@article{35637,
  abstract     = {{Individual cognitive functioning declines over time. We seek to understand how adverse physical health shocks in older ages contribute to this development. By use of event-study methods and data from the USA, England, and several countries in Continental Europe, we find evidence that health shocks lead to an immediate and persistent decline in cognitive functioning. This robust finding holds in all regions representing different health insurance systems and seems to be independent of underlying individual demographic characteristics such as sex and age. We also ask whether variables that are susceptible to policy action can reduce the negative consequences of a health shock. Our results suggest that neither compulsory education nor retirement regulations moderate the effects, thus emphasizing the importance for cognitive functioning of maintaining good physical health in old age.}},
  author       = {{Schiele, Valentin and Schmitz, Hendrik}},
  journal      = {{European Economic Review}},
  title        = {{{Understanding cognitive decline in older ages: The role of health shocks}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.euroecorev.2022.104320}},
  volume       = {{151}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

@techreport{46521,
  author       = {{Freise, Diana and Schiele, Valentin and Schmitz, Hendrik}},
  issn         = {{1556-5068}},
  keywords     = {{General Earth and Planetary Sciences, General Environmental Science}},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier BV}},
  title        = {{{Housing Situations and Local COVID-19 Infection Dynamics – A Case Study With Small-Area Data}}},
  doi          = {{10.2139/ssrn.4372490}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

@article{46971,
  abstract     = {{<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Low socio-economic status is associated with higher SARS-CoV-2 incidences. In this paper we study whether this is a result of differences in (1) the frequency, (2) intensity, and/or (3) duration of local SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks depending on the local housing situations. So far, there is not clear evidence which of the three factors dominates. Using small-scale data from neighborhoods in the German city Essen and a flexible estimation approach which does not require prior knowledge about specific transmission characteristics of SARS-CoV-2, behavioral responses or other potential model parameters, we find evidence for the last of the three hypotheses. Outbreaks do not happen more often in less well-off areas or are more severe (in terms of the number of cases), but they last longer. This indicates that the socio-economic gradient in infection levels is at least in parts a result of a more sustained spread of infections in neighborhoods with worse housing conditions after local outbreaks and suggests that in case of an epidemic allocating scarce resources in containment measures to areas with poor housing conditions might have the greatest benefit.</jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Freise, Diana and Schiele, Valentin and Schmitz, Hendrik}},
  issn         = {{2045-2322}},
  journal      = {{Scientific Reports}},
  keywords     = {{Multidisciplinary}},
  number       = {{1}},
  publisher    = {{Springer Science and Business Media LLC}},
  title        = {{{Housing situations and local COVID-19 infection dynamics using small-area data}}},
  doi          = {{10.1038/s41598-023-40734-0}},
  volume       = {{13}},
  year         = {{2023}},
}

@techreport{46531,
  abstract     = {{Compulsory schooling reforms are often used to estimate monetary returns to education. Such reforms are unrelated to individual characteristics and preferences and thus arguably able to eliminate selection bias. However, as these reforms affect a large number of individuals in the relevant age groups, they might have spillover effects on individuals not directly affected by the reform. Such spillover effects constitute a problem for identification and estimation of returns to schooling. As they are difficult to address, they are mostly ignored in the empirical literature. I show that the introduction of the compulsory ninth grade in Germany led to a labor supply shock that might have increased wages and employment of individuals who were not directly subject to the reform and were assumed not to be affected in previous research. To investigate in this kinds of spillover effects, I exploit the staggered introduction of the compulsory ninth grade across German federal states in a difference-in-differences approach. Based on large scale register and survey data, I find no evidence for persistent spillover effects for men. For women, however, my results suggest that the labor supply shock resulting from the reform may have led to a persistent increase in employment and wages.}},
  author       = {{Schiele, Valentin}},
  keywords     = {{Compulsory schooling, Education, Spillover effects, Cohort size, Wages, Employment}},
  title        = {{{Labor market spillover effects of a compulsory schooling reform in Germany}}},
  year         = {{2022}},
}

@article{15073,
  abstract     = {{<jats:p> In this paper, we analyze the effect of light conditions on road accidents and estimate the long run consequences of different time regimes for road safety. Identification is based on variation in light conditions induced by differences in sunrise and sunset times across space and time. We estimate that darkness causes annual costs of more than £500 million in Great Britain. By setting daylight saving time year-round 8 percent of these costs could be saved. Thus, focusing solely on the short run costs related to the transition itself underestimates the total costs of the current time regime. </jats:p>}},
  author       = {{Bünnings, Christian and Schiele, Valentin}},
  issn         = {{0034-6535}},
  journal      = {{The Review of Economics and Statistics}},
  number       = {{1}},
  pages        = {{165--176}},
  title        = {{{Spring Forward, Don't Fall Back: The Effect of Daylight Saving Time on Road Safety}}},
  doi          = {{10.1162/rest_a_00873}},
  volume       = {{103}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}

@techreport{46540,
  abstract     = {{Individual cognitive functioning declines over time. We seek to understand how adverse physical health shocks in older ages contribute to this development. By use of event-study methods and data from the USA, England and several countries in Continental Europe we find evidence that health shocks lead to an immediate and persistent decline in cognitive functioning. This robust finding holds in all regions representing different health insurance systems and seems to be independent of underlying individual demographic characteristics such as sex and age. We also ask whether variables that are susceptible to policy action can reduce the negative consequences of a health shock. Our results suggest that neither compulsory education nor retirement regulations moderate the effects, thus emphasizing the importance of maintaining good physical health in old age for cognitive functioning.}},
  author       = {{Schiele, Valentin and Schmitz, Hendrik}},
  keywords     = {{Cognitive decline, health shocks, retirement, education, event study}},
  publisher    = {{RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen}},
  title        = {{{Understanding cognitive decline in older ages: The role of health shocks}}},
  volume       = {{919}},
  year         = {{2021}},
}

@techreport{46544,
  author       = {{Bünnings, Christian and Schiele, Valentin}},
  keywords     = {{road accidents, light conditions, daylight saving time}},
  publisher    = {{RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen}},
  title        = {{{Spring forward, don’t fall back: The effect of daylight saving time on road safety}}},
  volume       = {{768}},
  year         = {{2018}},
}

@article{5236,
  author       = {{Schmitz, Hendrik and Schiele, Valentin}},
  journal      = {{Atlas of Science}},
  title        = {{{Sick already? Job loss makes it even worse}}},
  year         = {{2017}},
}

@article{2688,
  author       = {{Schiele, Valentin and Schmitz, Hendrik}},
  journal      = {{Journal of Health Economics}},
  pages        = {{59--69}},
  title        = {{{Quantile treatment effects of job loss on health}}},
  doi          = {{10.1016/j.jhealeco.2016.06.005}},
  volume       = {{49}},
  year         = {{2016}},
}