---
_id: '61026'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: In mammals, pregnancy and lactation are marked by calcium stress and bone
resorption, leading to reduced bone mineral density. In humans, these periods
may partly explain the higher prevalence of osteoporosis in older women compared
with men, but lactation patterns in modern humans may reflect cultural influences
rather than natural conditions. The extent to which these findings apply to wild-living
mammals remains unknown. We measured urinary C-terminal crosslinking telopeptide
of Type I collagen (CTX-I) levels, a bone resorption marker, during pregnancy
in wild and zoo-housed bonobos (Pan paniscus) and during lactation in wild bonobos.
Studying wild-living primates such as bonobos can provide insights into ancestral
reproductive adaptations. We found an increase in CTX-I levels towards the end
of pregnancy in zoo-housed and primiparous wild females. Contrary to expectations,
CTX-I levels during early lactation are lower than in other reproductive phases.
This pattern diverges from the assumption that lactation increases bone resorption.
Our findings suggest that wild bonobos may use physiological or behavioral strategies
to modulate bone metabolism during lactation. These adaptations, shaped in natural
environments, provide insight into evolutionary pressures on skeletal health and
may inform strategies to mitigate bone loss in humans.
author:
- first_name: Verena
full_name: Behringer, Verena
last_name: Behringer
- first_name: Ruth
full_name: Sonnweber, Ruth
last_name: Sonnweber
- first_name: Barbara
full_name: Fruth, Barbara
last_name: Fruth
- first_name: Genevieve
full_name: Housman, Genevieve
last_name: Housman
- first_name: Pamela Heidi
full_name: Douglas, Pamela Heidi
id: '72311'
last_name: Douglas
- first_name: Jeroen M. G.
full_name: Stevens, Jeroen M. G.
last_name: Stevens
- first_name: Gottfried
full_name: Hohmann, Gottfried
last_name: Hohmann
- first_name: Tracy L.
full_name: Kivell, Tracy L.
last_name: Kivell
citation:
ama: Behringer V, Sonnweber R, Fruth B, et al. Wild bonobos experience unusually
low bone resorption during early lactation relative to humans and other mammals.
Evolutionary Human Sciences. 2025;7(e27):1-23. doi:10.1017/ehs.2025.10013
apa: Behringer, V., Sonnweber, R., Fruth, B., Housman, G., Douglas, P. H., Stevens,
J. M. G., Hohmann, G., & Kivell, T. L. (2025). Wild bonobos experience unusually
low bone resorption during early lactation relative to humans and other mammals.
Evolutionary Human Sciences, 7(e27), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1017/ehs.2025.10013
bibtex: '@article{Behringer_Sonnweber_Fruth_Housman_Douglas_Stevens_Hohmann_Kivell_2025,
title={Wild bonobos experience unusually low bone resorption during early lactation
relative to humans and other mammals}, volume={7}, DOI={10.1017/ehs.2025.10013},
number={e27}, journal={Evolutionary Human Sciences}, publisher={Cambridge University
Press (CUP)}, author={Behringer, Verena and Sonnweber, Ruth and Fruth, Barbara
and Housman, Genevieve and Douglas, Pamela Heidi and Stevens, Jeroen M. G. and
Hohmann, Gottfried and Kivell, Tracy L.}, year={2025}, pages={1–23} }'
chicago: 'Behringer, Verena, Ruth Sonnweber, Barbara Fruth, Genevieve Housman, Pamela
Heidi Douglas, Jeroen M. G. Stevens, Gottfried Hohmann, and Tracy L. Kivell. “Wild
Bonobos Experience Unusually Low Bone Resorption during Early Lactation Relative
to Humans and Other Mammals.” Evolutionary Human Sciences 7, no. e27 (2025):
1–23. https://doi.org/10.1017/ehs.2025.10013.'
ieee: 'V. Behringer et al., “Wild bonobos experience unusually low bone resorption
during early lactation relative to humans and other mammals,” Evolutionary
Human Sciences, vol. 7, no. e27, pp. 1–23, 2025, doi: 10.1017/ehs.2025.10013.'
mla: Behringer, Verena, et al. “Wild Bonobos Experience Unusually Low Bone Resorption
during Early Lactation Relative to Humans and Other Mammals.” Evolutionary
Human Sciences, vol. 7, no. e27, Cambridge University Press (CUP), 2025, pp.
1–23, doi:10.1017/ehs.2025.10013.
short: V. Behringer, R. Sonnweber, B. Fruth, G. Housman, P.H. Douglas, J.M.G. Stevens,
G. Hohmann, T.L. Kivell, Evolutionary Human Sciences 7 (2025) 1–23.
date_created: 2025-08-26T19:28:20Z
date_updated: 2025-09-04T11:44:28Z
ddc:
- '590'
department:
- _id: '40'
doi: 10.1017/ehs.2025.10013
file:
- access_level: open_access
content_type: application/pdf
creator: hdouglas
date_created: 2025-09-04T11:39:04Z
date_updated: 2025-09-04T11:39:04Z
file_id: '61133'
file_name: Behringer et al - 2025 - Wild-bonobos-experience-unusually-low-bone-resorption-during-early-lactation-relative-to-humans-and-other-mammals.pdf
file_size: 1473060
relation: main_file
file_date_updated: 2025-09-04T11:39:04Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: ' 7'
issue: e27
keyword:
- Reproductive phase
- Hominoid
- CTX-I
- Bone turnover markers
- Pan paniscus
- Bone density
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/E819AFD9F17034D21F2F39FC9817C35E/S2513843X25100133a.pdf/wild-bonobos-experience-unusually-low-bone-resorption-during-early-lactation-relative-to-humans-and-other-mammals.pdf
oa: '1'
page: 1-23
publication: Evolutionary Human Sciences
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 2513-843X
publication_status: published
publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
status: public
title: Wild bonobos experience unusually low bone resorption during early lactation
relative to humans and other mammals
type: journal_article
user_id: '72311'
volume: 7
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '61023'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: "Objectives: \r\nFemale bonobos (Pan paniscus) are characterized as highly
affiliative and cooperative,but few studies have quantified the strength and stability
of female intra-sexual relationships or explored how variation in social relationships
influences cooperation. We measure female social preferences, identify causes
of variation in preferences, and test whether variation in social preferences
predicts food sharing or coalitionary support.\r\nMethods: Data were collected
over 3 years from females in the Bompusa community at LuiKotale,DRC. We measured
genetic relatedness and constructed social preference indices for party association,
proximity, grooming, GG-rubbing and aggression. We identified preferred social
partners based on permutation tests and measured stability using Mantel tests.
We used factor analysis to identify inter-relationships between preference indices
and used LMMs to test whether variation in social preferences was explained by
relatedness, rank differences, having dependent young or co-residency time. We
used GLMMs to test whether variation in social preferences predicted food sharing
or coalitionary support.\r\nResults: All females had preferred non-kin partners
for proximity, grooming or GG-rubbing, but only grooming preferences were stable
across years. Association indices were higher among lactating females, and aggression
was lower among females with longer co-residency times. The factor analysis identified
one factor, representing proximity and GG-rubbing preferences, labeled behavioral
coordination. Dyads with higher levels of behavioral coordination were more likely
to share food.\r\nConclusions: Female bonobos exhibit stable, differentiated grooming
relationships outside of kinship and philopatry. Females also exhibit flexible
proximity and GG-rubbing preferences that may facilitate cooperation with a wider
range of social partners."
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Liza R.
full_name: Moscovice, Liza R.
last_name: Moscovice
- first_name: Pamela Heidi
full_name: Douglas, Pamela Heidi
id: '72311'
last_name: Douglas
- first_name: Laura
full_name: Martinez‐Iñigo, Laura
last_name: Martinez‐Iñigo
- first_name: Martin
full_name: Surbeck, Martin
last_name: Surbeck
- first_name: Linda
full_name: Vigilant, Linda
last_name: Vigilant
- first_name: Gottfried
full_name: Hohmann, Gottfried
last_name: Hohmann
citation:
ama: Moscovice LR, Douglas PH, Martinez‐Iñigo L, Surbeck M, Vigilant L, Hohmann
G. Stable and fluctuating social preferences and implications for cooperation
among female bonobos at LuiKotale, Salonga National Park, DRC. American Journal
of Physical Anthropology. 2017;163(1):158-172. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23197
apa: Moscovice, L. R., Douglas, P. H., Martinez‐Iñigo, L., Surbeck, M., Vigilant,
L., & Hohmann, G. (2017). Stable and fluctuating social preferences and implications
for cooperation among female bonobos at LuiKotale, Salonga National Park, DRC.
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 163(1), 158–172. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23197
bibtex: '@article{Moscovice_Douglas_Martinez‐Iñigo_Surbeck_Vigilant_Hohmann_2017,
title={Stable and fluctuating social preferences and implications for cooperation
among female bonobos at LuiKotale, Salonga National Park, DRC}, volume={163},
DOI={10.1002/ajpa.23197}, number={1},
journal={American Journal of Physical Anthropology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Moscovice,
Liza R. and Douglas, Pamela Heidi and Martinez‐Iñigo, Laura and Surbeck, Martin
and Vigilant, Linda and Hohmann, Gottfried}, year={2017}, pages={158–172} }'
chicago: 'Moscovice, Liza R., Pamela Heidi Douglas, Laura Martinez‐Iñigo, Martin
Surbeck, Linda Vigilant, and Gottfried Hohmann. “Stable and Fluctuating Social
Preferences and Implications for Cooperation among Female Bonobos at LuiKotale,
Salonga National Park, DRC.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology
163, no. 1 (2017): 158–72. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23197.'
ieee: 'L. R. Moscovice, P. H. Douglas, L. Martinez‐Iñigo, M. Surbeck, L. Vigilant,
and G. Hohmann, “Stable and fluctuating social preferences and implications for
cooperation among female bonobos at LuiKotale, Salonga National Park, DRC,” American
Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol. 163, no. 1, pp. 158–172, 2017, doi:
10.1002/ajpa.23197.'
mla: Moscovice, Liza R., et al. “Stable and Fluctuating Social Preferences and Implications
for Cooperation among Female Bonobos at LuiKotale, Salonga National Park, DRC.”
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol. 163, no. 1, Wiley, 2017,
pp. 158–72, doi:10.1002/ajpa.23197.
short: L.R. Moscovice, P.H. Douglas, L. Martinez‐Iñigo, M. Surbeck, L. Vigilant,
G. Hohmann, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 163 (2017) 158–172.
date_created: 2025-08-26T18:57:51Z
date_updated: 2025-08-26T19:07:49Z
doi: 10.1002/ajpa.23197
extern: '1'
intvolume: ' 163'
issue: '1'
keyword:
- Pan paniscus
- mtDNA
- proximity
- genito-genital rubbing
- food sharing
language:
- iso: eng
page: 158-172
publication: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0002-9483
- 1096-8644
publication_status: published
publisher: Wiley
status: public
title: Stable and fluctuating social preferences and implications for cooperation
among female bonobos at LuiKotale, Salonga National Park, DRC
type: journal_article
user_id: '72311'
volume: 163
year: '2017'
...
---
_id: '61024'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: "Background: The evolution of primate sexual swellings and their influence
on mating strategies have captivated the\r\ninterest of biologists for over a
century. Across the primate order, variability in the timing of ovulation with
respect to\r\nfemales’ sexual swelling patterns differs greatly. Since sexual
swellings typically function as signals of female fecundity,\r\nthe temporal relation
between ovulation and sexual swellings can impact the ability of males to pinpoint
ovulation\r\nand thereby affect male mating strategies. Here, we used endocrine
parameters to detect ovulation and examined the\r\ntemporal relation between the
maximum swelling phase (MSP) and ovulation in wild female bonobos (Pan paniscus).\r\nData
were collected at the Luikotale field site, Democratic Republic of Congo, spanning
36 months. Observational data\r\nfrom 13 females were used to characterise female
swelling cycles (N = 70). Furthermore, we measured urinary oestrone\r\nand pregnanediol
using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, and used pregnanediol to
determine the\r\ntiming of ovulation in 34 cycles (N = 9 females).\r\nResults:
We found that the duration of females’ MSP was highly variable, ranging from 1
to 31 days. Timing of ovulation\r\nvaried considerably in relation to the onset
of the MSP, resulting in a very low day-specific probability of ovulation and\r\nfecundity
across female cycles. Ovulation occurred during the MSP in only 52.9 % of the
analysed swelling cycles, and\r\nfemales showed regular sexual swelling patterns
in N = 8 swelling cycles where ovulation did not occur. These findings\r\nreveal
that sexual swellings of bonobos are less reliable indicators of ovulation compared
to other species of primates.\r\nConclusions: Female bonobos show unusual variability
in the duration of the MSP and in the timing of ovulation\r\nrelative to the sexual
swelling signal. These data are important for understanding the evolution of sexual
signals, how\r\nthey influence male and female mating strategies, and how decoupling
visual signals of fecundity from the periovulatory\r\nperiod may affect intersexual
conflict. By prolonging the period during which males would need to mate guard
females\r\nto ascertain paternity, the temporal variability of this signal may
constrain mate-guarding efforts by male bonobos."
article_number: '140'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Pamela Heidi
full_name: Douglas, Pamela Heidi
id: '72311'
last_name: Douglas
- first_name: Gottfried
full_name: Hohmann, Gottfried
last_name: Hohmann
- first_name: Róisín
full_name: Murtagh, Róisín
last_name: Murtagh
- first_name: Robyn
full_name: Thiessen-Bock, Robyn
last_name: Thiessen-Bock
- first_name: Tobias
full_name: Deschner, Tobias
last_name: Deschner
citation:
ama: 'Douglas PH, Hohmann G, Murtagh R, Thiessen-Bock R, Deschner T. Mixed messages:
wild female bonobos show high variability in the timing of ovulation in relation
to sexual swelling patterns. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2016;16(1). doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0691-3'
apa: 'Douglas, P. H., Hohmann, G., Murtagh, R., Thiessen-Bock, R., & Deschner,
T. (2016). Mixed messages: wild female bonobos show high variability in the timing
of ovulation in relation to sexual swelling patterns. BMC Evolutionary Biology,
16(1), Article 140. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-016-0691-3'
bibtex: '@article{Douglas_Hohmann_Murtagh_Thiessen-Bock_Deschner_2016, title={Mixed
messages: wild female bonobos show high variability in the timing of ovulation
in relation to sexual swelling patterns}, volume={16}, DOI={10.1186/s12862-016-0691-3},
number={1140}, journal={BMC Evolutionary Biology}, publisher={Springer Science
and Business Media LLC}, author={Douglas, Pamela Heidi and Hohmann, Gottfried
and Murtagh, Róisín and Thiessen-Bock, Robyn and Deschner, Tobias}, year={2016}
}'
chicago: 'Douglas, Pamela Heidi, Gottfried Hohmann, Róisín Murtagh, Robyn Thiessen-Bock,
and Tobias Deschner. “Mixed Messages: Wild Female Bonobos Show High Variability
in the Timing of Ovulation in Relation to Sexual Swelling Patterns.” BMC Evolutionary
Biology 16, no. 1 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-016-0691-3.'
ieee: 'P. H. Douglas, G. Hohmann, R. Murtagh, R. Thiessen-Bock, and T. Deschner,
“Mixed messages: wild female bonobos show high variability in the timing of ovulation
in relation to sexual swelling patterns,” BMC Evolutionary Biology, vol.
16, no. 1, Art. no. 140, 2016, doi: 10.1186/s12862-016-0691-3.'
mla: 'Douglas, Pamela Heidi, et al. “Mixed Messages: Wild Female Bonobos Show High
Variability in the Timing of Ovulation in Relation to Sexual Swelling Patterns.”
BMC Evolutionary Biology, vol. 16, no. 1, 140, Springer Science and Business
Media LLC, 2016, doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0691-3.'
short: P.H. Douglas, G. Hohmann, R. Murtagh, R. Thiessen-Bock, T. Deschner, BMC
Evolutionary Biology 16 (2016).
date_created: 2025-08-26T19:10:36Z
date_updated: 2025-08-26T19:52:41Z
department:
- _id: '40'
doi: 10.1186/s12862-016-0691-3
extern: '1'
intvolume: ' 16'
issue: '1'
keyword:
- Primate
- Sexual signalling
- Fecundity
- Endocrine analysis
- LC–MS/MS
- Estrogen
- Pan paniscus
- Pregnanediol
- Mate guarding
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://bmcecolevol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12862-016-0691-3
oa: '1'
publication: BMC Evolutionary Biology
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 1471-2148
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
status: public
title: 'Mixed messages: wild female bonobos show high variability in the timing of
ovulation in relation to sexual swelling patterns'
type: journal_article
user_id: '72311'
volume: 16
year: '2016'
...
---
_id: '61028'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Dietary ecology of extant great apes is known to respond to environmental
conditions such as climate and food availability, but also to vary depending on
social status and life history characteristics. Bonobos (Pan paniscus) live under
comparatively steady ecological conditions in the evergreen rainforests of the
Congo Basin. Bonobos are an ideal species for investigating influences of sociodemographic
and physiological factors, such as female reproductive status, on diet. We investigate
the long term dietary pattern in wild but fully habituated bonobos by stable isotope
analysis in hair and integrating a variety of long-term sociodemographic information
obtained through observations. We analyzed carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes
in 432 hair sections obtained from 101 non-invasively collected hair samples.
These samples represented the dietary behavior of 23 adult bonobos from 2008 through
2010. By including isotope and crude protein data from plants we could establish
an isotope baseline and interpret the results of several general linear mixed
models using the predictors climate, sex, social rank, reproductive state of females,
adult age and age of infants. We found that low canopy foliage is a useful isotopic
tracer for tropical rainforest settings, and consumption of terrestrial herbs
best explains the temporal isotope patterns we found in carbon isotope values
of bonobo hair. Only the diet of male bonobos was affected by social rank, with
lower nitrogen isotope values in low-ranking young males. Female isotope values
mainly differed between different stages of reproduction (cycling, pregnancy,
lactation). These isotopic differences appear to be related to changes in dietary
preference during pregnancy (high protein diet) and lactation (high energy diet),
which allow to compensate for different nutritional needs during maternal investment.
article_number: e0162091
author:
- first_name: Vicky M.
full_name: Oelze, Vicky M.
last_name: Oelze
- first_name: Pamela Heidi
full_name: Douglas, Pamela Heidi
id: '72311'
last_name: Douglas
- first_name: Colleen R.
full_name: Stephens, Colleen R.
last_name: Stephens
- first_name: Martin
full_name: Surbeck, Martin
last_name: Surbeck
- first_name: Verena
full_name: Behringer, Verena
last_name: Behringer
- first_name: Michael P.
full_name: Richards, Michael P.
last_name: Richards
- first_name: Barbara
full_name: Fruth, Barbara
last_name: Fruth
- first_name: Gottfried
full_name: Hohmann, Gottfried
last_name: Hohmann
citation:
ama: Oelze VM, Douglas PH, Stephens CR, et al. The Steady State Great Ape? Long
Term Isotopic Records Reveal the Effects of Season, Social Rank and Reproductive
Status on Bonobo Feeding Behavior. PLOS ONE. 2016;11(9). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0162091
apa: Oelze, V. M., Douglas, P. H., Stephens, C. R., Surbeck, M., Behringer, V.,
Richards, M. P., Fruth, B., & Hohmann, G. (2016). The Steady State Great Ape?
Long Term Isotopic Records Reveal the Effects of Season, Social Rank and Reproductive
Status on Bonobo Feeding Behavior. PLOS ONE, 11(9), Article e0162091.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162091
bibtex: '@article{Oelze_Douglas_Stephens_Surbeck_Behringer_Richards_Fruth_Hohmann_2016,
title={The Steady State Great Ape? Long Term Isotopic Records Reveal the Effects
of Season, Social Rank and Reproductive Status on Bonobo Feeding Behavior}, volume={11},
DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0162091},
number={9e0162091}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)},
author={Oelze, Vicky M. and Douglas, Pamela Heidi and Stephens, Colleen R. and
Surbeck, Martin and Behringer, Verena and Richards, Michael P. and Fruth, Barbara
and Hohmann, Gottfried}, year={2016} }'
chicago: Oelze, Vicky M., Pamela Heidi Douglas, Colleen R. Stephens, Martin Surbeck,
Verena Behringer, Michael P. Richards, Barbara Fruth, and Gottfried Hohmann. “The
Steady State Great Ape? Long Term Isotopic Records Reveal the Effects of Season,
Social Rank and Reproductive Status on Bonobo Feeding Behavior.” PLOS ONE
11, no. 9 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162091.
ieee: 'V. M. Oelze et al., “The Steady State Great Ape? Long Term Isotopic
Records Reveal the Effects of Season, Social Rank and Reproductive Status on Bonobo
Feeding Behavior,” PLOS ONE, vol. 11, no. 9, Art. no. e0162091, 2016, doi:
10.1371/journal.pone.0162091.'
mla: Oelze, Vicky M., et al. “The Steady State Great Ape? Long Term Isotopic Records
Reveal the Effects of Season, Social Rank and Reproductive Status on Bonobo Feeding
Behavior.” PLOS ONE, vol. 11, no. 9, e0162091, Public Library of Science
(PLoS), 2016, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0162091.
short: V.M. Oelze, P.H. Douglas, C.R. Stephens, M. Surbeck, V. Behringer, M.P. Richards,
B. Fruth, G. Hohmann, PLOS ONE 11 (2016).
date_created: 2025-08-26T19:39:52Z
date_updated: 2025-08-26T19:54:31Z
department:
- _id: '40'
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162091
extern: '1'
intvolume: ' 11'
issue: '9'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0162091
oa: '1'
publication: PLOS ONE
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 1932-6203
publication_status: published
publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
status: public
title: The Steady State Great Ape? Long Term Isotopic Records Reveal the Effects of
Season, Social Rank and Reproductive Status on Bonobo Feeding Behavior
type: journal_article
user_id: '72311'
volume: 11
year: '2016'
...
---
_id: '61025'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: The concept of social dominance has been used in a plethora of studies to
assess animal behaviour and relationships between individuals for nearly a century.
Nevertheless, a standard approach does not yet exist to assess dominance in species
that have a nonlinear or weakly linear hierarchical structure. We amassed 316
published data sets and show that 73.7% of the data sets and 90.3% of 103 species
that we reviewed do not have a strongly linear structure. Herein, we present a
novel method, ADAGIO, for assessing the structure of dominance networks. ADAGIO
computes dominance hierarchies, in the form of directed acyclic graphs, to represent
the dominance relations of a given group of animals. Thus far, most methods for
computing dominance ranks assume implicitly that the dominance relation is a total
order of the individuals in a group. ADAGIO does not assume or require this to
be always true, and is hence more appropriate for analysing dominance hierarchies
that are not strongly linear. We evaluated our approach against other frequently
used methods, I&SI, David's score and Elo-rating, on 12 000 simulated data sets
and on 279 interaction matrices from published, empirical data. The results from
the simulated data show that ADAGIO achieves a significantly smaller error, and
hence performs better when assigning ranks than other methods. Additionally, ADAGIO
generated accurate dominance hierarchies for empirical data sets with a high index
of linearity. Hence, our findings suggest that ADAGIO is currently the most reliable
method to assess social dominance in gregarious animals living in groups of any
size. Furthermore, since ADAGIO was designed to be generic, its applicability
has the potential to extend beyond dominance data. The source code of our algorithm
and all simulations used for this paper are publicly available at http://ngonga.github.io/adagio/.
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Pamela Heidi
full_name: Douglas, Pamela Heidi
id: '72311'
last_name: Douglas
- first_name: Axel-Cyrille
full_name: Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille
id: '65716'
last_name: Ngonga Ngomo
- first_name: Gottfried
full_name: Hohmann, Gottfried
last_name: Hohmann
citation:
ama: Douglas PH, Ngonga Ngomo A-C, Hohmann G. A novel approach for dominance assessment
in gregarious species: ADAGIO. Animal Behaviour. 2016;123:21-32. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.10.014
apa: Douglas, P. H., Ngonga Ngomo, A.-C., & Hohmann, G. (2016). A novel approach
for dominance assessment in gregarious species: ADAGIO. Animal Behaviour,
123, 21–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.10.014
bibtex: '@article{Douglas_Ngonga Ngomo_Hohmann_2016, title={A novel approach for
dominance assessment in gregarious species: ADAGIO}, volume={123}, DOI={10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.10.014},
journal={Animal Behaviour}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Douglas, Pamela Heidi
and Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille and Hohmann, Gottfried}, year={2016}, pages={21–32}
}'
chicago: 'Douglas, Pamela Heidi, Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo, and Gottfried Hohmann.
“A Novel Approach for Dominance Assessment in Gregarious Species: ADAGIO.” Animal
Behaviour 123 (2016): 21–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.10.014.'
ieee: 'P. H. Douglas, A.-C. Ngonga Ngomo, and G. Hohmann, “A novel approach for
dominance assessment in gregarious species: ADAGIO,” Animal Behaviour,
vol. 123, pp. 21–32, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.10.014.'
mla: Douglas, Pamela Heidi, et al. “A Novel Approach for Dominance Assessment in
Gregarious Species: ADAGIO.” Animal Behaviour, vol. 123, Elsevier BV, 2016,
pp. 21–32, doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.10.014.
short: P.H. Douglas, A.-C. Ngonga Ngomo, G. Hohmann, Animal Behaviour 123 (2016)
21–32.
date_created: 2025-08-26T19:24:18Z
date_updated: 2025-08-26T19:57:38Z
department:
- _id: '40'
doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.10.014
extern: '1'
intvolume: ' 123'
keyword:
- aggression
- behaviour
- comparability
- directed acyclic graph
- hierarchy
- linearity
- nonlinearity
- social rank
- totality
language:
- iso: eng
page: 21-32
publication: Animal Behaviour
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0003-3472
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier BV
status: public
title: A novel approach for dominance assessment in gregarious species: ADAGIO
type: journal_article
user_id: '72311'
volume: 123
year: '2016'
...
---
_id: '61027'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Parturition is one of the most important yet least observed events in studies
of primate life history and reproduction. Here, I report the first documented
observation of a bonobo (Pan paniscus) birth event in the wild, at the Luikotale
Bonobo Project field site, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The nulliparous mother’s
behaviour before, during and after parturition is described, along with reactions
of other community members to the birth and the neonate. Data were collected through
focal-animal observations, and the events postpartum were photo-documented. The
behaviour and spatial distribution of party members were recorded using scan samples.
Parturition occurred during the late morning in a social context, with parous
females in close proximity to the parturient mother. Placentophagia occurred immediately
after delivery, and the parturient shared the placenta with two of the attending
females. I compare this observation with reports of parturition in captive bonobos,
and highlight the observed female sociality and social support during the birth
event. Plausible adaptive advantages of parturition occurring in a social context
are discussed, and accrued observations of birth events in wild and free-ranging
primates suggest that females may give birth within proximity of others more frequently
than previously thought. This account contributes rare empirical data for examining
the interface between female sociality and parturition, and the evolution of parturitional
behaviours in primates.
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Pamela Heidi
full_name: Douglas, Pamela Heidi
id: '72311'
last_name: Douglas
citation:
ama: Douglas PH. Female sociality during the daytime birth of a wild bonobo at Luikotale,
Democratic Republic of the Congo. Primates. 2014;55(4):533-542. doi:10.1007/s10329-014-0436-0
apa: Douglas, P. H. (2014). Female sociality during the daytime birth of a wild
bonobo at Luikotale, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Primates, 55(4),
533–542. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-014-0436-0
bibtex: '@article{Douglas_2014, title={Female sociality during the daytime birth
of a wild bonobo at Luikotale, Democratic Republic of the Congo}, volume={55},
DOI={10.1007/s10329-014-0436-0},
number={4}, journal={Primates}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media
LLC}, author={Douglas, Pamela Heidi}, year={2014}, pages={533–542} }'
chicago: 'Douglas, Pamela Heidi. “Female Sociality during the Daytime Birth of a
Wild Bonobo at Luikotale, Democratic Republic of the Congo.” Primates 55,
no. 4 (2014): 533–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-014-0436-0.'
ieee: 'P. H. Douglas, “Female sociality during the daytime birth of a wild bonobo
at Luikotale, Democratic Republic of the Congo,” Primates, vol. 55, no.
4, pp. 533–542, 2014, doi: 10.1007/s10329-014-0436-0.'
mla: Douglas, Pamela Heidi. “Female Sociality during the Daytime Birth of a Wild
Bonobo at Luikotale, Democratic Republic of the Congo.” Primates, vol.
55, no. 4, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2014, pp. 533–42, doi:10.1007/s10329-014-0436-0.
short: P.H. Douglas, Primates 55 (2014) 533–542.
date_created: 2025-08-26T19:35:29Z
date_updated: 2025-08-26T19:53:09Z
department:
- _id: '40'
doi: 10.1007/s10329-014-0436-0
extern: '1'
intvolume: ' 55'
issue: '4'
keyword:
- Birth
- Pan paniscus
- Parturition
- Perinatal behaviour
- Placentophagia
- Female sociality
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://rdcu.be/eCzPP
page: 533-542
publication: Primates
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0032-8332
- 1610-7365
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
status: public
title: Female sociality during the daytime birth of a wild bonobo at Luikotale, Democratic
Republic of the Congo
type: journal_article
user_id: '72311'
volume: 55
year: '2014'
...
---
_id: '61029'
author:
- first_name: Pamela Heidi
full_name: Douglas, Pamela Heidi
id: '72311'
last_name: Douglas
- first_name: R.S.
full_name: Moore, R.S.
last_name: Moore
- first_name: Sunil
full_name: Wimalasuriya, Sunil
last_name: Wimalasuriya
- first_name: K. Anna I.
full_name: Nekaris, K. Anna I.
last_name: Nekaris
citation:
ama: 'Douglas PH, Moore RS, Wimalasuriya S, Nekaris KAI. Microhabitat Variables
Influencing Abundance and Distribution of Diurnal Primates (Trachypithecus vetulus
vetulus and Macaca sinica aurifrons) in a Fragmented Rainforest Network in Southern
Sri Lanka. In: Folia Primatologica. Vol 79. Walter de Gruyter GmbH; 2008:305-401.
doi:10.1159/000137690'
apa: Douglas, P. H., Moore, R. S., Wimalasuriya, S., & Nekaris, K. A. I. (2008).
Microhabitat Variables Influencing Abundance and Distribution of Diurnal Primates
(Trachypithecus vetulus vetulus and Macaca sinica aurifrons) in a Fragmented Rainforest
Network in Southern Sri Lanka. Folia Primatologica, 79(5), 305–401.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000137690
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Douglas_Moore_Wimalasuriya_Nekaris_2008, title={Microhabitat
Variables Influencing Abundance and Distribution of Diurnal Primates (Trachypithecus
vetulus vetulus and Macaca sinica aurifrons) in a Fragmented Rainforest Network
in Southern Sri Lanka}, volume={79}, DOI={10.1159/000137690},
number={5}, booktitle={Folia Primatologica}, publisher={Walter de Gruyter GmbH},
author={Douglas, Pamela Heidi and Moore, R.S. and Wimalasuriya, Sunil and Nekaris,
K. Anna I.}, year={2008}, pages={305–401} }'
chicago: Douglas, Pamela Heidi, R.S. Moore, Sunil Wimalasuriya, and K. Anna I. Nekaris.
“Microhabitat Variables Influencing Abundance and Distribution of Diurnal Primates
(Trachypithecus Vetulus Vetulus and Macaca Sinica Aurifrons) in a Fragmented Rainforest
Network in Southern Sri Lanka.” In Folia Primatologica, 79:305–401. Walter
de Gruyter GmbH, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1159/000137690.
ieee: 'P. H. Douglas, R. S. Moore, S. Wimalasuriya, and K. A. I. Nekaris, “Microhabitat
Variables Influencing Abundance and Distribution of Diurnal Primates (Trachypithecus
vetulus vetulus and Macaca sinica aurifrons) in a Fragmented Rainforest Network
in Southern Sri Lanka,” in Folia Primatologica, Prague, 2008, vol. 79,
no. 5, pp. 305–401, doi: 10.1159/000137690.'
mla: Douglas, Pamela Heidi, et al. “Microhabitat Variables Influencing Abundance
and Distribution of Diurnal Primates (Trachypithecus Vetulus Vetulus and Macaca
Sinica Aurifrons) in a Fragmented Rainforest Network in Southern Sri Lanka.” Folia
Primatologica, vol. 79, no. 5, Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2008, pp. 305–401,
doi:10.1159/000137690.
short: 'P.H. Douglas, R.S. Moore, S. Wimalasuriya, K.A.I. Nekaris, in: Folia Primatologica,
Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2008, pp. 305–401.'
conference:
end_date: 2007-09-07
location: Prague
name: 2nd Congress of the European Federation for Primatology
start_date: 2007-09-03
date_created: 2025-08-26T21:26:46Z
date_updated: 2025-08-26T21:32:35Z
doi: 10.1159/000137690
extern: '1'
intvolume: ' 79'
issue: '5'
keyword:
- Trachypithecus
- Macaca
- Sri Lanka
- Abundance
- Microhabitat variable
- Isolation
- Protection
- Conservation
language:
- iso: eng
page: 305-401
publication: Folia Primatologica
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0015-5713
- 1421-9980
publication_status: published
publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH
status: public
title: Microhabitat Variables Influencing Abundance and Distribution of Diurnal Primates
(Trachypithecus vetulus vetulus and Macaca sinica aurifrons) in a Fragmented Rainforest
Network in Southern Sri Lanka
type: conference_abstract
user_id: '72311'
volume: 79
year: '2008'
...