p>The aim of this study was twofold: First, we present a re-analysis of the data from Böer et al. (Psychological Research 88:523–524, 2024) using mixture effect modelling (Miller, Behavior Research Methods 38:92–106, 2006) explore if fake-production costs manifest continuously (uniform effect) in all participants or if some participants show fake-production costs occasionally but substantially (mixed effect). Second, we collected data of a control group which was analysed with the previous data of the practice group and fitted initiation times (ITs) to an ex-Gaussian distribution.</jats:p>
          <jats:p>The analysis of mixture effects revealed that most participants exhibited a uniform effect when they didn’t have time to mentally prepare the movement. This pattern was not changed by practice, suggesting fake-production costs can’t be overcome by practice alone without mental preparation time.</jats:p>
          <jats:p>The analysis of mean ITs revealed improvements in the practice group but not in the control group, independent of the type of pass performed. The distribution analyses complemented these findings as it showed that the improvement in participants’ performance with increasing practice can mainly be attributed to a reduction of the exponential part of the distribution (parameter tau).</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Böer, Nils Tobias and Schütz, Christoph and Weigelt, Matthias and Güldenpenning, Iris}},
  issn         = {{0340-0727}},
  journal      = {{Psychological Research}},
  keywords     = {{Sport Psychology, Sport Science, Deception, Distribution Analysis}},
  number       = {{2}},
  publisher    = {{Springer Science and Business Media LLC}},
  title        = {{{How does practice modulate fake-production costs in a basketball task? Analyses of frequency distributions and mixture effects}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s00426-025-02084-6}},
  volume       = {{89}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}

@inproceedings{62116,
  author       = {{Böer, Nils Tobias and Güldenpenning, Iris and Weigelt, Matthias}},
  booktitle    = {{57th Herbsttreffen der experimentellen Kognitionspsychologie (HExKoP)}},
  keywords     = {{Deception, Sport Psychology, Social Interaction}},
  location     = {{Trier}},
  title        = {{{The mere presence of a social partner modulates fake-production costs}}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}

@inproceedings{65259,
  author       = {{Böer, Nils Tobias and Güldenpenning, Iris and Weigelt, Matthias}},
  booktitle    = {{67th Conference of Experimental Psychologists}},
  editor       = {{Lê-Hoa Võ, Melissa and Fiebach, Christian and Shing, Yee Lee and Sammler, Daniela and Windmann, Sabine and Kaiser, Jochen}},
  keywords     = {{deception, action preparation, perception, movement planning, sport psychology}},
  location     = {{Frankfurt am Main}},
  pages        = {{132}},
  title        = {{{Differences of producing head fakes with and without a social partner}}},
  year         = {{2025}},
}

@inproceedings{57501,
  author       = {{Güldenpenning, Iris and Böer, Nils Tobias and Kunde, Wilfried and Giesen, Carina G. and Rothermund, Klaus and Weigelt, Matthias}},
  booktitle    = {{Abstracts of the 66th Conference of Experimental Psychologists}},
  editor       = {{Fröber, Kerstin and Abel, Magdalena and Bäuml, Karl-Heinz and Dreisbach, Gesine and Kliegl, Oliver and Köster, Moritz and Lingnau, Angelika and Volberg, Gregor and Götz, Felix J.}},
  location     = {{Regensburg}},
  publisher    = {{LibreCat University}},
  title        = {{{Context-specific adaptation for head fakes in basketball: a study on player-specific fake-frequency schedules}}},
  doi          = {{10.23668/PSYCHARCHIVES.15242}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}

@inproceedings{57511,
  author       = {{Böer, Nils Tobias and Weigelt, Matthias and Güldenpenning, Iris}},
  editor       = {{Fröber, Kerstin and Abel, Magdalena and Bäuml, Karl-Heinz and Dreisbach, Gesine and Kliegl, Oliver and Köster, Moritz and Lingnau, Angelika and Volberg, Gregor and Götz, Felix J.}},
  keywords     = {{action preparation, perception, movement planning, deception}},
  location     = {{ Regensburg }},
  pages        = {{77}},
  title        = {{{Try harder! - The influence of effort instructions on fake production costs in basketball novices and experts}}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}

@inproceedings{58841,
  author       = {{Güldenpenning, Iris and Böer, Nils Tobias and Kunde, Wilfried and Giesen, Carina G. and Rothermund, Klaus and Weigelt, Matthias}},
  booktitle    = {{Abstractband des 56. Herbsttreffens experimentelle Kognitionspsychologie (HexKop)}},
  location     = {{Paderborn}},
  title        = {{{Context-specific adaptation for head fakes in basketball: a study on player-specific fake-frequency schedules}}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}

@inproceedings{54303,
  author       = {{Böer, Nils Tobias and Güldenpenning, Iris and Weigelt, Matthias}},
  booktitle    = {{56. Jahrestagung der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Sportpsychologie (ASP)}},
  editor       = {{Koester, Dirk and Krämer, Lina and Fuhlert, Leonhard and Everding, Jannik and Weilharter, Fritz and Marlovits, Andreas}},
  location     = {{Berlin}},
  pages        = {{119}},
  title        = {{{The influence of effort instruction on fake production costs in basketball novices and experienced basketball players.}}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}

@article{54690,
  abstract     = {{In basketball, an attacking player often plays a pass to one side while looking to the other side. This head fake provokes a conflict in the observing opponent, as the processing of the head orientation interferes with the processing of the pass direction. Accordingly, responses to passes with head fakes are slower and result in more errors than responses to passes without head fakes (head-fake effect). The head-fake effect and structurally similar interference effects (e.g., Stroop effect) are modulated by the frequency of conflicting trials. Previous studies mostly applied a block-wise manipulation of proportion congruency. However, in basketball (and also in other team sports), where different individual opponents can be encountered, it might be important to take the individual frequency (e.g., 20% vs. 80%) of these opponents into account. Therefore, the present study investigates the possibility to quickly (i.e., on a trial-by-trial basis) reconfigure the response behavior to different proportions of incongruent trials, which are contingent on different basketball players. Results point out that participants indeed adapted to the fake-frequency of different basketball players, which could be the result of strategic adaptation processes. Multi-level analyses, however, indicate that a substantial portion of the player-specific adaptation to fake frequencies is accounted by episodic retrieval processes, suggesting that item-specific proportion congruency effects can be explained in terms of stimulus-response binding and retrieval: The head orientation (e.g., to the right) of a current stimulus retrieves the last episode with the same head orientation including the response that was part of this last episode. Thus, from a theoretical perspective, an attacking player would provoke the strongest detrimental effect on an opponent if s/he repeats the same head movement but changes the direction of the pass. Whether it is at all possible to strategically apply this recommendation in practice needs still to be answered.}},
  author       = {{Güldenpenning, Iris and Böer, Nils Tobias and Kunde, Wilfried and Giesen, Carina G. and Rothermund, Klaus and Weigelt, Matthias}},
  journal      = {{Psychological Research}},
  pages        = {{1702--1711}},
  title        = {{{Context-specific adaptation for head fakes in basketball: a study on player-specific fake-frequency schedules}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s00426-024-01977-2}},
  volume       = {{88}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}

@article{48484,
  abstract     = {{<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Previous research indicates that performing passes with a head fake in basketball leads to increased response initiation times and errors as compared to performing a pass without a head fake. These so-called fake production costs only occurred when not given the time to mentally prepare the deceptive movement. In the current study, we investigated if extensive practice could reduce the cognitive costs of producing a pass with head fake. Twenty-four basketball novices participated in an experiment on five consecutive days. A visual cue prompted participants to play a pass with or without a head fake either to the left or right side. The cued action had to be executed after an interstimulus interval (ISI) of either 0 ms, 400 ms, 800 ms or 1200 ms, allowing for different movement preparation times. Results indicated higher response initiation times (ITs) and error rates (ERs) for passes with head fakes for the short preparation intervals (ISI 0 ms and 400 ms) on the first day but no difference for the longer preparation intervals (ISI 800 ms and 1200 ms). After only one day of practice, participants showed reduced fake production costs (for ISI 0 ms) and were even able to eliminate these cognitive costs when given time to mentally prepare the movement (for ISI 400 ms). Accordingly, physical practice can reduce the cognitive costs associated with head-fake generation. This finding is discussed against the background of the strengthening of stimulus response associations.</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Böer, Nils Tobias and Weigelt, Matthias and Schütz, Christoph and Güldenpenning, Iris}},
  issn         = {{0340-0727}},
  journal      = {{Psychological Research}},
  keywords     = {{Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), Developmental and Educational Psychology, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, General Medicine}},
  pages        = {{523--534}},
  publisher    = {{Springer Science and Business Media LLC}},
  title        = {{{Practice reduces the costs of producing head fakes in basketball}}},
  doi          = {{10.1007/s00426-023-01885-x}},
  volume       = {{88}},
  year         = {{2024}},
}

@inproceedings{47630,
  author       = {{Böer, Nils Tobias and Güldenpenning, Iris and Weigelt, Matthias}},
  booktitle    = {{Abstracts of the 55th Autumn Meeting of Experimental Cognitive Psychology (HExKoP)}},
  editor       = {{Bogenschütz, Luisa and Fenske, Pia and Ayatollahi, Shabnamalsadat and Hamzeloo, Mohammad and Montoya, Gustavo Adolfo León and Viegas, Lisa and Baess, Pamela and Hackländer, Ryan}},
  keywords     = {{action preparation, perception, movement planning, deception}},
  location     = {{Hildesheim}},
  pages        = {{16--17}},
  title        = {{{The influence of effort instructions on fake production costs in basketball novices and experts}}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

@inproceedings{45825,
  author       = {{Güldenpenning, Iris and Böer, Nils Tobias and Kunde, Wilfried and Weigelt, Matthias}},
  booktitle    = {{Abstracts of the 65th Conference of experimental Psychologists (TeaP)}},
  editor       = {{Merz, Simon and Frings, Christian and Leuchtenberg, Bettina and Moeller, Birte and Mueller, Stefanie and Neumann, Roland and Pastötter, Bernhard and Pingen, Leah and Schui, Gabriel}},
  location     = {{Trier}},
  pages        = {{139--140}},
  title        = {{{Adaptation to context information for head fakes in basketball}}},
  doi          = {{https://doi.org/10.23668/psycharchives.12945}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

@article{37466,
  abstract     = {{Typically, head fakes in basketball are generated to, and actually do, deteriorate performance on the side of the observer. However, potential costs at the side of the producer of a fake action have only rarely been investigated before. It is thus not clear yet if the benefit (i.e., slowed reactions in the observer) of performing a head fake is overestimated due to concurrently arising fake production costs (i.e., slowed performance in the producer of a head fake). Therefore, we studied potential head-fake production costs with two experiments. Novice participants were asked to generate passes to the left or right side, either with or without head fakes. In Experiment 1, these actions were determined by an auditory stimulus (i.e., a 440 Hz or 1200 Hz sinus or jigsaw wave). After an interstimulus interval (ISI) of either 0 ms, 800 ms, or 1500 ms, which served the preparation of the action, the cued action had to be executed. In Experiment 2, passing to the left or right, either with or without a head fake, was determined by a visual stimulus (i.e., a player with a red or blue jersey defending either the right or left side). After an ISI of either 0 ms, 400 ms, 800 ms, or 1200 ms, the cued action had to be executed. In both experiments, we observed higher reaction times (RTs) for passes with head fakes as compared to passes without head fakes for no and an intermediate preparation interval (from ISI 0 ms to 800 ms), but no difference for a long preparation interval (for an ISI of 1200 ms and 1500 ms). Both experiments show that generating fake actions produces performance costs, however, these costs can be overcome by a longer preparation phase before movement execution.}},
  author       = {{Güldenpenning, Iris and Weigelt, Matthias and Böer, Nils Tobias and Kunde, Wilfried}},
  issn         = {{0167-9457}},
  journal      = {{Human Movement Science}},
  keywords     = {{Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, General Medicine, Biophysics}},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier BV}},
  title        = {{{Producing deceptive actions in sports: The costs of generating head fakes in basketball}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.humov.2022.103045}},
  volume       = {{87}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

@inproceedings{44694,
  author       = {{Böer, Nils Tobias and Weigelt, Matthias and Kunde, Wilfried and Güldenpenning, Iris}},
  booktitle    = {{Human Performance – Assessment, Intervention & Analysen. Abstractband der 55. Jahrestagung der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Sportpsychologie (asp)}},
  editor       = {{Schott, Nadja and Klotzbier, Thomas  and Korbus, Heide and El-Rajab, I. and Holfelder, B. and Park, S-Y.}},
  keywords     = {{Perception, Action Preparation, Cognition}},
  location     = {{Stuttgart: Universität Stuttgart}},
  pages        = {{116--117}},
  publisher    = {{Universität Stuttgart}},
  title        = {{{The influence of effort instructions on the production of head fakes in basketball}}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

@inproceedings{45779,
  author       = {{Böer, Nils Tobias and Weigelt, Matthias and Güldenpenning, Iris}},
  booktitle    = {{Abstracts of the 65th Conference of Experimental Psychologists (TeaP)}},
  editor       = {{Merz, Simon and Frings, Christian and Leuchtenberg, Bettina and Moeller, Birte and Mueller, Stefanie and Neumann, Roland and Pastötter, Bernhard and Pingen, Leah and Schui, Gabriel}},
  keywords     = {{perception, action preparation, movement planning, effort instructions}},
  location     = {{Trier}},
  pages        = {{66--67}},
  title        = {{{The influence of effort instructions on producing head fakes in basketball }}},
  doi          = {{https://doi.org/10.23668/psycharchives.12945}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

@inproceedings{44488,
  author       = {{Böer, Nils Tobias and Weigelt, Matthias and Schütz, Christoph and Güldenpenning, Iris}},
  booktitle    = {{Ein Gehirn, viel Bewegung – Variabilität und Plastizität über die Lebensspanne. Abstractband der 54. Jahrestagung der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Sportpsychologie (asp)}},
  editor       = {{Voelcker-Rehage, C. and Pixa, N. H. and Rudisch, J. and Belkin, V. and Eils, E. and Fröhlich, S. and Göcking, T. and Hendricks, M. and Janssen, T. and Julian, R. and Kopnarski, L. and Kutz, D. F. and Mack, M. and Mendler, L. and Stojan, R. and Thorwesten, L.}},
  location     = {{Münster}},
  pages        = {{60}},
  publisher    = {{Westfälische Wilhelms Universität Münster}},
  title        = {{{Produktionskosten von Täuschungshandlungen im Sport: Der Einfluss von Übung auf die Durchführung von Blicktäuschungen im Basketball}}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}

@inproceedings{44487,
  author       = {{Böer, Nils Tobias and Güldenpenning, Iris and Kunde, Wilfried and Weigelt, Matthias}},
  booktitle    = {{Abstracts of the 64th Conference of Experimental Psychologists (TeaP)}},
  editor       = {{Malejka, S. and Barth, M. and Haider, H. and Stahl , C.}},
  location     = {{Cologne}},
  pages        = {{198}},
  title        = {{{Producing deceptive actions in sports: The costs of generating head fakes in basketball}}},
  doi          = {{https://doi.org/10.23668/psycharchives.5677}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}

@inproceedings{38116,
  author       = {{Güldenpenning, Iris and Böer, Nils Tobias and Kunde, Wilfried and Weigelt, Matthias}},
  booktitle    = {{Zukunft der Sportpsychologie zwischen Verstehen und Evidenz. Abstractband der 52. Jahrestagung der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Sportpsychologie (asp)}},
  editor       = {{Amesberger, G. and Würth, S. and Finkenzeller, T.}},
  location     = {{Salzburg (online)}},
  pages        = {{39}},
  title        = {{{Anpassungseffekte an spielerspezifische Häufigkeiten von Blicktäuschungen im Basketball}}},
  year         = {{2020}},
}