---
_id: '61323'
author:
- first_name: Britta
full_name: Wrede, Britta
last_name: Wrede
- first_name: Hendrik
full_name: Buschmeier, Hendrik
last_name: Buschmeier
- first_name: Katharina Justine
full_name: Rohlfing, Katharina Justine
id: '50352'
last_name: Rohlfing
orcid: 0000-0002-5676-8233
- first_name: Meisam
full_name: Booshehri, Meisam
last_name: Booshehri
- first_name: Angela
full_name: Grimminger, Angela
id: '57578'
last_name: Grimminger
citation:
ama: 'Wrede B, Buschmeier H, Rohlfing KJ, Booshehri M, Grimminger A. Incremental
communication. In: Rohlfing KJ, Främling K, Alpsancar S, Thommes K, Lim BY, eds.
Social Explainable AI. Springer; 2026:227-245. doi:10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_12'
apa: Wrede, B., Buschmeier, H., Rohlfing, K. J., Booshehri, M., & Grimminger,
A. (2026). Incremental communication. In K. J. Rohlfing, K. Främling, S. Alpsancar,
K. Thommes, & B. Y. Lim (Eds.), Social Explainable AI (pp. 227–245).
Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_12
bibtex: '@inbook{Wrede_Buschmeier_Rohlfing_Booshehri_Grimminger_2026, title={Incremental
communication}, DOI={10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_12},
booktitle={Social Explainable AI}, publisher={Springer}, author={Wrede, Britta
and Buschmeier, Hendrik and Rohlfing, Katharina Justine and Booshehri, Meisam
and Grimminger, Angela}, editor={Rohlfing, Katharina J. and Främling, Kary and
Alpsancar, Suzana and Thommes, Kirsten and Lim, Brian Y.}, year={2026}, pages={227–245}
}'
chicago: Wrede, Britta, Hendrik Buschmeier, Katharina Justine Rohlfing, Meisam Booshehri,
and Angela Grimminger. “Incremental Communication.” In Social Explainable AI,
edited by Katharina J. Rohlfing, Kary Främling, Suzana Alpsancar, Kirsten Thommes,
and Brian Y. Lim, 227–45. Springer, 2026. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_12.
ieee: B. Wrede, H. Buschmeier, K. J. Rohlfing, M. Booshehri, and A. Grimminger,
“Incremental communication,” in Social Explainable AI, K. J. Rohlfing,
K. Främling, S. Alpsancar, K. Thommes, and B. Y. Lim, Eds. Springer, 2026, pp.
227–245.
mla: Wrede, Britta, et al. “Incremental Communication.” Social Explainable AI,
edited by Katharina J. Rohlfing et al., Springer, 2026, pp. 227–45, doi:10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_12.
short: 'B. Wrede, H. Buschmeier, K.J. Rohlfing, M. Booshehri, A. Grimminger, in:
K.J. Rohlfing, K. Främling, S. Alpsancar, K. Thommes, B.Y. Lim (Eds.), Social
Explainable AI, Springer, 2026, pp. 227–245.'
date_created: 2025-09-17T10:16:36Z
date_updated: 2026-03-19T12:38:37Z
department:
- _id: '660'
doi: 10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_12
editor:
- first_name: Katharina J.
full_name: Rohlfing, Katharina J.
last_name: Rohlfing
- first_name: Kary
full_name: Främling, Kary
last_name: Främling
- first_name: Suzana
full_name: Alpsancar, Suzana
last_name: Alpsancar
- first_name: Kirsten
full_name: Thommes, Kirsten
last_name: Thommes
- first_name: Brian Y.
full_name: Lim, Brian Y.
last_name: Lim
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
oa: '1'
page: 227-245
project:
- _id: '112'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten'
- _id: '111'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A01: Adaptives Erklären'
- _id: '115'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A05: Echtzeitmessung der Aufmerksamkeit im Mensch-Roboter-Erklärdialog'
- _id: '113'
name: TRR 318 - Subproject A3
- _id: '118'
name: 'TRR 318: Project Area INF'
publication: Social Explainable AI
publication_identifier:
eisbn:
- 978-981-96-5290-7
publication_status: epub_ahead
publisher: Springer
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
link:
- relation: original
url: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_12
status: public
title: Incremental communication
type: book_chapter
user_id: '57578'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '61321'
author:
- first_name: Angela
full_name: Grimminger, Angela
id: '57578'
last_name: Grimminger
- first_name: Hendrik
full_name: Buschmeier, Hendrik
last_name: Buschmeier
citation:
ama: 'Grimminger A, Buschmeier H. Theoretical aspects of multimodal processing.
In: Rohlfing KJ, Främling K, Alpsancar S, Thommes K, Lim BY, eds. Social Explainable
AI. Springer; 2026:351-365. doi:10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_18'
apa: Grimminger, A., & Buschmeier, H. (2026). Theoretical aspects of multimodal
processing. In K. J. Rohlfing, K. Främling, S. Alpsancar, K. Thommes, & B.
Y. Lim (Eds.), Social Explainable AI (pp. 351–365). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_18
bibtex: '@inbook{Grimminger_Buschmeier_2026, title={Theoretical aspects of multimodal
processing}, DOI={10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_18},
booktitle={Social Explainable AI}, publisher={Springer}, author={Grimminger, Angela
and Buschmeier, Hendrik}, editor={Rohlfing, Katharina J. and Främling, Kary and
Alpsancar, Suzana and Thommes, Kirsten and Lim, Brian Y.}, year={2026}, pages={351–365}
}'
chicago: Grimminger, Angela, and Hendrik Buschmeier. “Theoretical Aspects of Multimodal
Processing.” In Social Explainable AI, edited by Katharina J. Rohlfing,
Kary Främling, Suzana Alpsancar, Kirsten Thommes, and Brian Y. Lim, 351–65. Springer,
2026. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_18.
ieee: A. Grimminger and H. Buschmeier, “Theoretical aspects of multimodal processing,”
in Social Explainable AI, K. J. Rohlfing, K. Främling, S. Alpsancar, K.
Thommes, and B. Y. Lim, Eds. Springer, 2026, pp. 351–365.
mla: Grimminger, Angela, and Hendrik Buschmeier. “Theoretical Aspects of Multimodal
Processing.” Social Explainable AI, edited by Katharina J. Rohlfing et
al., Springer, 2026, pp. 351–65, doi:10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_18.
short: 'A. Grimminger, H. Buschmeier, in: K.J. Rohlfing, K. Främling, S. Alpsancar,
K. Thommes, B.Y. Lim (Eds.), Social Explainable AI, Springer, 2026, pp. 351–365.'
date_created: 2025-09-17T10:13:52Z
date_updated: 2026-03-19T12:48:40Z
department:
- _id: '660'
doi: 10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_18
editor:
- first_name: Katharina J.
full_name: Rohlfing, Katharina J.
last_name: Rohlfing
- first_name: Kary
full_name: Främling, Kary
last_name: Främling
- first_name: Suzana
full_name: Alpsancar, Suzana
last_name: Alpsancar
- first_name: Kirsten
full_name: Thommes, Kirsten
last_name: Thommes
- first_name: Brian Y.
full_name: Lim, Brian Y.
last_name: Lim
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
oa: '1'
page: 351-365
project:
- _id: '112'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten'
publication: Social Explainable AI
publication_identifier:
eisbn:
- 978-981-96-5290-7
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
link:
- relation: original
url: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_18
status: public
title: Theoretical aspects of multimodal processing
type: book_chapter
user_id: '57578'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '61322'
author:
- first_name: Stefan Teodorov
full_name: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov
id: '90345'
last_name: Lazarov
orcid: 0009-0009-0892-9483
- first_name: Igor
full_name: Tchappi, Igor
last_name: Tchappi
- first_name: Angela
full_name: Grimminger, Angela
id: '57578'
last_name: Grimminger
citation:
ama: 'Lazarov ST, Tchappi I, Grimminger A. Characteristics of nonverbal behavior.
In: Rohlfing KJ, Främling K, Alpsancar S, Thommes K, Lim BY, eds. Social Explainable
AI. Springer; 2026:367-390. doi:10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_19'
apa: Lazarov, S. T., Tchappi, I., & Grimminger, A. (2026). Characteristics of
nonverbal behavior. In K. J. Rohlfing, K. Främling, S. Alpsancar, K. Thommes,
& B. Y. Lim (Eds.), Social Explainable AI (pp. 367–390). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_19
bibtex: '@inbook{Lazarov_Tchappi_Grimminger_2026, title={Characteristics of nonverbal
behavior}, DOI={10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_19},
booktitle={Social Explainable AI}, publisher={Springer}, author={Lazarov, Stefan
Teodorov and Tchappi, Igor and Grimminger, Angela}, editor={Rohlfing, Katharina
J. and Främling, Kary and Alpsancar, Suzana and Thommes, Kirsten and Lim, Brian
Y.}, year={2026}, pages={367–390} }'
chicago: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, Igor Tchappi, and Angela Grimminger. “Characteristics
of Nonverbal Behavior.” In Social Explainable AI, edited by Katharina J.
Rohlfing, Kary Främling, Suzana Alpsancar, Kirsten Thommes, and Brian Y. Lim,
367–90. Springer, 2026. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_19.
ieee: S. T. Lazarov, I. Tchappi, and A. Grimminger, “Characteristics of nonverbal
behavior,” in Social Explainable AI, K. J. Rohlfing, K. Främling, S. Alpsancar,
K. Thommes, and B. Y. Lim, Eds. Springer, 2026, pp. 367–390.
mla: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, et al. “Characteristics of Nonverbal Behavior.” Social
Explainable AI, edited by Katharina J. Rohlfing et al., Springer, 2026, pp.
367–90, doi:10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_19.
short: 'S.T. Lazarov, I. Tchappi, A. Grimminger, in: K.J. Rohlfing, K. Främling,
S. Alpsancar, K. Thommes, B.Y. Lim (Eds.), Social Explainable AI, Springer, 2026,
pp. 367–390.'
date_created: 2025-09-17T10:15:42Z
date_updated: 2026-03-19T13:58:43Z
department:
- _id: '660'
- _id: '36'
doi: 10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_19
editor:
- first_name: Katharina J.
full_name: Rohlfing, Katharina J.
last_name: Rohlfing
- first_name: Kary
full_name: Främling, Kary
last_name: Främling
- first_name: Suzana
full_name: Alpsancar, Suzana
last_name: Alpsancar
- first_name: Kirsten
full_name: Thommes, Kirsten
last_name: Thommes
- first_name: Brian Y.
full_name: Lim, Brian Y.
last_name: Lim
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
oa: '1'
page: 367-390
project:
- _id: '112'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten'
publication: Social Explainable AI
publication_identifier:
eisbn:
- 978-981-96-5290-7
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
link:
- relation: original
url: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_19
status: public
title: Characteristics of nonverbal behavior
type: book_chapter
user_id: '57578'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '61112'
author:
- first_name: Katharina J.
full_name: Rohlfing, Katharina J.
id: '50352'
last_name: Rohlfing
orcid: 0000-0002-5676-8233
- first_name: Anna-Lisa
full_name: Vollmer, Anna-Lisa
last_name: Vollmer
- first_name: Angela
full_name: Grimminger, Angela
id: '57578'
last_name: Grimminger
citation:
ama: 'Rohlfing KJ, Vollmer A-L, Grimminger A. Practices: How to establish an explaining
practice. In: Rohlfing K, Främling K, Thommes K, Alpsancar S, Lim BY, eds. Social
Explainable AI. Springer; 2026. doi:10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_5'
apa: 'Rohlfing, K. J., Vollmer, A.-L., & Grimminger, A. (2026). Practices: How
to establish an explaining practice. In K. Rohlfing, K. Främling, K. Thommes,
S. Alpsancar, & B. Y. Lim (Eds.), Social Explainable AI. Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_5'
bibtex: '@inbook{Rohlfing_Vollmer_Grimminger_2026, title={Practices: How to establish
an explaining practice}, DOI={10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_5},
booktitle={Social Explainable AI}, publisher={Springer}, author={Rohlfing, Katharina
J. and Vollmer, Anna-Lisa and Grimminger, Angela}, editor={Rohlfing, Katharina
and Främling, Kary and Thommes, Kirsten and Alpsancar, Suzana and Lim, Brian Y.},
year={2026} }'
chicago: 'Rohlfing, Katharina J., Anna-Lisa Vollmer, and Angela Grimminger. “Practices:
How to Establish an Explaining Practice.” In Social Explainable AI, edited
by Katharina Rohlfing, Kary Främling, Kirsten Thommes, Suzana Alpsancar, and Brian
Y. Lim. Springer, 2026. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_5.'
ieee: 'K. J. Rohlfing, A.-L. Vollmer, and A. Grimminger, “Practices: How to establish
an explaining practice,” in Social Explainable AI, K. Rohlfing, K. Främling,
K. Thommes, S. Alpsancar, and B. Y. Lim, Eds. Springer, 2026.'
mla: 'Rohlfing, Katharina J., et al. “Practices: How to Establish an Explaining
Practice.” Social Explainable AI, edited by Katharina Rohlfing et al.,
Springer, 2026, doi:10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_5.'
short: 'K.J. Rohlfing, A.-L. Vollmer, A. Grimminger, in: K. Rohlfing, K. Främling,
K. Thommes, S. Alpsancar, B.Y. Lim (Eds.), Social Explainable AI, Springer, 2026.'
date_created: 2025-09-02T14:33:16Z
date_updated: 2026-03-20T09:11:58Z
department:
- _id: '660'
doi: 10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_5
editor:
- first_name: Katharina
full_name: Rohlfing, Katharina
last_name: Rohlfing
- first_name: Kary
full_name: Främling, Kary
last_name: Främling
- first_name: Kirsten
full_name: Thommes, Kirsten
last_name: Thommes
- first_name: Suzana
full_name: Alpsancar, Suzana
last_name: Alpsancar
- first_name: Brian Y.
full_name: Lim, Brian Y.
last_name: Lim
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
oa: '1'
project:
- _id: '112'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten'
- _id: '111'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A01: Adaptives Erklären'
- _id: '115'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A05: Echtzeitmessung der Aufmerksamkeit im Mensch-Roboter-Erklärdialog'
- _id: '123'
name: TRR 318 - Subproject B5
publication: Social Explainable AI
publication_identifier:
eisbn:
- 978-981-96-5290-7
publication_status: epub_ahead
publisher: Springer
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
link:
- relation: original
url: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_5
status: public
title: 'Practices: How to establish an explaining practice'
type: book_chapter
user_id: '57578'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '65069'
author:
- first_name: Kary
full_name: Främling, Kary
last_name: Främling
- first_name: Rachid
full_name: Alami, Rachid
last_name: Alami
- first_name: Joris
full_name: Hulstijn, Joris
last_name: Hulstijn
- first_name: Igor
full_name: Tchappi, Igor
last_name: Tchappi
- first_name: Angela
full_name: Grimminger, Angela
id: '57578'
last_name: Grimminger
- first_name: Britta
full_name: Wrede, Britta
last_name: Wrede
- first_name: Hendrik
full_name: Buschmeier, Hendrik
last_name: Buschmeier
- first_name: Sylvain
full_name: Kubler, Sylvain
last_name: Kubler
citation:
ama: 'Främling K, Alami R, Hulstijn J, et al. Scenarios of Social Explainable AI
in practice. In: Rohlfing KJ, Främling K, Alpsancar S, Thommes K, Lim BY, eds.
Social Explainable AI. Springer; 2026:19-38. doi:10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_2'
apa: Främling, K., Alami, R., Hulstijn, J., Tchappi, I., Grimminger, A., Wrede,
B., Buschmeier, H., & Kubler, S. (2026). Scenarios of Social Explainable AI
in practice. In K. J. Rohlfing, K. Främling, S. Alpsancar, K. Thommes, & B.
Y. Lim (Eds.), Social Explainable AI (pp. 19–38). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_2
bibtex: '@inbook{Främling_Alami_Hulstijn_Tchappi_Grimminger_Wrede_Buschmeier_Kubler_2026,
title={Scenarios of Social Explainable AI in practice}, DOI={10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_2},
booktitle={Social Explainable AI}, publisher={Springer}, author={Främling, Kary
and Alami, Rachid and Hulstijn, Joris and Tchappi, Igor and Grimminger, Angela
and Wrede, Britta and Buschmeier, Hendrik and Kubler, Sylvain}, editor={Rohlfing,
Katharina J. and Främling, Kary and Alpsancar, Suzana and Thommes, Kirsten and
Lim, Brian Y.}, year={2026}, pages={19–38} }'
chicago: Främling, Kary, Rachid Alami, Joris Hulstijn, Igor Tchappi, Angela Grimminger,
Britta Wrede, Hendrik Buschmeier, and Sylvain Kubler. “Scenarios of Social Explainable
AI in Practice.” In Social Explainable AI, edited by Katharina J. Rohlfing,
Kary Främling, Suzana Alpsancar, Kirsten Thommes, and Brian Y. Lim, 19–38. Springer,
2026. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_2.
ieee: K. Främling et al., “Scenarios of Social Explainable AI in practice,”
in Social Explainable AI, K. J. Rohlfing, K. Främling, S. Alpsancar, K.
Thommes, and B. Y. Lim, Eds. Springer, 2026, pp. 19–38.
mla: Främling, Kary, et al. “Scenarios of Social Explainable AI in Practice.” Social
Explainable AI, edited by Katharina J. Rohlfing et al., Springer, 2026, pp.
19–38, doi:10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_2.
short: 'K. Främling, R. Alami, J. Hulstijn, I. Tchappi, A. Grimminger, B. Wrede,
H. Buschmeier, S. Kubler, in: K.J. Rohlfing, K. Främling, S. Alpsancar, K. Thommes,
B.Y. Lim (Eds.), Social Explainable AI, Springer, 2026, pp. 19–38.'
date_created: 2026-03-20T09:18:01Z
date_updated: 2026-03-20T09:22:08Z
doi: 10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_2
editor:
- first_name: Katharina J.
full_name: Rohlfing, Katharina J.
last_name: Rohlfing
- first_name: Kary
full_name: Främling, Kary
last_name: Främling
- first_name: Suzana
full_name: Alpsancar, Suzana
last_name: Alpsancar
- first_name: Kirsten
full_name: Thommes, Kirsten
last_name: Thommes
- first_name: Brian Y.
full_name: Lim, Brian Y.
last_name: Lim
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
oa: '1'
page: 19-38
publication: Social Explainable AI
publication_identifier:
isbn:
- '9789819652891'
- '9789819652907'
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
link:
- relation: original
url: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_2
status: public
title: Scenarios of Social Explainable AI in practice
type: book_chapter
user_id: '57578'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '61325'
author:
- first_name: Anna-Lisa
full_name: Vollmer, Anna-Lisa
last_name: Vollmer
- first_name: Heike M.
full_name: Buhl, Heike M.
id: '27152'
last_name: Buhl
- first_name: Rachid
full_name: Alami, Rachid
last_name: Alami
- first_name: Kary
full_name: Främling, Kary
last_name: Främling
- first_name: Angela
full_name: Grimminger, Angela
id: '57578'
last_name: Grimminger
- first_name: Meisam
full_name: Booshehri, Meisam
last_name: Booshehri
- first_name: Axel-Cyrille
full_name: Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille
id: '65716'
last_name: Ngonga Ngomo
citation:
ama: 'Vollmer A-L, Buhl HM, Alami R, et al. Components of an explanation for co-constructive
sXAI. In: Rohlfing KJ, Främling K, Lim B, Alpsancar S, Thommes K, eds. Social
Explainable AI. Springer; 2026:39-53. doi:10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_3'
apa: Vollmer, A.-L., Buhl, H. M., Alami, R., Främling, K., Grimminger, A., Booshehri,
M., & Ngonga Ngomo, A.-C. (2026). Components of an explanation for co-constructive
sXAI. In K. J. Rohlfing, K. Främling, B. Lim, S. Alpsancar, & K. Thommes (Eds.),
Social Explainable AI (pp. 39–53). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_3
bibtex: '@inbook{Vollmer_Buhl_Alami_Främling_Grimminger_Booshehri_Ngonga Ngomo_2026,
title={Components of an explanation for co-constructive sXAI}, DOI={10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_3},
booktitle={Social Explainable AI}, publisher={Springer}, author={Vollmer, Anna-Lisa
and Buhl, Heike M. and Alami, Rachid and Främling, Kary and Grimminger, Angela
and Booshehri, Meisam and Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille}, editor={Rohlfing, Katharina
J. and Främling, Kary and Lim, Brian and Alpsancar, Suzana and Thommes, Kirsten},
year={2026}, pages={39–53} }'
chicago: Vollmer, Anna-Lisa, Heike M. Buhl, Rachid Alami, Kary Främling, Angela
Grimminger, Meisam Booshehri, and Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo. “Components of an
Explanation for Co-Constructive SXAI.” In Social Explainable AI, edited
by Katharina J. Rohlfing, Kary Främling, Brian Lim, Suzana Alpsancar, and Kirsten
Thommes, 39–53. Springer, 2026. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_3.
ieee: A.-L. Vollmer et al., “Components of an explanation for co-constructive
sXAI,” in Social Explainable AI, K. J. Rohlfing, K. Främling, B. Lim, S.
Alpsancar, and K. Thommes, Eds. Springer, 2026, pp. 39–53.
mla: Vollmer, Anna-Lisa, et al. “Components of an Explanation for Co-Constructive
SXAI.” Social Explainable AI, edited by Katharina J. Rohlfing et al., Springer,
2026, pp. 39–53, doi:10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_3.
short: 'A.-L. Vollmer, H.M. Buhl, R. Alami, K. Främling, A. Grimminger, M. Booshehri,
A.-C. Ngonga Ngomo, in: K.J. Rohlfing, K. Främling, B. Lim, S. Alpsancar, K. Thommes
(Eds.), Social Explainable AI, Springer, 2026, pp. 39–53.'
date_created: 2025-09-17T10:16:52Z
date_updated: 2026-03-23T18:28:01Z
department:
- _id: '660'
doi: 10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_3
editor:
- first_name: Katharina J.
full_name: Rohlfing, Katharina J.
last_name: Rohlfing
- first_name: Kary
full_name: Främling, Kary
last_name: Främling
- first_name: Brian
full_name: Lim, Brian
last_name: Lim
- first_name: Suzana
full_name: Alpsancar, Suzana
last_name: Alpsancar
- first_name: Kirsten
full_name: Thommes, Kirsten
last_name: Thommes
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_3
oa: '1'
page: 39-53
project:
- _id: '112'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten'
- _id: '111'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A01: Adaptives Erklären'
- _id: '114'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A04: Integration des technischen Modells in das Partnermodell
bei der Erklärung von digitalen Artefakten'
- _id: '123'
name: TRR 318 - Subproject B5
- _id: '118'
name: 'TRR 318: Project Area INF'
publication: Social Explainable AI
publication_identifier:
eisbn:
- 978-981-96-5290-7
publication_status: epub_ahead
publisher: Springer
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
link:
- relation: original
url: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_3
status: public
title: Components of an explanation for co-constructive sXAI
type: book_chapter
user_id: '90826'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '61151'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: In this paper, we discuss the application of retrospective video recall for
the assessment of cognitive processes in explanatory interactions, such as understanding
and mental models. Our purpose is to reflect on the benefits and limitations of
video recall compared to another self-report method, ‘thinking-aloud’. To do so,
we reveal empirical results from the application of video recall in three interdisciplinary
research projects that applied the method for the qualitative and quantitative
assessment of cognitive and behavioral phenomena in everyday explanations. In
all three projects, video recall was applied as a post-hoc procedure following
the recording of dyadic face-to-face explanations of board games. The design of
the video recall procedure differed between individual projects because they pursued
different research objectives – that is the investigation of (1) an interlocutor's
multimodal signals of understanding, (2) the change in assumptions about an interlocutor's
dispositional and situational knowledge, and (3) the differentiated assessment
of an interlocutor's developing understanding of domain knowledge aspects by distinguishing
between mechanistic and functional explanatory stances. By discussing the benefits
and the limitations of each procedure, this article provides critical reflections
on video recall as a versatile research method applied for the analysis of human
multimodal behavior in interaction and cognitive processing.
author:
- first_name: Stefan Teodorov
full_name: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov
id: '90345'
last_name: Lazarov
orcid: 0009-0009-0892-9483
- first_name: Michael
full_name: Schaffer, Michael
id: '92807'
last_name: Schaffer
- first_name: Viviane
full_name: Gladow, Viviane
last_name: Gladow
- first_name: Hendrik
full_name: Buschmeier, Hendrik
id: '76456'
last_name: Buschmeier
orcid: 0000-0002-9613-5713
- first_name: Heike M.
full_name: Buhl, Heike M.
id: '27152'
last_name: Buhl
- first_name: Angela
full_name: Grimminger, Angela
id: '57578'
last_name: Grimminger
citation:
ama: Lazarov ST, Schaffer M, Gladow V, Buschmeier H, Buhl HM, Grimminger A. Retrospective
video recall for analyzing cognitive processes in naturalistic explanations.
apa: Lazarov, S. T., Schaffer, M., Gladow, V., Buschmeier, H., Buhl, H. M., &
Grimminger, A. (n.d.). Retrospective video recall for analyzing cognitive processes
in naturalistic explanations.
bibtex: '@article{Lazarov_Schaffer_Gladow_Buschmeier_Buhl_Grimminger, title={Retrospective
video recall for analyzing cognitive processes in naturalistic explanations},
author={Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and Schaffer, Michael and Gladow, Viviane and
Buschmeier, Hendrik and Buhl, Heike M. and Grimminger, Angela} }'
chicago: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, Michael Schaffer, Viviane Gladow, Hendrik Buschmeier,
Heike M. Buhl, and Angela Grimminger. “Retrospective Video Recall for Analyzing
Cognitive Processes in Naturalistic Explanations,” n.d.
ieee: S. T. Lazarov, M. Schaffer, V. Gladow, H. Buschmeier, H. M. Buhl, and A. Grimminger,
“Retrospective video recall for analyzing cognitive processes in naturalistic
explanations.” .
mla: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, et al. Retrospective Video Recall for Analyzing
Cognitive Processes in Naturalistic Explanations.
short: S.T. Lazarov, M. Schaffer, V. Gladow, H. Buschmeier, H.M. Buhl, A. Grimminger,
(n.d.).
date_created: 2025-09-08T14:11:37Z
date_updated: 2026-03-27T16:18:03Z
department:
- _id: '660'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/u24kz_v2
page: '29'
project:
- _id: '111'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A01: Adaptives Erklären'
- _id: '112'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten'
- _id: '114'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A04: Integration des technischen Modells in das Partnermodell
bei der Erklärung von digitalen Artefakten'
publication_status: submitted
status: public
title: Retrospective video recall for analyzing cognitive processes in naturalistic
explanations
type: preprint
user_id: '76456'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '64914'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: 'We investigate how verbal and nonverbal linguistic features, exhibited by
speakers and listeners in dialogue, can contribute to predicting the listener''s
state of understanding in explanatory interactions on a moment-by-moment basis.
Specifically, we examine three linguistic cues related to cognitive load and hypothesised
to correlate with listener understanding: the information value (operationalised
with surprisal) and syntactic complexity of the speaker''s utterances, and the
variation in the listener''s interactive gaze behaviour. Based on statistical
analyses of the MUNDEX corpus of face-to-face dialogic board game explanations,
we find that individual cues vary with the listener''s level of understanding.
Listener states (‘Understanding’, ‘Partial Understanding’, ‘Non-Understanding’
and ‘Misunderstanding’) were self-annotated by the listeners using a retrospective
video-recall method. The results of a subsequent classification experiment, involving
two off-the-shelf classifiers and a fine-tuned German BERT-based multimodal classifier,
demonstrate that prediction of these four states of understanding is generally
possible and improves when the three linguistic cues are considered alongside
textual features.'
author:
- first_name: Yu
full_name: Wang, Yu
last_name: Wang
- first_name: Olcay
full_name: Türk, Olcay
last_name: Türk
- first_name: Angela
full_name: Grimminger, Angela
id: '57578'
last_name: Grimminger
- first_name: Hendrik
full_name: Buschmeier, Hendrik
id: '76456'
last_name: Buschmeier
orcid: 0000-0002-9613-5713
citation:
ama: 'Wang Y, Türk O, Grimminger A, Buschmeier H. Predicting states of understanding
in explanatory interactions using cognitive load-related linguistic cues. In:
Proceedings of the 15th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference. ELRA;
2026:11368-11378. doi:10.63317/4tsmsshhd3ad'
apa: Wang, Y., Türk, O., Grimminger, A., & Buschmeier, H. (2026). Predicting
states of understanding in explanatory interactions using cognitive load-related
linguistic cues. Proceedings of the 15th Language Resources and Evaluation
Conference, 11368–11378. https://doi.org/10.63317/4tsmsshhd3ad
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Wang_Türk_Grimminger_Buschmeier_2026, place={Palma, Mallorca,
Spain}, title={Predicting states of understanding in explanatory interactions
using cognitive load-related linguistic cues}, DOI={10.63317/4tsmsshhd3ad},
booktitle={Proceedings of the 15th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference},
publisher={ELRA}, author={Wang, Yu and Türk, Olcay and Grimminger, Angela and
Buschmeier, Hendrik}, year={2026}, pages={11368–11378} }'
chicago: 'Wang, Yu, Olcay Türk, Angela Grimminger, and Hendrik Buschmeier. “Predicting
States of Understanding in Explanatory Interactions Using Cognitive Load-Related
Linguistic Cues.” In Proceedings of the 15th Language Resources and Evaluation
Conference, 11368–78. Palma, Mallorca, Spain: ELRA, 2026. https://doi.org/10.63317/4tsmsshhd3ad.'
ieee: 'Y. Wang, O. Türk, A. Grimminger, and H. Buschmeier, “Predicting states of
understanding in explanatory interactions using cognitive load-related linguistic
cues,” in Proceedings of the 15th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference,
Palma, Mallorca, Spain, 2026, pp. 11368–11378, doi: 10.63317/4tsmsshhd3ad.'
mla: Wang, Yu, et al. “Predicting States of Understanding in Explanatory Interactions
Using Cognitive Load-Related Linguistic Cues.” Proceedings of the 15th Language
Resources and Evaluation Conference, ELRA, 2026, pp. 11368–78, doi:10.63317/4tsmsshhd3ad.
short: 'Y. Wang, O. Türk, A. Grimminger, H. Buschmeier, in: Proceedings of the 15th
Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, ELRA, Palma, Mallorca, Spain, 2026,
pp. 11368–11378.'
conference:
end_date: 2026-05-16
location: Palma, Mallorca, Spain
name: 15th Biennial Language Resources and Evaluation Conference
start_date: 2026-05-11
date_created: 2026-03-13T17:59:22Z
date_updated: 2026-05-07T08:08:53Z
department:
- _id: '660'
doi: 10.63317/4tsmsshhd3ad
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://doi.org/10.63317/4tsmsshhd3ad
oa: '1'
page: 11368-11378
place: Palma, Mallorca, Spain
project:
- _id: '112'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten'
publication: Proceedings of the 15th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference
publication_status: published
publisher: ELRA
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Predicting states of understanding in explanatory interactions using cognitive
load-related linguistic cues
type: conference
user_id: '76456'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '65565'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: "Abstract\r\n Gaze behavior,
being continuously accessible to interlocutors in face-to-face interactions, serves
as a cue for managing turn-taking, regulating the duration of topical sequences,
and supporting cognitive processing in various everyday conversational contexts.
The present study seeks to enhance the understanding of the relation between two
forms of interactive gaze behavior – gaze aversions and mutual gaze – and the
topical development in the explanatory discourse. To do so, we analyzed 24 dyadic
board game explanations in which one explainer subsequently explained a board
game to three different explainees while the board game was physically absent
from the shared space. The main objective of the present study was to investigate
the relation of gaze aversions and mutual gaze to the topical development of explanations.
For this, based on previous research (Lazarov et al., 2024; Rossano, 2012) we
hypothesized that (1) gaze aversions are more likely to be associated with topic
changes than topic continuations, and that (2) mutual gaze is more likely to be
associated with topic continuations than topic changes. In addition, we explored
how the two forms of gaze behavior are related to the interlocutor who initiates
a topic change or continuation. Our proportional analysis using a Generalized
linear mixed effects model revealed that gaze aversions are related to topic changes
initiated by both interlocutors. In contrast, the analysis did not reveal a significant
relation between mutual gaze and topic continuations, which could be explained
by the feedback elicitation function of mutual gaze at the end of speakers’ utterances
(Bavelas et al., 2002; Brône et al., 2017; Kendon, 1967) while monitoring the
addressees’ understanding (Clark & Krych, 2004) and the complexity of the
analyzed fixed and random effects."
author:
- first_name: Stefan Teodorov
full_name: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov
id: '90345'
last_name: Lazarov
orcid: 0009-0009-0892-9483
- first_name: Angela
full_name: Grimminger, Angela
id: '57578'
last_name: Grimminger
citation:
ama: Lazarov ST, Grimminger A. How are gaze aversions and mutual gaze related to
the topical development of dyadic explanatory interactions? Journal of Nonverbal
Behavior. Published online 2026. doi:10.1007/s10919-026-00512-8
apa: Lazarov, S. T., & Grimminger, A. (2026). How are gaze aversions and mutual
gaze related to the topical development of dyadic explanatory interactions? Journal
of Nonverbal Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-026-00512-8
bibtex: '@article{Lazarov_Grimminger_2026, title={How are gaze aversions and mutual
gaze related to the topical development of dyadic explanatory interactions?},
DOI={10.1007/s10919-026-00512-8},
journal={Journal of Nonverbal Behavior}, publisher={Springer Science and Business
Media LLC}, author={Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and Grimminger, Angela}, year={2026}
}'
chicago: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, and Angela Grimminger. “How Are Gaze Aversions
and Mutual Gaze Related to the Topical Development of Dyadic Explanatory Interactions?”
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 2026. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-026-00512-8.
ieee: 'S. T. Lazarov and A. Grimminger, “How are gaze aversions and mutual gaze
related to the topical development of dyadic explanatory interactions?,” Journal
of Nonverbal Behavior, 2026, doi: 10.1007/s10919-026-00512-8.'
mla: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, and Angela Grimminger. “How Are Gaze Aversions and
Mutual Gaze Related to the Topical Development of Dyadic Explanatory Interactions?”
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, Springer Science and Business Media LLC,
2026, doi:10.1007/s10919-026-00512-8.
short: S.T. Lazarov, A. Grimminger, Journal of Nonverbal Behavior (2026).
date_created: 2026-05-05T14:19:47Z
date_updated: 2026-06-04T18:48:45Z
department:
- _id: '660'
doi: 10.1007/s10919-026-00512-8
language:
- iso: eng
project:
- _id: '112'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten'
publication: Journal of Nonverbal Behavior
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0191-5886
- 1573-3653
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
status: public
title: How are gaze aversions and mutual gaze related to the topical development of
dyadic explanatory interactions?
type: journal_article
user_id: '57578'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '65789'
author:
- first_name: Katharina J.
full_name: Rohlfing, Katharina J.
id: '50352'
last_name: Rohlfing
orcid: 0000-0002-5676-8233
- first_name: Isabel
full_name: Steinhardt, Isabel
id: '90339'
last_name: Steinhardt
orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2590-6189
- first_name: Ingrid
full_name: Scharlau, Ingrid
id: '451'
last_name: Scharlau
orcid: 0000-0003-2364-9489
- first_name: Niclas
full_name: Schaper, Niclas
last_name: Schaper
- first_name: Susan
full_name: Holtfreter, Susan
last_name: Holtfreter
- first_name: Lea
full_name: Biere, Lea
id: '46664'
last_name: Biere
- first_name: Angela
full_name: Grimminger, Angela
id: '57578'
last_name: Grimminger
- first_name: Rebecca
full_name: Schmidt, Rebecca
id: '94416'
last_name: Schmidt
orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2516-359X
- first_name: Dagmar Franziska
full_name: Festner, Dagmar Franziska
id: '36580'
last_name: Festner
- first_name: Rebekka
full_name: Schmidt, Rebekka
id: '58565'
last_name: Schmidt
- first_name: Heike M.
full_name: Buhl, Heike M.
id: '27152'
last_name: Buhl
- first_name: Ilka
full_name: Mindt, Ilka
id: '32079'
last_name: Mindt
- first_name: Andrea Ramona
full_name: Karsten, Andrea Ramona
id: '53917'
last_name: Karsten
orcid: 0000-0003-0194-2000
- first_name: Iris
full_name: Neiske, Iris
id: '53827'
last_name: Neiske
- first_name: Sebastian
full_name: Luft, Sebastian
id: '55271'
last_name: Luft
citation:
ama: 'Rohlfing KJ, Steinhardt I, Scharlau I, et al. (Nicht)Nutzung von KI-Werkzeugen
in der Lehre: ein Reflexionspapier.; 2026. doi:10.17619/UNIPB/1-2576'
apa: 'Rohlfing, K. J., Steinhardt, I., Scharlau, I., Schaper, N., Holtfreter, S.,
Biere, L., Grimminger, A., Schmidt, R., Festner, D. F., Schmidt, R., Buhl, H.
M., Mindt, I., Karsten, A. R., Neiske, I., & Luft, S. (2026). (Nicht)Nutzung
von KI-Werkzeugen in der Lehre: ein Reflexionspapier. https://doi.org/10.17619/UNIPB/1-2576'
bibtex: '@book{Rohlfing_Steinhardt_Scharlau_Schaper_Holtfreter_Biere_Grimminger_Schmidt_Festner_Schmidt_et
al._2026, place={Paderborn University, Paderborn}, title={(Nicht)Nutzung von KI-Werkzeugen
in der Lehre: ein Reflexionspapier}, DOI={10.17619/UNIPB/1-2576},
author={Rohlfing, Katharina J. and Steinhardt, Isabel and Scharlau, Ingrid and
Schaper, Niclas and Holtfreter, Susan and Biere, Lea and Grimminger, Angela and
Schmidt, Rebecca and Festner, Dagmar Franziska and Schmidt, Rebekka and et al.},
year={2026} }'
chicago: 'Rohlfing, Katharina J., Isabel Steinhardt, Ingrid Scharlau, Niclas Schaper,
Susan Holtfreter, Lea Biere, Angela Grimminger, et al. (Nicht)Nutzung von KI-Werkzeugen
in der Lehre: ein Reflexionspapier. Paderborn University, Paderborn, 2026.
https://doi.org/10.17619/UNIPB/1-2576.'
ieee: 'K. J. Rohlfing et al., (Nicht)Nutzung von KI-Werkzeugen in der
Lehre: ein Reflexionspapier. Paderborn University, Paderborn, 2026.'
mla: 'Rohlfing, Katharina J., et al. (Nicht)Nutzung von KI-Werkzeugen in der
Lehre: ein Reflexionspapier. 2026, doi:10.17619/UNIPB/1-2576.'
short: 'K.J. Rohlfing, I. Steinhardt, I. Scharlau, N. Schaper, S. Holtfreter, L.
Biere, A. Grimminger, R. Schmidt, D.F. Festner, R. Schmidt, H.M. Buhl, I. Mindt,
A.R. Karsten, I. Neiske, S. Luft, (Nicht)Nutzung von KI-Werkzeugen in der Lehre:
ein Reflexionspapier, Paderborn University, Paderborn, 2026.'
date_created: 2026-06-08T08:04:36Z
date_updated: 2026-06-18T18:57:56Z
department:
- _id: '427'
- _id: '424'
- _id: '749'
doi: 10.17619/UNIPB/1-2576
language:
- iso: ger
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://digital.ub.uni-paderborn.de/hs/content/zoom/8324632
oa: '1'
place: Paderborn University, Paderborn
project:
- _id: '2718'
name: TRR 318-2 - Constructing Explainability
status: public
title: '(Nicht)Nutzung von KI-Werkzeugen in der Lehre: ein Reflexionspapier'
type: working_paper
user_id: '57578'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '66106'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Multimodal backchannels are fundamental to conversational grounding and understanding.
However, backchannels do not always transparently reflect the interlocutor's actual
cognitive state. “Incongruent backchannels”, where the observable feedback implies
understanding although there is no genuine understanding, are a potential source
of ambiguity in any interaction. Using acoustic, head movement, and discourse-related
data from 45 naturalistic dyadic interactions, we investigate whether incongruent
and congruent backchannels show systematically different properties using a classification
task. Results show that these backchannels are indeed separable based on multimodal
features. Incongruent backchannels are typically characterised by more neutral
head movement configurations and lower acoustic dynamism, while discursive cues
strongly influence the classification. Overall, the findings suggest a relatively
reduced effort in the signalling of incongruent backchannels.
author:
- first_name: Olcay
full_name: Türk, Olcay
last_name: Türk
- first_name: Stefan Teodorov
full_name: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov
id: '90345'
last_name: Lazarov
orcid: 0009-0009-0892-9483
- first_name: Yu
full_name: Wang, Yu
last_name: Wang
- first_name: Angela
full_name: Grimminger, Angela
id: '57578'
last_name: Grimminger
- first_name: Hendrik
full_name: Buschmeier, Hendrik
id: '76456'
last_name: Buschmeier
orcid: 0000-0002-9613-5713
- first_name: Petra
full_name: Wagner, Petra
id: '74505'
last_name: Wagner
citation:
ama: 'Türk O, Lazarov ST, Wang Y, Grimminger A, Buschmeier H, Wagner P. When “yeah”
means “not quite”: Multimodal detection of backchannels expressing incomplete
understanding. In: Proceedings of INTERSPEECH 2026.'
apa: 'Türk, O., Lazarov, S. T., Wang, Y., Grimminger, A., Buschmeier, H., &
Wagner, P. (n.d.). When “yeah” means “not quite”: Multimodal detection of backchannels
expressing incomplete understanding. Proceedings of INTERSPEECH 2026. INTERSPEECH
2026, Sydney, Australia.'
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Türk_Lazarov_Wang_Grimminger_Buschmeier_Wagner, place={Sydney,
Australia}, title={When “yeah” means “not quite”: Multimodal detection of backchannels
expressing incomplete understanding}, booktitle={Proceedings of INTERSPEECH 2026},
author={Türk, Olcay and Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and Wang, Yu and Grimminger,
Angela and Buschmeier, Hendrik and Wagner, Petra} }'
chicago: 'Türk, Olcay, Stefan Teodorov Lazarov, Yu Wang, Angela Grimminger, Hendrik
Buschmeier, and Petra Wagner. “When ‘Yeah’ Means ‘Not Quite’: Multimodal Detection
of Backchannels Expressing Incomplete Understanding.” In Proceedings of INTERSPEECH
2026. Sydney, Australia, n.d.'
ieee: 'O. Türk, S. T. Lazarov, Y. Wang, A. Grimminger, H. Buschmeier, and P. Wagner,
“When ‘yeah’ means ‘not quite’: Multimodal detection of backchannels expressing
incomplete understanding,” presented at the INTERSPEECH 2026, Sydney, Australia.'
mla: 'Türk, Olcay, et al. “When ‘Yeah’ Means ‘Not Quite’: Multimodal Detection of
Backchannels Expressing Incomplete Understanding.” Proceedings of INTERSPEECH
2026.'
short: 'O. Türk, S.T. Lazarov, Y. Wang, A. Grimminger, H. Buschmeier, P. Wagner,
in: Proceedings of INTERSPEECH 2026, Sydney, Australia, n.d.'
conference:
end_date: 2026-10-01
location: Sydney, Australia
name: INTERSPEECH 2026
start_date: 2026-09-27
date_created: 2026-07-01T19:44:35Z
date_updated: 2026-07-01T19:48:21Z
department:
- _id: '660'
language:
- iso: eng
place: Sydney, Australia
project:
- _id: '112'
name: 'TRR 318 - Projekt A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten'
publication: Proceedings of INTERSPEECH 2026
publication_status: accepted
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: 'When “yeah” means “not quite”: Multimodal detection of backchannels expressing
incomplete understanding'
type: conference
user_id: '76456'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '61429'
author:
- first_name: Hendrik
full_name: Buschmeier, Hendrik
last_name: Buschmeier
- first_name: Angela
full_name: Grimminger, Angela
id: '57578'
last_name: Grimminger
- first_name: Petra
full_name: Wagner, Petra
last_name: Wagner
- first_name: Stefan Teodorov
full_name: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov
id: '90345'
last_name: Lazarov
orcid: 0009-0009-0892-9483
- first_name: Olcay
full_name: Türk, Olcay
last_name: Türk
- first_name: Yu
full_name: Wang, Yu
last_name: Wang
citation:
ama: Buschmeier H, Grimminger A, Wagner P, Lazarov ST, Türk O, Wang Y. MUNDEX
Annotations. LibreCat University; 2025. doi:10.5281/ZENODO.17129817
apa: Buschmeier, H., Grimminger, A., Wagner, P., Lazarov, S. T., Türk, O., &
Wang, Y. (2025). MUNDEX Annotations. LibreCat University. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.17129817
bibtex: '@book{Buschmeier_Grimminger_Wagner_Lazarov_Türk_Wang_2025, title={MUNDEX
Annotations}, DOI={10.5281/ZENODO.17129817},
publisher={LibreCat University}, author={Buschmeier, Hendrik and Grimminger, Angela
and Wagner, Petra and Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and Türk, Olcay and Wang, Yu},
year={2025} }'
chicago: Buschmeier, Hendrik, Angela Grimminger, Petra Wagner, Stefan Teodorov Lazarov,
Olcay Türk, and Yu Wang. MUNDEX Annotations. LibreCat University, 2025.
https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.17129817.
ieee: H. Buschmeier, A. Grimminger, P. Wagner, S. T. Lazarov, O. Türk, and Y. Wang,
MUNDEX Annotations. LibreCat University, 2025.
mla: Buschmeier, Hendrik, et al. MUNDEX Annotations. LibreCat University,
2025, doi:10.5281/ZENODO.17129817.
short: H. Buschmeier, A. Grimminger, P. Wagner, S.T. Lazarov, O. Türk, Y. Wang,
MUNDEX Annotations, LibreCat University, 2025.
date_created: 2025-09-24T09:41:50Z
date_updated: 2025-09-24T09:46:28Z
department:
- _id: '660'
doi: 10.5281/ZENODO.17129817
project:
- _id: '112'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten'
publisher: LibreCat University
status: public
title: MUNDEX Annotations
type: research_data
user_id: '57578'
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '61156'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Explainability has become an important topic in computer science and artificial
intelligence, leading to a subfield called Explainable Artificial Intelligence
(XAI). The goal of providing or seeking explanations is to achieve (better) ‘understanding’
on the part of the explainee. However, what it means to ‘understand’ is still
not clearly defined, and the concept itself is rarely the subject of scientific
investigation. This conceptual article aims to present a model of forms of understanding
for XAI-explanations and beyond. From an interdisciplinary perspective bringing
together computer science, linguistics, sociology, philosophy and psychology,
a definition of understanding and its forms, assessment, and dynamics during the
process of giving everyday explanations are explored. Two types of understanding
are considered as possible outcomes of explanations, namely enabledness, ‘knowing
how’ to do or decide something, and comprehension, ‘knowing that’ – both in different
degrees (from shallow to deep). Explanations regularly start with shallow understanding
in a specific domain and can lead to deep comprehension and enabledness of the
explanandum, which we see as a prerequisite for human users to gain agency. In
this process, the increase of comprehension and enabledness are highly interdependent.
Against the background of this systematization, special challenges of understanding
in XAI are discussed.
article_number: '101419'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Hendrik
full_name: Buschmeier, Hendrik
id: '76456'
last_name: Buschmeier
orcid: 0000-0002-9613-5713
- first_name: Heike M.
full_name: Buhl, Heike M.
id: '27152'
last_name: Buhl
- first_name: Friederike
full_name: Kern, Friederike
last_name: Kern
- first_name: Angela
full_name: Grimminger, Angela
id: '57578'
last_name: Grimminger
- first_name: Helen
full_name: Beierling, Helen
id: '50995'
last_name: Beierling
- first_name: Josephine Beryl
full_name: Fisher, Josephine Beryl
id: '56345'
last_name: Fisher
orcid: 0000-0002-9997-9241
- first_name: André
full_name: Groß, André
id: '93405'
last_name: Groß
orcid: 0000-0002-9593-7220
- first_name: Ilona
full_name: Horwath, Ilona
id: '68836'
last_name: Horwath
- first_name: Nils
full_name: Klowait, Nils
id: '98454'
last_name: Klowait
orcid: 0000-0002-7347-099X
- first_name: Stefan Teodorov
full_name: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov
id: '90345'
last_name: Lazarov
orcid: 0009-0009-0892-9483
- first_name: Michael
full_name: Lenke, Michael
last_name: Lenke
- first_name: Vivien
full_name: Lohmer, Vivien
last_name: Lohmer
- first_name: Katharina
full_name: Rohlfing, Katharina
id: '50352'
last_name: Rohlfing
orcid: 0000-0002-5676-8233
- first_name: Ingrid
full_name: Scharlau, Ingrid
id: '451'
last_name: Scharlau
orcid: 0000-0003-2364-9489
- first_name: Amit
full_name: Singh, Amit
id: '91018'
last_name: Singh
orcid: 0000-0002-7789-1521
- first_name: Lutz
full_name: Terfloth, Lutz
id: '37320'
last_name: Terfloth
- first_name: Anna-Lisa
full_name: Vollmer, Anna-Lisa
id: '86589'
last_name: Vollmer
- first_name: Yu
full_name: Wang, Yu
last_name: Wang
- first_name: Annedore
full_name: Wilmes, Annedore
last_name: Wilmes
- first_name: Britta
full_name: Wrede, Britta
last_name: Wrede
citation:
ama: Buschmeier H, Buhl HM, Kern F, et al. Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations.
Cognitive Systems Research. 2025;94. doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419
apa: Buschmeier, H., Buhl, H. M., Kern, F., Grimminger, A., Beierling, H., Fisher,
J. B., Groß, A., Horwath, I., Klowait, N., Lazarov, S. T., Lenke, M., Lohmer,
V., Rohlfing, K., Scharlau, I., Singh, A., Terfloth, L., Vollmer, A.-L., Wang,
Y., Wilmes, A., & Wrede, B. (2025). Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations.
Cognitive Systems Research, 94, Article 101419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419
bibtex: '@article{Buschmeier_Buhl_Kern_Grimminger_Beierling_Fisher_Groß_Horwath_Klowait_Lazarov_et
al._2025, title={Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations}, volume={94}, DOI={10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419},
number={101419}, journal={Cognitive Systems Research}, author={Buschmeier, Hendrik
and Buhl, Heike M. and Kern, Friederike and Grimminger, Angela and Beierling,
Helen and Fisher, Josephine Beryl and Groß, André and Horwath, Ilona and Klowait,
Nils and Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and et al.}, year={2025} }'
chicago: Buschmeier, Hendrik, Heike M. Buhl, Friederike Kern, Angela Grimminger,
Helen Beierling, Josephine Beryl Fisher, André Groß, et al. “Forms of Understanding
for XAI-Explanations.” Cognitive Systems Research 94 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419.
ieee: 'H. Buschmeier et al., “Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations,”
Cognitive Systems Research, vol. 94, Art. no. 101419, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419.'
mla: Buschmeier, Hendrik, et al. “Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations.”
Cognitive Systems Research, vol. 94, 101419, 2025, doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419.
short: H. Buschmeier, H.M. Buhl, F. Kern, A. Grimminger, H. Beierling, J.B. Fisher,
A. Groß, I. Horwath, N. Klowait, S.T. Lazarov, M. Lenke, V. Lohmer, K. Rohlfing,
I. Scharlau, A. Singh, L. Terfloth, A.-L. Vollmer, Y. Wang, A. Wilmes, B. Wrede,
Cognitive Systems Research 94 (2025).
date_created: 2025-09-08T14:24:32Z
date_updated: 2025-12-05T15:32:25Z
ddc:
- '006'
department:
- _id: '660'
doi: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419
file:
- access_level: closed
content_type: application/pdf
creator: hbuschme
date_created: 2025-12-01T21:02:20Z
date_updated: 2025-12-01T21:02:20Z
file_id: '62730'
file_name: Buschmeier-etal-2025-COGSYS.pdf
file_size: 10114981
relation: main_file
success: 1
file_date_updated: 2025-12-01T21:02:20Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: ' 94'
keyword:
- understanding
- explaining
- explanations
- explainable
- AI
- interdisciplinarity
- comprehension
- enabledness
- agency
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389041725000993?via%3Dihub
oa: '1'
project:
- _id: '111'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A01: Adaptives Erklären'
- _id: '112'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten'
- _id: '113'
name: TRR 318 - Subproject A3
- _id: '114'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A04: Integration des technischen Modells in das Partnermodell
bei der Erklärung von digitalen Artefakten'
- _id: '115'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A05: Echtzeitmessung der Aufmerksamkeit im Mensch-Roboter-Erklärdialog'
- _id: '122'
name: TRR 318 - Subproject B3
- _id: '123'
name: TRR 318 - Subproject B5
- _id: '119'
name: TRR 318 - Project Area Ö
publication: Cognitive Systems Research
publication_status: published
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations
type: journal_article
user_id: '57578'
volume: 94
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '61154'
author:
- first_name: Olcay
full_name: Türk, Olcay
last_name: Türk
- first_name: Stefan Teodorov
full_name: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov
id: '90345'
last_name: Lazarov
orcid: 0009-0009-0892-9483
- first_name: Hendrik
full_name: Buschmeier, Hendrik
id: '76456'
last_name: Buschmeier
orcid: 0000-0002-9613-5713
- first_name: Petra
full_name: Wagner, Petra
id: '74505'
last_name: Wagner
- first_name: Angela
full_name: Grimminger, Angela
id: '57578'
last_name: Grimminger
citation:
ama: 'Türk O, Lazarov ST, Buschmeier H, Wagner P, Grimminger A. Acoustic detection
of false positive backchannels of understanding in explanations. In: LingCologne
2025 – Book of Abstracts. ; 2025:36.'
apa: Türk, O., Lazarov, S. T., Buschmeier, H., Wagner, P., & Grimminger, A.
(2025). Acoustic detection of false positive backchannels of understanding in
explanations. LingCologne 2025 – Book of Abstracts, 36.
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Türk_Lazarov_Buschmeier_Wagner_Grimminger_2025, title={Acoustic
detection of false positive backchannels of understanding in explanations}, booktitle={LingCologne
2025 – Book of Abstracts}, author={Türk, Olcay and Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and
Buschmeier, Hendrik and Wagner, Petra and Grimminger, Angela}, year={2025}, pages={36}
}'
chicago: Türk, Olcay, Stefan Teodorov Lazarov, Hendrik Buschmeier, Petra Wagner,
and Angela Grimminger. “Acoustic Detection of False Positive Backchannels of Understanding
in Explanations.” In LingCologne 2025 – Book of Abstracts, 36, 2025.
ieee: O. Türk, S. T. Lazarov, H. Buschmeier, P. Wagner, and A. Grimminger, “Acoustic
detection of false positive backchannels of understanding in explanations,” in
LingCologne 2025 – Book of Abstracts, Cologne, Germany, 2025, p. 36.
mla: Türk, Olcay, et al. “Acoustic Detection of False Positive Backchannels of Understanding
in Explanations.” LingCologne 2025 – Book of Abstracts, 2025, p. 36.
short: 'O. Türk, S.T. Lazarov, H. Buschmeier, P. Wagner, A. Grimminger, in: LingCologne
2025 – Book of Abstracts, 2025, p. 36.'
conference:
end_date: 2025-05-23
location: Cologne, Germany
name: LingCologne 2025 International Conference on Feedback in Interaction
start_date: 2025-05-21
date_created: 2025-09-08T14:21:30Z
date_updated: 2025-09-11T06:58:18Z
department:
- _id: '660'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://pub.uni-bielefeld.de/download/3003514/3003515/Turk-etal-2025-lingcologne.pdf
oa: '1'
page: '36'
project:
- _id: '112'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten'
publication: LingCologne 2025 – Book of Abstracts
publication_status: published
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Acoustic detection of false positive backchannels of understanding in explanations
type: conference_abstract
user_id: '76456'
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '65564'
author:
- first_name: Stefan Teodorov
full_name: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov
id: '90345'
last_name: Lazarov
orcid: 0009-0009-0892-9483
- first_name: Olcay
full_name: Türk, Olcay
last_name: Türk
- first_name: Angela
full_name: Grimminger, Angela
id: '57578'
last_name: Grimminger
- first_name: 'Petra '
full_name: 'Wagner, Petra '
last_name: Wagner
- first_name: Hendrik
full_name: Buschmeier, Hendrik
last_name: Buschmeier
citation:
ama: Lazarov ST, Türk O, Grimminger A, Wagner P, Buschmeier H. Annotation Schemes
Project A02 “Monitoring the Understanding of Explanations.” LibreCat University;
2025. doi:10.17605/OSF.IO/J2DHA
apa: Lazarov, S. T., Türk, O., Grimminger, A., Wagner, P., & Buschmeier, H.
(2025). Annotation Schemes Project A02 “Monitoring the understanding of explanations.”
LibreCat University. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/J2DHA
bibtex: '@book{Lazarov_Türk_Grimminger_Wagner_Buschmeier_2025, title={Annotation
Schemes Project A02 “Monitoring the understanding of explanations”}, DOI={10.17605/OSF.IO/J2DHA},
publisher={LibreCat University}, author={Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and Türk, Olcay
and Grimminger, Angela and Wagner, Petra and Buschmeier, Hendrik}, year={2025}
}'
chicago: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, Olcay Türk, Angela Grimminger, Petra Wagner,
and Hendrik Buschmeier. Annotation Schemes Project A02 “Monitoring the Understanding
of Explanations.” LibreCat University, 2025. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/J2DHA.
ieee: S. T. Lazarov, O. Türk, A. Grimminger, P. Wagner, and H. Buschmeier, Annotation
Schemes Project A02 “Monitoring the understanding of explanations.” LibreCat
University, 2025.
mla: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, et al. Annotation Schemes Project A02 “Monitoring
the Understanding of Explanations.” LibreCat University, 2025, doi:10.17605/OSF.IO/J2DHA.
short: S.T. Lazarov, O. Türk, A. Grimminger, P. Wagner, H. Buschmeier, Annotation
Schemes Project A02 “Monitoring the Understanding of Explanations,” LibreCat University,
2025.
date_created: 2026-05-05T14:09:18Z
date_updated: 2026-05-05T14:18:35Z
doi: 10.17605/OSF.IO/J2DHA
language:
- iso: eng
project:
- _id: '112'
name: 'TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten'
publication_status: published
publisher: LibreCat University
status: public
title: Annotation Schemes Project A02 "Monitoring the understanding of explanations"
type: misc
user_id: '90345'
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '57204'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: In this study on the use of gesture deixis during explanations, a sample of
24 videorecorded dyadic interactions of a board game explanation was analyzed.
The relation between the use of gesture deixis by different explainers and their
interpretation of explainees' understanding was investigated. In addition, we
describe explainers' intra-individual variations related to their interactions
with three different explainees consecutively. While we did not find a relation
between interpretations of explainees' complete understanding and a decrease in
explainers' use of gesture deixis, we demonstrated that the overall use of gesture
deixis is related to the process of interactional monitoring and the attendance
of a different explainee.
author:
- first_name: Stefan Teodorov
full_name: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov
id: '90345'
last_name: Lazarov
orcid: 0009-0009-0892-9483
- first_name: Angela
full_name: Grimminger, Angela
id: '57578'
last_name: Grimminger
citation:
ama: 'Lazarov ST, Grimminger A. Variations in explainers’ gesture deixis in explanations
related to the monitoring of explainees’ understanding. In: Proceedings of
the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society. Vol 46. ; 2024.'
apa: Lazarov, S. T., & Grimminger, A. (2024). Variations in explainers’ gesture
deixis in explanations related to the monitoring of explainees’ understanding.
Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 46.
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Lazarov_Grimminger_2024, title={Variations in explainers’
gesture deixis in explanations related to the monitoring of explainees’ understanding},
volume={46}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science
Society}, author={Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and Grimminger, Angela}, year={2024}
}'
chicago: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, and Angela Grimminger. “Variations in Explainers’
Gesture Deixis in Explanations Related to the Monitoring of Explainees’ Understanding.”
In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society,
Vol. 46, 2024.
ieee: S. T. Lazarov and A. Grimminger, “Variations in explainers’ gesture deixis
in explanations related to the monitoring of explainees’ understanding,” in Proceedings
of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, Rotterdam, 2024, vol.
46.
mla: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, and Angela Grimminger. “Variations in Explainers’
Gesture Deixis in Explanations Related to the Monitoring of Explainees’ Understanding.”
Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, vol.
46, 2024.
short: 'S.T. Lazarov, A. Grimminger, in: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the
Cognitive Science Society, 2024.'
conference:
end_date: 2024-07-27
location: Rotterdam
name: Sognitive Science Society
start_date: 2024-07-24
date_created: 2024-11-18T13:40:09Z
date_updated: 2024-11-18T13:40:39Z
department:
- _id: '660'
intvolume: ' 46'
keyword:
- explanation
- gesture deixis
- monitoring
- understanding
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7dz8n8tf
oa: '1'
project:
- _id: '112'
grant_number: '438445824'
name: 'TRR 318 - A02: TRR 318 - Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und
auswerten (Teilprojekt A02)'
publication: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society
publication_status: published
status: public
title: Variations in explainers’ gesture deixis in explanations related to the monitoring
of explainees’ understanding
type: conference
user_id: '90345'
volume: 46
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '59888'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: "Everyday explanations are interactive processes with the aim to provide a
less knowledgeable person with reasonable information about other people, objects,
or events. Because explanations are interactive communicative processes, the topical
structure of an explanation may vary dynamically depending on the immediate feedback
of the explainee. In this paper, we analyse topical transitions in medical explanations
organised by different physicians (explainers) related to different forms of multimodal
behaviour of caregivers (explainees) attending an explanation about the procedures
of\r\nan upcoming surgery of a child. The analyses reveal that explainees’ multimodal
behaviour with gaze shifts (and particularly gaze aversion) can predict a transition
from an elaborated topic to a new one, whereas explainees’ forms of multimodal
behaviour with static gaze cannot be related to changes of the topical structure."
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Stefan Teodorov
full_name: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov
id: '90345'
last_name: Lazarov
orcid: 0009-0009-0892-9483
- first_name: Kai
full_name: Biermeier, Kai
id: '55908'
last_name: Biermeier
orcid: 0000-0002-2879-2359
- first_name: Angela
full_name: Grimminger, Angela
id: '57578'
last_name: Grimminger
citation:
ama: Lazarov ST, Biermeier K, Grimminger A. Changes in the topical structure of
explanations are related to explainees’ multimodal behaviour. Interaction Studies.
2024;25(3):257-280. doi:10.1075/is.23033.laz
apa: Lazarov, S. T., Biermeier, K., & Grimminger, A. (2024). Changes in the
topical structure of explanations are related to explainees’ multimodal behaviour.
Interaction Studies, 25(3), 257–280. https://doi.org/10.1075/is.23033.laz
bibtex: '@article{Lazarov_Biermeier_Grimminger_2024, title={Changes in the topical
structure of explanations are related to explainees’ multimodal behaviour}, volume={25},
DOI={10.1075/is.23033.laz},
number={3}, journal={Interaction Studies}, publisher={John Benjamins}, author={Lazarov,
Stefan Teodorov and Biermeier, Kai and Grimminger, Angela}, year={2024}, pages={257–280}
}'
chicago: 'Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, Kai Biermeier, and Angela Grimminger. “Changes
in the Topical Structure of Explanations Are Related to Explainees’ Multimodal
Behaviour.” Interaction Studies 25, no. 3 (2024): 257–80. https://doi.org/10.1075/is.23033.laz.'
ieee: 'S. T. Lazarov, K. Biermeier, and A. Grimminger, “Changes in the topical structure
of explanations are related to explainees’ multimodal behaviour,” Interaction
Studies, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 257–280, 2024, doi: 10.1075/is.23033.laz.'
mla: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, et al. “Changes in the Topical Structure of Explanations
Are Related to Explainees’ Multimodal Behaviour.” Interaction Studies,
vol. 25, no. 3, John Benjamins, 2024, pp. 257–80, doi:10.1075/is.23033.laz.
short: S.T. Lazarov, K. Biermeier, A. Grimminger, Interaction Studies 25 (2024)
257–280.
date_created: 2025-05-14T06:25:13Z
date_updated: 2025-06-27T13:57:36Z
doi: 10.1075/is.23033.laz
intvolume: ' 25'
issue: '3'
keyword:
- explanations
- multimodal behaviour
- elaborations
- conditional probabilities
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/is.23033.laz#metrics_content
oa: '1'
page: 257 - 280
project:
- _id: '112'
grant_number: '438445824'
name: 'TRR 318 - A02: TRR 318 - Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und
auswerten (Teilprojekt A02)'
publication: Interaction Studies
publication_identifier:
eissn:
- 1572-0381
publication_status: published
publisher: John Benjamins
status: public
title: Changes in the topical structure of explanations are related to explainees’
multimodal behaviour
type: journal_article
user_id: '90345'
volume: 25
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '58708'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Research about explanation processes is gaining relevance because of the increased
popularity of artificial systems required to explain their function or outcome.
Following an interactive approach, not only explainers, but also explainees contribute
to successful interactions. However, little is known about how explainees actively
guide explanation processes and how their involvement relates to learning. We
explored the occurrence and type of explainees’ questions in 20 adult — adult
explanation dialogues about unknown present and absent objects. Crucially, we
related the question types to the explainees’ subsequent recall of the unknown
object labels. We found that explainees asked different types of questions, especially
about the object’s label and facts. Questions about the object’s function were
asked more when objects were present. In addition, requests for labelling were
linked to better recall. The results contribute to designing explainable AI that
aims to provide relevant and adaptive explanations and to further experimental
approaches to study explanations.
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Josephine Beryl
full_name: Fisher, Josephine Beryl
id: '56345'
last_name: Fisher
orcid: 0000-0002-9997-9241
- first_name: Katharina J.
full_name: Rohlfing, Katharina J.
id: '50352'
last_name: Rohlfing
orcid: 0000-0002-5676-8233
- first_name: Ed
full_name: Donnellan, Ed
last_name: Donnellan
- first_name: Angela
full_name: Grimminger, Angela
id: '57578'
last_name: Grimminger
- first_name: Yan
full_name: Gu, Yan
last_name: Gu
- first_name: Gabriella
full_name: Vigliocco, Gabriella
last_name: Vigliocco
citation:
ama: 'Fisher JB, Rohlfing KJ, Donnellan E, Grimminger A, Gu Y, Vigliocco G. Explain
with, rather than explain to: How explainees shape their own learning. Interaction
Studies. 2024;25(2):244-255. doi:doi.org/10.1075/is.23019.fis'
apa: 'Fisher, J. B., Rohlfing, K. J., Donnellan, E., Grimminger, A., Gu, Y., &
Vigliocco, G. (2024). Explain with, rather than explain to: How explainees shape
their own learning. Interaction Studies, 25(2), 244–255. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1075/is.23019.fis'
bibtex: '@article{Fisher_Rohlfing_Donnellan_Grimminger_Gu_Vigliocco_2024, title={
Explain with, rather than explain to: How explainees shape their own learning},
volume={25}, DOI={doi.org/10.1075/is.23019.fis},
number={2}, journal={Interaction Studies}, publisher={John Benjamins}, author={Fisher,
Josephine Beryl and Rohlfing, Katharina J. and Donnellan, Ed and Grimminger, Angela
and Gu, Yan and Vigliocco, Gabriella}, year={2024}, pages={244–255} }'
chicago: 'Fisher, Josephine Beryl, Katharina J. Rohlfing, Ed Donnellan, Angela Grimminger,
Yan Gu, and Gabriella Vigliocco. “ Explain with, Rather than Explain to: How Explainees
Shape Their Own Learning.” Interaction Studies 25, no. 2 (2024): 244–55.
https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1075/is.23019.fis.'
ieee: 'J. B. Fisher, K. J. Rohlfing, E. Donnellan, A. Grimminger, Y. Gu, and G.
Vigliocco, “ Explain with, rather than explain to: How explainees shape their
own learning,” Interaction Studies, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 244–255, 2024,
doi: doi.org/10.1075/is.23019.fis.'
mla: 'Fisher, Josephine Beryl, et al. “ Explain with, Rather than Explain to: How
Explainees Shape Their Own Learning.” Interaction Studies, vol. 25, no.
2, John Benjamins, 2024, pp. 244–55, doi:doi.org/10.1075/is.23019.fis.'
short: J.B. Fisher, K.J. Rohlfing, E. Donnellan, A. Grimminger, Y. Gu, G. Vigliocco,
Interaction Studies 25 (2024) 244–255.
date_created: 2025-02-19T09:09:03Z
date_updated: 2025-09-02T14:17:44Z
department:
- _id: '749'
doi: doi.org/10.1075/is.23019.fis
intvolume: ' 25'
issue: '2'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/is.23019.fis
page: 244-255
project:
- _id: '111'
name: 'TRR 318 - A01: TRR 318 - Adaptives Erklären (Teilprojekt A01)'
- _id: '112'
name: 'TRR 318 - A02: TRR 318 - Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und
auswerten (Teilprojekt A02)'
- _id: '109'
name: 'TRR 318: TRR 318 - Erklärbarkeit konstruieren'
publication: Interaction Studies
publication_identifier:
unknown:
- ' 1572-0373'
publication_status: published
publisher: John Benjamins
status: public
title: ' Explain with, rather than explain to: How explainees shape their own learning'
type: journal_article
user_id: '57578'
volume: 25
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '55912'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: In explanatory interactions, explainees are expected to continuously provide
feedback to explainers by signaling whether they understand an ongoing explanation.
The study presented in this paper is based on the hypothesis that explainees use
a set of multimodal cues, including vocalizations, facial expressions, and movements
of the torso, head, and hands, to do so. We test this hypothesis by building a
random forest classifier based on a multimodal corpus of dyadic explanations (21
explainers and explainees), in which windows of understanding or non-understanding
were identified by participants in a retrospective video recall task. Results
show that sequences of understanding can indeed be differentiated from those of
non-understanding, and that a diverse set of predictors covering a wide range
of modalities contributes to this classification. Due to data sparsity and a high
degree of individual variation, the generalizability of our results is currently
limited, but they support our hypothesis of the relevance of multimodal display
in explanatory interactions.
author:
- first_name: Olcay
full_name: Türk, Olcay
last_name: Türk
- first_name: Stefan Teodorov
full_name: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov
id: '90345'
last_name: Lazarov
orcid: 0009-0009-0892-9483
- first_name: Yu
full_name: Wang, Yu
last_name: Wang
- first_name: Hendrik
full_name: Buschmeier, Hendrik
id: '76456'
last_name: Buschmeier
orcid: 0000-0002-9613-5713
- first_name: Angela
full_name: Grimminger, Angela
id: '57578'
last_name: Grimminger
- first_name: Petra
full_name: Wagner, Petra
id: '74505'
last_name: Wagner
citation:
ama: 'Türk O, Lazarov ST, Wang Y, Buschmeier H, Grimminger A, Wagner P. Predictability
of understanding in explanatory interactions based on multimodal cues. In: Proceedings
of the 26th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction. ; 2024:449-458.
doi:10.1145/3678957.3685741'
apa: Türk, O., Lazarov, S. T., Wang, Y., Buschmeier, H., Grimminger, A., & Wagner,
P. (2024). Predictability of understanding in explanatory interactions based on
multimodal cues. Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Conference on Multimodal
Interaction, 449–458. https://doi.org/10.1145/3678957.3685741
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Türk_Lazarov_Wang_Buschmeier_Grimminger_Wagner_2024, place={San
José, Costa Rica}, title={Predictability of understanding in explanatory interactions
based on multimodal cues}, DOI={10.1145/3678957.3685741},
booktitle={Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Conference on Multimodal
Interaction}, author={Türk, Olcay and Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and Wang, Yu and
Buschmeier, Hendrik and Grimminger, Angela and Wagner, Petra}, year={2024}, pages={449–458}
}'
chicago: Türk, Olcay, Stefan Teodorov Lazarov, Yu Wang, Hendrik Buschmeier, Angela
Grimminger, and Petra Wagner. “Predictability of Understanding in Explanatory
Interactions Based on Multimodal Cues.” In Proceedings of the 26th ACM International
Conference on Multimodal Interaction, 449–58. San José, Costa Rica, 2024.
https://doi.org/10.1145/3678957.3685741.
ieee: 'O. Türk, S. T. Lazarov, Y. Wang, H. Buschmeier, A. Grimminger, and P. Wagner,
“Predictability of understanding in explanatory interactions based on multimodal
cues,” in Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Conference on Multimodal
Interaction, San José, Costa Rica, 2024, pp. 449–458, doi: 10.1145/3678957.3685741.'
mla: Türk, Olcay, et al. “Predictability of Understanding in Explanatory Interactions
Based on Multimodal Cues.” Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Conference
on Multimodal Interaction, 2024, pp. 449–58, doi:10.1145/3678957.3685741.
short: 'O. Türk, S.T. Lazarov, Y. Wang, H. Buschmeier, A. Grimminger, P. Wagner,
in: Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction,
San José, Costa Rica, 2024, pp. 449–458.'
conference:
end_date: 2024-11-08
location: San José, Costa Rica
name: The 26th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction
start_date: 2024-11-04
date_created: 2024-08-30T07:42:55Z
date_updated: 2025-09-02T14:46:03Z
department:
- _id: '660'
doi: 10.1145/3678957.3685741
language:
- iso: eng
page: 449-458
place: San José, Costa Rica
project:
- _id: '112'
name: 'TRR 318 - A02: TRR 318 - Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und
auswerten (Teilprojekt A02)'
publication: Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction
publication_status: published
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Predictability of understanding in explanatory interactions based on multimodal
cues
type: conference
user_id: '57578'
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '37074'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: 'Pointing is one of the first conventional means of communication
and infants have various motives for engaging in it such as imperative, declarative,
or informative. Little is known about the developmental paths of producing and
understanding these different motives. In our longitudinal study (N = 58) during
the second year of life, we experimentally elicited infants’ pointing production
and comprehension in various settings and under pragmatically valid conditions.
We followed two steps in our analyses and assessed the occurrence of canonical
index-finger pointing for different motives and the engagement in an ongoing interaction
in pursuit of a joint goal revealed by frequency and multimodal utterances. For
understanding the developmental paths, we compared two groups: typically developing
infants (TD) and infants who have been assessed as having delayed language development
(LD). Results showed that the developmental paths differed according to the various
motives. When comparing the two groups, for all motives, LD infants produced index-finger
pointing 2 months later than TD infants. For the engagement, although the pattern
was less consistent across settings, the frequency of pointing was comparable
in both groups, but infants with LD used less canonical forms of pointing and
made fewer multimodal contributions than TD children.'
article_number: '4982'
author:
- first_name: Katharina J.
full_name: Rohlfing, Katharina J.
id: '50352'
last_name: Rohlfing
- first_name: Carina
full_name: Lüke, Carina
last_name: Lüke
- first_name: Ulf
full_name: Liszkowski, Ulf
last_name: Liszkowski
- first_name: Ute
full_name: Ritterfeld, Ute
last_name: Ritterfeld
- first_name: Angela
full_name: Grimminger, Angela
id: '57578'
last_name: Grimminger
citation:
ama: Rohlfing KJ, Lüke C, Liszkowski U, Ritterfeld U, Grimminger A. Developmental
Paths of Pointing for Various Motives in Infants with and without Language Delay.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022;19(9).
doi:10.3390/ijerph19094982
apa: Rohlfing, K. J., Lüke, C., Liszkowski, U., Ritterfeld, U., & Grimminger,
A. (2022). Developmental Paths of Pointing for Various Motives in Infants with
and without Language Delay. International Journal of Environmental Research
and Public Health, 19(9), Article 4982. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19094982
bibtex: '@article{Rohlfing_Lüke_Liszkowski_Ritterfeld_Grimminger_2022, title={Developmental
Paths of Pointing for Various Motives in Infants with and without Language Delay},
volume={19}, DOI={10.3390/ijerph19094982},
number={94982}, journal={International Journal of Environmental Research and Public
Health}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Rohlfing, Katharina J. and Lüke, Carina
and Liszkowski, Ulf and Ritterfeld, Ute and Grimminger, Angela}, year={2022} }'
chicago: Rohlfing, Katharina J., Carina Lüke, Ulf Liszkowski, Ute Ritterfeld, and
Angela Grimminger. “Developmental Paths of Pointing for Various Motives in Infants
with and without Language Delay.” International Journal of Environmental Research
and Public Health 19, no. 9 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19094982.
ieee: 'K. J. Rohlfing, C. Lüke, U. Liszkowski, U. Ritterfeld, and A. Grimminger,
“Developmental Paths of Pointing for Various Motives in Infants with and without
Language Delay,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public
Health, vol. 19, no. 9, Art. no. 4982, 2022, doi: 10.3390/ijerph19094982.'
mla: Rohlfing, Katharina J., et al. “Developmental Paths of Pointing for Various
Motives in Infants with and without Language Delay.” International Journal
of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 19, no. 9, 4982, MDPI AG,
2022, doi:10.3390/ijerph19094982.
short: K.J. Rohlfing, C. Lüke, U. Liszkowski, U. Ritterfeld, A. Grimminger, International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19 (2022).
date_created: 2023-01-17T12:05:46Z
date_updated: 2023-02-01T12:09:23Z
department:
- _id: '749'
doi: 10.3390/ijerph19094982
intvolume: ' 19'
issue: '9'
keyword:
- Health
- Toxicology and Mutagenesis
- Public Health
- Environmental and Occupational Health
language:
- iso: eng
publication: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 1660-4601
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI AG
status: public
title: Developmental Paths of Pointing for Various Motives in Infants with and without
Language Delay
type: journal_article
user_id: '14931'
volume: 19
year: '2022'
...