[{"author":[{"full_name":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov","first_name":"Stefan Teodorov","orcid":"0009-0009-0892-9483","last_name":"Lazarov","id":"90345"},{"id":"92807","last_name":"Schaffer","first_name":"Michael","full_name":"Schaffer, Michael"},{"full_name":"Gladow, Viviane","first_name":"Viviane","last_name":"Gladow"},{"id":"76456","full_name":"Buschmeier, Hendrik","first_name":"Hendrik","last_name":"Buschmeier","orcid":"0000-0002-9613-5713"},{"id":"27152","full_name":"Buhl, Heike M.","first_name":"Heike M.","last_name":"Buhl"},{"id":"57578","full_name":"Grimminger, Angela","last_name":"Grimminger","first_name":"Angela"}],"year":"2026","title":"Retrospective video recall for analyzing cognitive processes in naturalistic explanations","status":"public","publication_status":"submitted","date_updated":"2026-03-27T16:18:03Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"61151","page":"29","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/u24kz_v2"}],"user_id":"76456","citation":{"chicago":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, Michael Schaffer, Viviane Gladow, Hendrik Buschmeier, Heike M. Buhl, and Angela Grimminger. “Retrospective Video Recall for Analyzing Cognitive Processes in Naturalistic Explanations,” n.d.","short":"S.T. Lazarov, M. Schaffer, V. Gladow, H. Buschmeier, H.M. Buhl, A. Grimminger, (n.d.).","apa":"Lazarov, S. T., Schaffer, M., Gladow, V., Buschmeier, H., Buhl, H. M., &#38; Grimminger, A. (n.d.). <i>Retrospective video recall for analyzing cognitive processes in naturalistic explanations</i>.","ieee":"S. T. Lazarov, M. Schaffer, V. Gladow, H. Buschmeier, H. M. Buhl, and A. Grimminger, “Retrospective video recall for analyzing cognitive processes in naturalistic explanations.” .","ama":"Lazarov ST, Schaffer M, Gladow V, Buschmeier H, Buhl HM, Grimminger A. Retrospective video recall for analyzing cognitive processes in naturalistic explanations.","bibtex":"@article{Lazarov_Schaffer_Gladow_Buschmeier_Buhl_Grimminger, title={Retrospective video recall for analyzing cognitive processes in naturalistic explanations}, author={Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and Schaffer, Michael and Gladow, Viviane and Buschmeier, Hendrik and Buhl, Heike M. and Grimminger, Angela} }","mla":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov, et al. <i>Retrospective Video Recall for Analyzing Cognitive Processes in Naturalistic Explanations</i>."},"project":[{"_id":"111","name":"TRR 318; TP A01: Adaptives Erklären"},{"_id":"112","name":"TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten"},{"_id":"114","name":"TRR 318; TP A04: Integration des technischen Modells in das Partnermodell bei der Erklärung von digitalen Artefakten"}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"In this paper, we discuss the application of retrospective video recall for the assessment of cognitive processes in explanatory interactions, such as understanding and mental models. Our purpose is to reflect on the benefits and limitations of video recall compared to another self-report method, ‘thinking-aloud’. To do so, we reveal empirical results from the application of video recall in three interdisciplinary research projects that applied the method for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of cognitive and behavioral phenomena in everyday explanations. In all three projects, video recall was applied as a post-hoc procedure following the recording of dyadic face-to-face explanations of board games. The design of the video recall procedure differed between individual projects because they pursued different research objectives – that is the investigation of (1) an interlocutor's multimodal signals of understanding, (2) the change in assumptions about an interlocutor's dispositional and situational knowledge, and (3) the differentiated assessment of an interlocutor's developing understanding of domain knowledge aspects by distinguishing between mechanistic and functional explanatory stances. By discussing the benefits and the limitations of each procedure, this article provides critical reflections on video recall as a versatile research method applied for the analysis of human multimodal behavior in interaction and cognitive processing."}],"date_created":"2025-09-08T14:11:37Z","department":[{"_id":"660"}],"type":"preprint"},{"department":[{"_id":"660"}],"type":"conference","date_created":"2026-03-13T17:59:22Z","abstract":[{"text":"We investigate how verbal and nonverbal linguistic features, exhibited by speakers and listeners in dialogue, can contribute to predicting the listener's state of understanding in explanatory interactions on a moment-by-moment basis. Specifically, we examine three linguistic cues related to cognitive load and hypothesised to correlate with listener understanding: the information value (operationalised with surprisal) and syntactic complexity of the speaker's utterances, and the variation in the listener's interactive gaze behaviour. Based on statistical analyses of the MUNDEX corpus of face-to-face dialogic board game explanations, we find that individual cues vary with the listener's level of understanding. Listener states (‘Understanding’, ‘Partial Understanding’, ‘Non-Understanding’ and ‘Misunderstanding’) were self-annotated by the listeners using a retrospective video-recall method. The results of a subsequent classification experiment, involving two off-the-shelf classifiers and a fine-tuned German BERT-based multimodal classifier, demonstrate that prediction of these four states of understanding is generally possible and improves when the three linguistic cues are considered alongside textual features.","lang":"eng"}],"publication":"Proceedings of the 15th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference","doi":"10.63317/4tsmsshhd3ad","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.63317/4tsmsshhd3ad","open_access":"1"}],"date_updated":"2026-05-07T08:08:53Z","publication_status":"published","author":[{"full_name":"Wang, Yu","last_name":"Wang","first_name":"Yu"},{"last_name":"Türk","first_name":"Olcay","full_name":"Türk, Olcay"},{"last_name":"Grimminger","first_name":"Angela","full_name":"Grimminger, Angela","id":"57578"},{"id":"76456","last_name":"Buschmeier","first_name":"Hendrik","orcid":"0000-0002-9613-5713","full_name":"Buschmeier, Hendrik"}],"year":"2026","title":"Predicting states of understanding in explanatory interactions using cognitive load-related linguistic cues","oa":"1","place":"Palma, Mallorca, Spain","project":[{"name":"TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten","_id":"112"}],"quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"ama":"Wang Y, Türk O, Grimminger A, Buschmeier H. Predicting states of understanding in explanatory interactions using cognitive load-related linguistic cues. In: <i>Proceedings of the 15th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference</i>. ELRA; 2026:11368-11378. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.63317/4tsmsshhd3ad\">10.63317/4tsmsshhd3ad</a>","short":"Y. Wang, O. Türk, A. Grimminger, H. Buschmeier, in: Proceedings of the 15th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, ELRA, Palma, Mallorca, Spain, 2026, pp. 11368–11378.","chicago":"Wang, Yu, Olcay Türk, Angela Grimminger, and Hendrik Buschmeier. “Predicting States of Understanding in Explanatory Interactions Using Cognitive Load-Related Linguistic Cues.” In <i>Proceedings of the 15th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference</i>, 11368–78. Palma, Mallorca, Spain: ELRA, 2026. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.63317/4tsmsshhd3ad\">https://doi.org/10.63317/4tsmsshhd3ad</a>.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Wang_Türk_Grimminger_Buschmeier_2026, place={Palma, Mallorca, Spain}, title={Predicting states of understanding in explanatory interactions using cognitive load-related linguistic cues}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.63317/4tsmsshhd3ad\">10.63317/4tsmsshhd3ad</a>}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 15th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference}, publisher={ELRA}, author={Wang, Yu and Türk, Olcay and Grimminger, Angela and Buschmeier, Hendrik}, year={2026}, pages={11368–11378} }","mla":"Wang, Yu, et al. “Predicting States of Understanding in Explanatory Interactions Using Cognitive Load-Related Linguistic Cues.” <i>Proceedings of the 15th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference</i>, ELRA, 2026, pp. 11368–78, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.63317/4tsmsshhd3ad\">10.63317/4tsmsshhd3ad</a>.","apa":"Wang, Y., Türk, O., Grimminger, A., &#38; Buschmeier, H. (2026). Predicting states of understanding in explanatory interactions using cognitive load-related linguistic cues. <i>Proceedings of the 15th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference</i>, 11368–11378. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.63317/4tsmsshhd3ad\">https://doi.org/10.63317/4tsmsshhd3ad</a>","ieee":"Y. Wang, O. Türk, A. Grimminger, and H. Buschmeier, “Predicting states of understanding in explanatory interactions using cognitive load-related linguistic cues,” in <i>Proceedings of the 15th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference</i>, Palma, Mallorca, Spain, 2026, pp. 11368–11378, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.63317/4tsmsshhd3ad\">10.63317/4tsmsshhd3ad</a>."},"user_id":"76456","publisher":"ELRA","_id":"64914","page":"11368-11378","conference":{"location":"Palma, Mallorca, Spain","start_date":"2026-05-11","name":"15th Biennial Language Resources and Evaluation Conference","end_date":"2026-05-16"},"status":"public"},{"citation":{"ama":"Wang Y, Lao L, Huang L, Skantze G, Xu Y, Buschmeier H. Investigating the representation of backchannels and fillers in fine-tuned language models. In: <i>Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics</i>. Association for Computational Linguistics; 2026:5319-5348. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.241\">10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.241</a>","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Wang_Lao_Huang_Skantze_Xu_Buschmeier_2026, place={San Diego, CA, USA}, title={Investigating the representation of backchannels and fillers in fine-tuned language models}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.241\">10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.241</a>}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics}, publisher={Association for Computational Linguistics}, author={Wang, Yu and Lao, Leyi and Huang, Langchu and Skantze, Gabriel and Xu, Yang and Buschmeier, Hendrik}, year={2026}, pages={5319–5348} }","mla":"Wang, Yu, et al. “Investigating the Representation of Backchannels and Fillers in Fine-Tuned Language Models.” <i>Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics</i>, Association for Computational Linguistics, 2026, pp. 5319–48, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.241\">10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.241</a>.","short":"Y. Wang, L. Lao, L. Huang, G. Skantze, Y. Xu, H. Buschmeier, in: Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Association for Computational Linguistics, San Diego, CA, USA, 2026, pp. 5319–5348.","chicago":"Wang, Yu, Leyi Lao, Langchu Huang, Gabriel Skantze, Yang Xu, and Hendrik Buschmeier. “Investigating the Representation of Backchannels and Fillers in Fine-Tuned Language Models.” In <i>Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics</i>, 5319–48. San Diego, CA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2026. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.241\">https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.241</a>.","apa":"Wang, Y., Lao, L., Huang, L., Skantze, G., Xu, Y., &#38; Buschmeier, H. (2026). Investigating the representation of backchannels and fillers in fine-tuned language models. <i>Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics</i>, 5319–5348. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.241\">https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.241</a>","ieee":"Y. Wang, L. Lao, L. Huang, G. Skantze, Y. Xu, and H. Buschmeier, “Investigating the representation of backchannels and fillers in fine-tuned language models,” in <i>Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics</i>, San Diego, CA, USA, 2026, pp. 5319–5348, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.241\">10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.241</a>."},"quality_controlled":"1","project":[{"_id":"112","name":"TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten"}],"place":"San Diego, CA, USA","oa":"1","status":"public","conference":{"end_date":"2026-07-07","start_date":"2026-07-02","name":"64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","location":"San Diego, CA, USA"},"page":"5319-5348","publisher":"Association for Computational Linguistics","_id":"61444","user_id":"76456","publication":"Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Backchannels and fillers are important linguistic expressions in dialogue, but often treated as \"noise\" to be bypassed in modern transformer-based language models. Our work studies the representation of them in language models using three fine-tuning strategies. The models are trained on three dialogue corpora in English and Japanese, where backchannels and fillers are preserved and annotated, to investigate how fine-tuning can help LMs learn their representations. We first apply clustering analysis to the learnt representation of backchannels and fillers, and have found increased silhouette scores in representations from fine-tuned models, which suggests that fine-tuning enables LMs to distinguish the nuanced semantic variation in different backchannel and filler use. We also use natural language generation (NLG) metrics and qualitative analysis to confirm that the utterances generated by fine-tuned language models resemble human-produced utterances more closely. Our findings suggest the potentials of transforming general LMs into conversational LMs that are more capable of producing human-like languages adequately."}],"date_created":"2025-09-25T19:00:23Z","type":"conference","department":[{"_id":"660"}],"title":"Investigating the representation of backchannels and fillers in fine-tuned language models","year":"2026","author":[{"full_name":"Wang, Yu","first_name":"Yu","last_name":"Wang"},{"full_name":"Lao, Leyi","last_name":"Lao","first_name":"Leyi"},{"first_name":"Langchu","last_name":"Huang","full_name":"Huang, Langchu"},{"full_name":"Skantze, Gabriel","first_name":"Gabriel","last_name":"Skantze"},{"first_name":"Yang","last_name":"Xu","full_name":"Xu, Yang"},{"id":"76456","full_name":"Buschmeier, Hendrik","first_name":"Hendrik","last_name":"Buschmeier","orcid":"0000-0002-9613-5713"}],"date_updated":"2026-07-01T19:43:27Z","publication_status":"published","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2509.20237","open_access":"1"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"doi":"10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.241"},{"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Recent theoretical advancement of information density in natural language has brought the following question on desk: To what degree does natural language exhibit periodicity pattern in its encoded information? We address this question by introducing a new method called AutoPeriod of Surprisal (APS). APS adopts a canonical periodicity detection algorithm and is able to identify any significant periods that exist in the surprisal sequence of a single document. By applying the algorithm to a set of corpora, we have obtained the following interesting results: Firstly, a considerable proportion of human language demonstrates a strong pattern of periodicity in information; Secondly, new periods that are outside the distributions of typical structural units in text (e.g., sentence boundaries, elementary discourse units, etc.) are found and further confirmed via harmonic regression modeling. We conclude that the periodicity of information in language is a joint outcome from both structured factors and other driving factors that take effect at longer distances. The advantages of our periodicity detection method and its potentials in LLM-generation detection are further discussed."}],"publication":"Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","department":[{"_id":"660"}],"type":"conference","date_created":"2026-04-07T09:52:23Z","date_updated":"2026-07-01T19:43:56Z","publication_status":"published","author":[{"full_name":"Ou, Yulin","first_name":"Yulin","last_name":"Ou"},{"full_name":"Wang, Yu","first_name":"Yu","last_name":"Wang"},{"first_name":"Yang","last_name":"Xu","full_name":"Xu, Yang"},{"id":"76456","full_name":"Buschmeier, Hendrik","orcid":"0000-0002-9613-5713","last_name":"Buschmeier","first_name":"Hendrik"}],"year":"2026","title":"Identifying the periodicity of information in natural language","doi":"10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.52","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"project":[{"_id":"2752","name":"TRR 318-2 - Project B07: Communicative practices of requesting information and explanation from LLM-based agents"}],"quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"apa":"Ou, Y., Wang, Y., Xu, Y., &#38; Buschmeier, H. (2026). Identifying the periodicity of information in natural language. <i>Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics</i>, 1161–1175. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.52\">https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.52</a>","ieee":"Y. Ou, Y. Wang, Y. Xu, and H. Buschmeier, “Identifying the periodicity of information in natural language,” in <i>Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics</i>, San Diego, CA, USA, 2026, pp. 1161–1175, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.52\">10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.52</a>.","chicago":"Ou, Yulin, Yu Wang, Yang Xu, and Hendrik Buschmeier. “Identifying the Periodicity of Information in Natural Language.” In <i>Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics</i>, 1161–75. San Diego, CA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2026. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.52\">https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.52</a>.","short":"Y. Ou, Y. Wang, Y. Xu, H. Buschmeier, in: Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Association for Computational Linguistics, San Diego, CA, USA, 2026, pp. 1161–1175.","mla":"Ou, Yulin, et al. “Identifying the Periodicity of Information in Natural Language.” <i>Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics</i>, Association for Computational Linguistics, 2026, pp. 1161–75, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.52\">10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.52</a>.","ama":"Ou Y, Wang Y, Xu Y, Buschmeier H. Identifying the periodicity of information in natural language. In: <i>Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics</i>. Association for Computational Linguistics; 2026:1161-1175. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.52\">10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.52</a>","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Ou_Wang_Xu_Buschmeier_2026, place={San Diego, CA, USA}, title={Identifying the periodicity of information in natural language}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.52\">10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.52</a>}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics}, publisher={Association for Computational Linguistics}, author={Ou, Yulin and Wang, Yu and Xu, Yang and Buschmeier, Hendrik}, year={2026}, pages={1161–1175} }"},"place":"San Diego, CA, USA","conference":{"start_date":"2026-07-02","name":"64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","location":"San Diego, CA, USA","end_date":"2026-07-07"},"status":"public","user_id":"76456","publisher":"Association for Computational Linguistics","_id":"65363","page":"1161-1175"},{"year":"2026","title":"When “yeah” means “not quite”: Multimodal detection of backchannels expressing incomplete understanding","status":"public","conference":{"end_date":"2026-10-01","start_date":"2026-09-27","name":"INTERSPEECH 2026","location":"Sydney, Australia"},"author":[{"full_name":"Türk, Olcay","first_name":"Olcay","last_name":"Türk"},{"id":"90345","full_name":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov","orcid":"0009-0009-0892-9483","last_name":"Lazarov","first_name":"Stefan Teodorov"},{"full_name":"Wang, Yu","first_name":"Yu","last_name":"Wang"},{"id":"57578","full_name":"Grimminger, Angela","first_name":"Angela","last_name":"Grimminger"},{"first_name":"Hendrik","orcid":"0000-0002-9613-5713","last_name":"Buschmeier","full_name":"Buschmeier, Hendrik","id":"76456"},{"last_name":"Wagner","first_name":"Petra","full_name":"Wagner, Petra","id":"74505"}],"date_updated":"2026-07-01T19:48:21Z","publication_status":"accepted","_id":"66106","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"user_id":"76456","publication":"Proceedings of INTERSPEECH 2026","citation":{"ieee":"O. Türk, S. T. Lazarov, Y. Wang, A. Grimminger, H. Buschmeier, and P. Wagner, “When ‘yeah’ means ‘not quite’: Multimodal detection of backchannels expressing incomplete understanding,” presented at the INTERSPEECH 2026, Sydney, Australia.","apa":"Türk, O., Lazarov, S. T., Wang, Y., Grimminger, A., Buschmeier, H., &#38; Wagner, P. (n.d.). When “yeah” means “not quite”: Multimodal detection of backchannels expressing incomplete understanding. <i>Proceedings of INTERSPEECH 2026</i>. INTERSPEECH 2026, Sydney, Australia.","chicago":"Türk, Olcay, Stefan Teodorov Lazarov, Yu Wang, Angela Grimminger, Hendrik Buschmeier, and Petra Wagner. “When ‘Yeah’ Means ‘Not Quite’: Multimodal Detection of Backchannels Expressing Incomplete Understanding.” In <i>Proceedings of INTERSPEECH 2026</i>. Sydney, Australia, n.d.","short":"O. Türk, S.T. Lazarov, Y. Wang, A. Grimminger, H. Buschmeier, P. Wagner, in: Proceedings of INTERSPEECH 2026, Sydney, Australia, n.d.","mla":"Türk, Olcay, et al. “When ‘Yeah’ Means ‘Not Quite’: Multimodal Detection of Backchannels Expressing Incomplete Understanding.” <i>Proceedings of INTERSPEECH 2026</i>.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Türk_Lazarov_Wang_Grimminger_Buschmeier_Wagner, place={Sydney, Australia}, title={When “yeah” means “not quite”: Multimodal detection of backchannels expressing incomplete understanding}, booktitle={Proceedings of INTERSPEECH 2026}, author={Türk, Olcay and Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and Wang, Yu and Grimminger, Angela and Buschmeier, Hendrik and Wagner, Petra} }","ama":"Türk O, Lazarov ST, Wang Y, Grimminger A, Buschmeier H, Wagner P. When “yeah” means “not quite”: Multimodal detection of backchannels expressing incomplete understanding. In: <i>Proceedings of INTERSPEECH 2026</i>."},"quality_controlled":"1","abstract":[{"text":"Multimodal backchannels are fundamental to conversational grounding and understanding. However, backchannels do not always transparently reflect the interlocutor's actual cognitive state. “Incongruent backchannels”, where the observable feedback implies understanding although there is no genuine understanding, are a potential source of ambiguity in any interaction. Using acoustic, head movement, and discourse-related data from 45 naturalistic dyadic interactions, we investigate whether incongruent and congruent backchannels show systematically different properties using a classification task. Results show that these backchannels are indeed separable based on multimodal features. Incongruent backchannels are typically characterised by more neutral head movement configurations and lower acoustic dynamism, while discursive cues strongly influence the classification. Overall, the findings suggest a relatively reduced effort in the signalling of incongruent backchannels.","lang":"eng"}],"project":[{"name":"TRR 318 - Projekt A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten","_id":"112"}],"place":"Sydney, Australia","date_created":"2026-07-01T19:44:35Z","type":"conference","department":[{"_id":"660"}]},{"status":"public","conference":{"start_date":"2025-09-08","name":"15th International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems","location":"Catania, Italy","end_date":"2025-09-12"},"page":"255–268","_id":"61150","publisher":"IOS Press","user_id":"76456","citation":{"mla":"Booshehri, Meisam, et al. “A BFO-Based Ontological Analysis of Entities in Social XAI.” <i>Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems</i>, IOS Press, 2025, pp. 255–268, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia250498\">10.3233/faia250498</a>.","bibtex":"@inbook{Booshehri_Buschmeier_Cimiano_2025, title={A BFO-based ontological analysis of entities in Social XAI}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia250498\">10.3233/faia250498</a>}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems}, publisher={IOS Press}, author={Booshehri, Meisam and Buschmeier, Hendrik and Cimiano, Philipp}, year={2025}, pages={255–268} }","ama":"Booshehri M, Buschmeier H, Cimiano P. A BFO-based ontological analysis of entities in Social XAI. In: <i>Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems</i>. IOS Press; 2025:255–268. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia250498\">10.3233/faia250498</a>","ieee":"M. Booshehri, H. Buschmeier, and P. Cimiano, “A BFO-based ontological analysis of entities in Social XAI,” in <i>Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems</i>, IOS Press, 2025, pp. 255–268.","apa":"Booshehri, M., Buschmeier, H., &#38; Cimiano, P. (2025). A BFO-based ontological analysis of entities in Social XAI. In <i>Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems</i> (pp. 255–268). IOS Press. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia250498\">https://doi.org/10.3233/faia250498</a>","chicago":"Booshehri, Meisam, Hendrik Buschmeier, and Philipp Cimiano. “A BFO-Based Ontological Analysis of Entities in Social XAI.” In <i>Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems</i>, 255–268. IOS Press, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3233/faia250498\">https://doi.org/10.3233/faia250498</a>.","short":"M. Booshehri, H. Buschmeier, P. Cimiano, in: Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems, IOS Press, 2025, pp. 255–268."},"quality_controlled":"1","project":[{"name":"TRR 318: Project Area INF","_id":"118"},{"name":"TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten","_id":"112"}],"oa":"1","title":"A BFO-based ontological analysis of entities in Social XAI","year":"2025","publication_identifier":{"isbn":["9781643686172"],"issn":["0922-6389","1879-8314"]},"author":[{"last_name":"Booshehri","first_name":"Meisam","full_name":"Booshehri, Meisam","id":"93424"},{"id":"76456","full_name":"Buschmeier, Hendrik","first_name":"Hendrik","last_name":"Buschmeier","orcid":"0000-0002-9613-5713"},{"first_name":"Philipp","last_name":"Cimiano","full_name":"Cimiano, Philipp"}],"publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2025-09-11T10:16:28Z","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/FAIA250498","open_access":"1"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"doi":"10.3233/faia250498","publication":"Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems","extern":"1","abstract":[{"text":"Since the emergence of the field of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), a growing number of researchers have argued that XAI should consider insights from the social sciences in order to adapt explanations to the expectations and needs of human users. This has led to the emergence of a field called Social XAI, which is concerned with understanding how explanations are actively shaped in the interaction between a human user and an AI system. Recognizing this turn in XAI toward making XAI systems more “social” by providing explanations that focus on human information needs and incorporating insights from human–human explanatory interactions, in this paper we provide a formal foundation for Social XAI. We do so by proposing novel ontological accounts of the key terms used in Social XAI based on Basic Formal Ontology (BFO). Specifically, we provide novel ontological accounts for explanandum, explanans, understanding, explanation, explainer, explainee, and context. In doing so, we discuss multifaceted entities in Social XAI (having both continuant and occurrent facets; e.g., explanation) and the relationship between understanding and explanation. Additionally, we propose solutions to seemingly paradoxical views on some terms (e.g., social constructivist vs. individual constructivist perspective on explanandum).","lang":"eng"}],"date_created":"2025-09-08T14:00:45Z","type":"book_chapter","department":[{"_id":"660"}]},{"date_created":"2025-09-08T14:15:42Z","department":[{"_id":"660"}],"type":"conference_abstract","citation":{"bibtex":"@inproceedings{Booshehri_Buschmeier_Cimiano_2025, title={A BFO-based ontology of context for Social XAI}, booktitle={Abstracts of the 3rd TRR 318 Conference: Contextualizing Explanations}, author={Booshehri, Meisam and Buschmeier, Hendrik and Cimiano, Philipp}, year={2025} }","ama":"Booshehri M, Buschmeier H, Cimiano P. A BFO-based ontology of context for Social XAI. In: <i>Abstracts of the 3rd TRR 318 Conference: Contextualizing Explanations</i>. ; 2025.","mla":"Booshehri, Meisam, et al. “A BFO-Based Ontology of Context for Social XAI.” <i>Abstracts of the 3rd TRR 318 Conference: Contextualizing Explanations</i>, 2025.","chicago":"Booshehri, Meisam, Hendrik Buschmeier, and Philipp Cimiano. “A BFO-Based Ontology of Context for Social XAI.” In <i>Abstracts of the 3rd TRR 318 Conference: Contextualizing Explanations</i>, 2025.","short":"M. Booshehri, H. Buschmeier, P. Cimiano, in: Abstracts of the 3rd TRR 318 Conference: Contextualizing Explanations, 2025.","ieee":"M. Booshehri, H. Buschmeier, and P. Cimiano, “A BFO-based ontology of context for Social XAI,” presented at the 3rd TRR 318 Conference: Contextualizing Explanations, Bielefeld, Germany, 2025.","apa":"Booshehri, M., Buschmeier, H., &#38; Cimiano, P. (2025). A BFO-based ontology of context for Social XAI. <i>Abstracts of the 3rd TRR 318 Conference: Contextualizing Explanations</i>. 3rd TRR 318 Conference: Contextualizing Explanations, Bielefeld, Germany."},"publication":"Abstracts of the 3rd TRR 318 Conference: Contextualizing Explanations","project":[{"name":"TRR 318: Project Area INF","_id":"118"},{"name":"TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten","_id":"112"}],"extern":"1","quality_controlled":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"61153","user_id":"76456","author":[{"id":"93424","full_name":"Booshehri, Meisam","last_name":"Booshehri","first_name":"Meisam"},{"id":"76456","first_name":"Hendrik","last_name":"Buschmeier","orcid":"0000-0002-9613-5713","full_name":"Buschmeier, Hendrik"},{"full_name":"Cimiano, Philipp","last_name":"Cimiano","first_name":"Philipp"}],"conference":{"end_date":"2025-06-18","start_date":"2025-06-17","name":"3rd TRR 318 Conference: Contextualizing Explanations","location":"Bielefeld, Germany"},"year":"2025","status":"public","title":"A BFO-based ontology of context for Social XAI","date_updated":"2025-09-12T06:29:37Z"},{"oa":"1","place":"Bielefeld, Germany","project":[{"_id":"112","name":"TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten"},{"name":"TRR 318; TP A01: Adaptives Erklären","_id":"111"}],"quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"ieee":"N. Ilinykh, A. Robrecht, S. Kopp, and H. Buschmeier, Eds., <i>SemDial 2025 – Bialogue. Proceedings of the 29th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue</i>. Bielefeld, Germany, 2025.","apa":"Ilinykh, N., Robrecht, A., Kopp, S., &#38; Buschmeier, H. (Eds.). (2025). <i>SemDial 2025 – Bialogue. Proceedings of the 29th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue</i>.","chicago":"Ilinykh, Nikolai, Amelie Robrecht, Stefan Kopp, and Hendrik Buschmeier, eds. <i>SemDial 2025 – Bialogue. Proceedings of the 29th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue</i>. Proceedings (SemDial). Bielefeld, Germany, 2025.","short":"N. Ilinykh, A. Robrecht, S. Kopp, H. Buschmeier, eds., SemDial 2025 – Bialogue. Proceedings of the 29th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue, Bielefeld, Germany, 2025.","mla":"Ilinykh, Nikolai, et al., editors. <i>SemDial 2025 – Bialogue. Proceedings of the 29th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue</i>. 2025.","bibtex":"@book{Ilinykh_Robrecht_Kopp_Buschmeier_2025, place={Bielefeld, Germany}, series={Proceedings (SemDial)}, title={SemDial 2025 – Bialogue. Proceedings of the 29th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue}, year={2025}, collection={Proceedings (SemDial)} }","ama":"Ilinykh N, Robrecht A, Kopp S, Buschmeier H, eds. <i>SemDial 2025 – Bialogue. Proceedings of the 29th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue</i>.; 2025."},"editor":[{"full_name":"Ilinykh, Nikolai","first_name":"Nikolai","last_name":"Ilinykh"},{"id":"91982","last_name":"Robrecht","orcid":"0000-0001-5622-8248","first_name":"Amelie","full_name":"Robrecht, Amelie"},{"last_name":"Kopp","first_name":"Stefan","full_name":"Kopp, Stefan"},{"last_name":"Buschmeier","first_name":"Hendrik","orcid":"0000-0002-9613-5713","full_name":"Buschmeier, Hendrik","id":"76456"}],"user_id":"76456","_id":"61178","page":"271+viii","conference":{"end_date":"2025-09-05","location":"Bielefeld, Germany","name":"29th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue","start_date":"2025-09-03"},"status":"public","department":[{"_id":"660"}],"type":"book_editor","date_created":"2025-09-11T07:16:10Z","extern":"1","series_title":"Proceedings (SemDial)","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://purl.org/semdial/2025/proceedings","open_access":"1"}],"date_updated":"2025-09-12T16:56:35Z","publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2308-2275"]},"title":"SemDial 2025 – Bialogue. Proceedings of the 29th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue","year":"2025"},{"file_date_updated":"2025-12-01T21:02:20Z","citation":{"mla":"Buschmeier, Hendrik, et al. “Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations.” <i>Cognitive Systems Research</i>, vol. 94, 101419, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419\">10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Buschmeier_Buhl_Kern_Grimminger_Beierling_Fisher_Groß_Horwath_Klowait_Lazarov_et al._2025, title={Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations}, volume={94}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419\">10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419</a>}, number={101419}, journal={Cognitive Systems Research}, author={Buschmeier, Hendrik and Buhl, Heike M. and Kern, Friederike and Grimminger, Angela and Beierling, Helen and Fisher, Josephine Beryl and Groß, André and Horwath, Ilona and Klowait, Nils and Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and et al.}, year={2025} }","ama":"Buschmeier H, Buhl HM, Kern F, et al. Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations. <i>Cognitive Systems Research</i>. 2025;94. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419\">10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419</a>","ieee":"H. Buschmeier <i>et al.</i>, “Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations,” <i>Cognitive Systems Research</i>, vol. 94, Art. no. 101419, 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419\">10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419</a>.","apa":"Buschmeier, H., Buhl, H. M., Kern, F., Grimminger, A., Beierling, H., Fisher, J. B., Groß, A., Horwath, I., Klowait, N., Lazarov, S. T., Lenke, M., Lohmer, V., Rohlfing, K., Scharlau, I., Singh, A., Terfloth, L., Vollmer, A.-L., Wang, Y., Wilmes, A., &#38; Wrede, B. (2025). Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations. <i>Cognitive Systems Research</i>, <i>94</i>, Article 101419. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419</a>","short":"H. Buschmeier, H.M. Buhl, F. Kern, A. Grimminger, H. Beierling, J.B. Fisher, A. Groß, I. Horwath, N. Klowait, S.T. Lazarov, M. Lenke, V. Lohmer, K. Rohlfing, I. Scharlau, A. Singh, L. Terfloth, A.-L. Vollmer, Y. Wang, A. Wilmes, B. Wrede, Cognitive Systems Research 94 (2025).","chicago":"Buschmeier, Hendrik, Heike M. Buhl, Friederike Kern, Angela Grimminger, Helen Beierling, Josephine Beryl Fisher, André Groß, et al. “Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations.” <i>Cognitive Systems Research</i> 94 (2025). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419</a>."},"quality_controlled":"1","project":[{"name":"TRR 318; TP A01: Adaptives Erklären","_id":"111"},{"name":"TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten","_id":"112"},{"name":"TRR 318 - Subproject A3","_id":"113"},{"name":"TRR 318; TP A04: Integration des technischen Modells in das Partnermodell bei der Erklärung von digitalen Artefakten","_id":"114"},{"_id":"115","name":"TRR 318; TP A05: Echtzeitmessung der Aufmerksamkeit im Mensch-Roboter-Erklärdialog"},{"name":"TRR 318 - Subproject B3","_id":"122"},{"name":"TRR 318 - Subproject B5","_id":"123"},{"_id":"119","name":"TRR 318 - Project Area Ö"}],"oa":"1","status":"public","has_accepted_license":"1","_id":"61156","ddc":["006"],"user_id":"57578","volume":94,"publication":"Cognitive Systems Research","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Explainability has become an important topic in computer science and artificial intelligence, leading to a subfield called Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI). The goal of providing or seeking explanations is to achieve (better) ‘understanding’ on the part of the explainee. However, what it means to ‘understand’ is still not clearly defined, and the concept itself is rarely the subject of scientific investigation. This conceptual article aims to present a model of forms of understanding for XAI-explanations and beyond. From an interdisciplinary perspective bringing together computer science, linguistics, sociology, philosophy and psychology, a definition of understanding and its forms, assessment, and dynamics during the process of giving everyday explanations are explored. Two types of understanding are considered as possible outcomes of explanations, namely enabledness, ‘knowing how’ to do or decide something, and comprehension, ‘knowing that’ – both in different degrees (from shallow to deep). Explanations regularly start with shallow understanding in a specific domain and can lead to deep comprehension and enabledness of the explanandum, which we see as a prerequisite for human users to gain agency. In this process, the increase of comprehension and enabledness are highly interdependent. Against the background of this systematization, special challenges of understanding in XAI are discussed."}],"file":[{"file_id":"62730","content_type":"application/pdf","success":1,"file_name":"Buschmeier-etal-2025-COGSYS.pdf","access_level":"closed","file_size":10114981,"relation":"main_file","date_updated":"2025-12-01T21:02:20Z","date_created":"2025-12-01T21:02:20Z","creator":"hbuschme"}],"date_created":"2025-09-08T14:24:32Z","type":"journal_article","keyword":["understanding","explaining","explanations","explainable","AI","interdisciplinarity","comprehension","enabledness","agency"],"department":[{"_id":"660"}],"title":"Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations","year":"2025","author":[{"id":"76456","orcid":"0000-0002-9613-5713","first_name":"Hendrik","last_name":"Buschmeier","full_name":"Buschmeier, Hendrik"},{"id":"27152","full_name":"Buhl, Heike M.","last_name":"Buhl","first_name":"Heike M."},{"full_name":"Kern, Friederike","last_name":"Kern","first_name":"Friederike"},{"full_name":"Grimminger, Angela","first_name":"Angela","last_name":"Grimminger","id":"57578"},{"id":"50995","first_name":"Helen","last_name":"Beierling","full_name":"Beierling, Helen"},{"first_name":"Josephine Beryl","last_name":"Fisher","orcid":"0000-0002-9997-9241","full_name":"Fisher, Josephine Beryl","id":"56345"},{"id":"93405","full_name":"Groß, André","orcid":"0000-0002-9593-7220","first_name":"André","last_name":"Groß"},{"full_name":"Horwath, Ilona","last_name":"Horwath","first_name":"Ilona","id":"68836"},{"first_name":"Nils","orcid":"0000-0002-7347-099X","last_name":"Klowait","full_name":"Klowait, Nils","id":"98454"},{"first_name":"Stefan Teodorov","last_name":"Lazarov","orcid":"0009-0009-0892-9483","full_name":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov","id":"90345"},{"last_name":"Lenke","first_name":"Michael","full_name":"Lenke, Michael"},{"full_name":"Lohmer, Vivien","last_name":"Lohmer","first_name":"Vivien"},{"id":"50352","orcid":"0000-0002-5676-8233","last_name":"Rohlfing","first_name":"Katharina","full_name":"Rohlfing, Katharina"},{"full_name":"Scharlau, Ingrid","last_name":"Scharlau","first_name":"Ingrid","orcid":"0000-0003-2364-9489","id":"451"},{"id":"91018","full_name":"Singh, Amit","orcid":"0000-0002-7789-1521","last_name":"Singh","first_name":"Amit"},{"id":"37320","last_name":"Terfloth","first_name":"Lutz","full_name":"Terfloth, Lutz"},{"id":"86589","first_name":"Anna-Lisa","last_name":"Vollmer","full_name":"Vollmer, Anna-Lisa"},{"full_name":"Wang, Yu","first_name":"Yu","last_name":"Wang"},{"full_name":"Wilmes, Annedore","first_name":"Annedore","last_name":"Wilmes"},{"last_name":"Wrede","first_name":"Britta","full_name":"Wrede, Britta"}],"date_updated":"2025-12-05T15:32:25Z","publication_status":"published","intvolume":"        94","article_type":"original","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389041725000993?via%3Dihub","open_access":"1"}],"article_number":"101419","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"doi":"10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419"},{"conference":{"location":"Cologne, Germany","name":"LingCologne 2025 International Conference on Feedback in Interaction","start_date":"2025-05-21","end_date":"2025-05-23"},"author":[{"full_name":"Türk, Olcay","first_name":"Olcay","last_name":"Türk"},{"id":"90345","first_name":"Stefan Teodorov","last_name":"Lazarov","orcid":"0009-0009-0892-9483","full_name":"Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov"},{"id":"76456","last_name":"Buschmeier","orcid":"0000-0002-9613-5713","first_name":"Hendrik","full_name":"Buschmeier, Hendrik"},{"id":"74505","last_name":"Wagner","first_name":"Petra","full_name":"Wagner, Petra"},{"id":"57578","first_name":"Angela","last_name":"Grimminger","full_name":"Grimminger, Angela"}],"title":"Acoustic detection of false positive backchannels of understanding in explanations","year":"2025","status":"public","date_updated":"2025-09-11T06:58:18Z","publication_status":"published","_id":"61154","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"page":"36","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://pub.uni-bielefeld.de/download/3003514/3003515/Turk-etal-2025-lingcologne.pdf","open_access":"1"}],"user_id":"76456","citation":{"chicago":"Türk, Olcay, Stefan Teodorov Lazarov, Hendrik Buschmeier, Petra Wagner, and Angela Grimminger. “Acoustic Detection of False Positive Backchannels of Understanding in Explanations.” In <i>LingCologne 2025 – Book of Abstracts</i>, 36, 2025.","short":"O. Türk, S.T. Lazarov, H. Buschmeier, P. Wagner, A. Grimminger, in: LingCologne 2025 – Book of Abstracts, 2025, p. 36.","ieee":"O. Türk, S. T. Lazarov, H. Buschmeier, P. Wagner, and A. Grimminger, “Acoustic detection of false positive backchannels of understanding in explanations,” in <i>LingCologne 2025 – Book of Abstracts</i>, Cologne, Germany, 2025, p. 36.","apa":"Türk, O., Lazarov, S. T., Buschmeier, H., Wagner, P., &#38; Grimminger, A. (2025). Acoustic detection of false positive backchannels of understanding in explanations. <i>LingCologne 2025 – Book of Abstracts</i>, 36.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Türk_Lazarov_Buschmeier_Wagner_Grimminger_2025, title={Acoustic detection of false positive backchannels of understanding in explanations}, booktitle={LingCologne 2025 – Book of Abstracts}, author={Türk, Olcay and Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and Buschmeier, Hendrik and Wagner, Petra and Grimminger, Angela}, year={2025}, pages={36} }","ama":"Türk O, Lazarov ST, Buschmeier H, Wagner P, Grimminger A. Acoustic detection of false positive backchannels of understanding in explanations. In: <i>LingCologne 2025 – Book of Abstracts</i>. ; 2025:36.","mla":"Türk, Olcay, et al. “Acoustic Detection of False Positive Backchannels of Understanding in Explanations.” <i>LingCologne 2025 – Book of Abstracts</i>, 2025, p. 36."},"publication":"LingCologne 2025 – Book of Abstracts","project":[{"_id":"112","name":"TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten"}],"quality_controlled":"1","date_created":"2025-09-08T14:21:30Z","oa":"1","department":[{"_id":"660"}],"type":"conference_abstract"},{"project":[{"_id":"118","name":"TRR 318 - INF: TRR 318 - Project Area INF"},{"name":"TRR 318 - A02: TRR 318 - Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten (Teilprojekt A02)","_id":"112"}],"quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"ama":"Booshehri M, Buschmeier H, Cimiano P. Towards a BFO-based ontology of understanding in explanatory interactions. In: <i>Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Data Meets Applied Ontologies in Explainable AI (DAO-XAI)</i>. International Association for Ontology and its Applications; 2024.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Booshehri_Buschmeier_Cimiano_2024, place={Santiago de Compostela, Spain}, title={Towards a BFO-based ontology of understanding in explanatory interactions}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Data Meets Applied Ontologies in Explainable AI (DAO-XAI)}, publisher={International Association for Ontology and its Applications}, author={Booshehri, Meisam and Buschmeier, Hendrik and Cimiano, Philipp}, year={2024} }","mla":"Booshehri, Meisam, et al. “Towards a BFO-Based Ontology of Understanding in Explanatory Interactions.” <i>Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Data Meets Applied Ontologies in Explainable AI (DAO-XAI)</i>, International Association for Ontology and its Applications, 2024.","short":"M. Booshehri, H. Buschmeier, P. Cimiano, in: Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Data Meets Applied Ontologies in Explainable AI (DAO-XAI), International Association for Ontology and its Applications, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, 2024.","chicago":"Booshehri, Meisam, Hendrik Buschmeier, and Philipp Cimiano. “Towards a BFO-Based Ontology of Understanding in Explanatory Interactions.” In <i>Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Data Meets Applied Ontologies in Explainable AI (DAO-XAI)</i>. Santiago de Compostela, Spain: International Association for Ontology and its Applications, 2024.","apa":"Booshehri, M., Buschmeier, H., &#38; Cimiano, P. (2024). Towards a BFO-based ontology of understanding in explanatory interactions. <i>Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Data Meets Applied Ontologies in Explainable AI (DAO-XAI)</i>. 4th International Workshop on Data Meets Applied Ontologies in Explainable AI (DAO-XAI), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.","ieee":"M. Booshehri, H. Buschmeier, and P. Cimiano, “Towards a BFO-based ontology of understanding in explanatory interactions,” presented at the 4th International Workshop on Data Meets Applied Ontologies in Explainable AI (DAO-XAI), Santiago de Compostela, Spain, 2024."},"file_date_updated":"2024-11-18T16:01:17Z","oa":"1","place":"Santiago de Compostela, Spain","has_accepted_license":"1","conference":{"end_date":"2024-10-19","start_date":"2024-10-19","name":"4th International Workshop on Data Meets Applied Ontologies in Explainable AI (DAO-XAI)","location":"Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},"status":"public","user_id":"76456","ddc":["006"],"publisher":"International Association for Ontology and its Applications","_id":"55917","extern":"1","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"This work takes steps towards situating the concepts relevant to explanation and understanding in explanatory interactions within the scope of Basic Formal Ontology. We introduce novel ontological accounts of understanding and explanation in BFO-terms, which foster a shared conceptualization of explanations and explainee's understanding during explainer-explainee interactions. This approach also enables the tracking of different aspects of understanding and explanation through cognitive profiling of various measurable aspects under the heading of process profile in BFO. Additionally, we differentiate between the private mental process of understanding and understanding displays. Finally, we characterize the relationship between understanding displays and explanations."}],"publication":"Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Data Meets Applied Ontologies in Explainable AI (DAO-XAI)","department":[{"_id":"660"}],"type":"conference","date_created":"2024-08-30T07:57:06Z","file":[{"content_type":"application/pdf","success":1,"file_id":"57206","file_size":436217,"access_level":"closed","file_name":"Booshehri-etal-2024.pdf","date_updated":"2024-11-18T16:01:17Z","relation":"main_file","date_created":"2024-11-18T16:01:17Z","creator":"hbuschme"}],"publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2025-09-11T10:16:42Z","author":[{"first_name":"Meisam","last_name":"Booshehri","full_name":"Booshehri, Meisam"},{"first_name":"Hendrik","orcid":"0000-0002-9613-5713","last_name":"Buschmeier","full_name":"Buschmeier, Hendrik","id":"76456"},{"full_name":"Cimiano, Philipp","first_name":"Philipp","last_name":"Cimiano"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["1613-0073"]},"title":"Towards a BFO-based ontology of understanding in explanatory interactions","year":"2024","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3833/paper3.pdf","open_access":"1"}]},{"conference":{"location":"San José, Costa Rica","name":"26th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction","start_date":"2024-11-04","end_date":"2024-11-08"},"author":[{"full_name":"Buschmeier, Hendrik","first_name":"Hendrik","last_name":"Buschmeier","orcid":"0000-0002-9613-5713","id":"76456"},{"full_name":"Kopp, Stefan","last_name":"Kopp","first_name":"Stefan"},{"full_name":"Hassan, Teena","last_name":"Hassan","first_name":"Teena"}],"year":"2024","status":"public","title":"Multimodal Co-Construction of Explanations with XAI Workshop","date_updated":"2025-09-11T10:16:48Z","publication_status":"published","_id":"56985","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publisher":"ACM","page":"698-699","doi":"10.1145/3678957.3689205","user_id":"76456","citation":{"chicago":"Buschmeier, Hendrik, Stefan Kopp, and Teena Hassan. “Multimodal Co-Construction of Explanations with XAI Workshop.” In <i>Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction</i>, 698–99. ACM, 2024. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3678957.3689205\">https://doi.org/10.1145/3678957.3689205</a>.","short":"H. Buschmeier, S. Kopp, T. Hassan, in: Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, ACM, 2024, pp. 698–699.","apa":"Buschmeier, H., Kopp, S., &#38; Hassan, T. (2024). Multimodal Co-Construction of Explanations with XAI Workshop. <i>Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction</i>, 698–699. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3678957.3689205\">https://doi.org/10.1145/3678957.3689205</a>","ieee":"H. Buschmeier, S. Kopp, and T. Hassan, “Multimodal Co-Construction of Explanations with XAI Workshop,” in <i>Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction</i>, San José, Costa Rica, 2024, pp. 698–699, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3678957.3689205\">10.1145/3678957.3689205</a>.","ama":"Buschmeier H, Kopp S, Hassan T. Multimodal Co-Construction of Explanations with XAI Workshop. In: <i>Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction</i>. ACM; 2024:698-699. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3678957.3689205\">10.1145/3678957.3689205</a>","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Buschmeier_Kopp_Hassan_2024, title={Multimodal Co-Construction of Explanations with XAI Workshop}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3678957.3689205\">10.1145/3678957.3689205</a>}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction}, publisher={ACM}, author={Buschmeier, Hendrik and Kopp, Stefan and Hassan, Teena}, year={2024}, pages={698–699} }","mla":"Buschmeier, Hendrik, et al. “Multimodal Co-Construction of Explanations with XAI Workshop.” <i>Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction</i>, ACM, 2024, pp. 698–99, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3678957.3689205\">10.1145/3678957.3689205</a>."},"publication":"Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction","extern":"1","date_created":"2024-11-11T15:56:11Z","department":[{"_id":"660"}],"type":"conference_abstract"},{"type":"conference","department":[{"_id":"660"}],"date_created":"2024-08-30T07:55:36Z","abstract":[{"text":"To produce explanations that are more likely to be accepted by humans, Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) systems need to incorporate explanation models grounded in human communication patterns. So far, little is known about how an explainee, who lacks understanding of an issue, and an explainer, who has knowledge to fill the explainee's knowledge gap, actively shape an explanation process, and how their involvement relates to explanatory success in terms of maximizing the explainee's level of understanding. In this paper, we characterize explanations as dialogues in which explainee and explainer take turns to advance the explanation process. We build on an existing annotation scheme of ‘explanatory moves’ to characterize such turns, and manually annotate 362 dialogical explanations from the “Explain Like I'm Five” subreddit. Building on the annotated data, we compute correlations between explanatory moves and explanatory success, measured on a five-point Likert scale, in order to identify factors that are significantly correlated with explanatory success. Based on a qualitative analysis of these factors, we develop a conceptual model of the main factors that contribute to the success of explanatory dialogues.","lang":"eng"}],"extern":"1","publication":"Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction","doi":"10.1145/3678957.3685744","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_updated":"2025-09-11T10:16:55Z","publication_status":"published","title":"A model of factors contributing to the success of dialogical explanations","year":"2024","author":[{"full_name":"Booshehri, Meisam","last_name":"Booshehri","first_name":"Meisam"},{"id":"76456","first_name":"Hendrik","last_name":"Buschmeier","orcid":"0000-0002-9613-5713","full_name":"Buschmeier, Hendrik"},{"first_name":"Philipp","last_name":"Cimiano","full_name":"Cimiano, Philipp"}],"place":"San José, Costa Rica","quality_controlled":"1","project":[{"_id":"112","name":"TRR 318 - A02: TRR 318 - Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten (Teilprojekt A02)"},{"_id":"118","name":"TRR 318 - INF: TRR 318 - Project Area INF"}],"citation":{"short":"M. Booshehri, H. Buschmeier, P. Cimiano, in: Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, ACM, San José, Costa Rica, 2024, pp. 373–381.","chicago":"Booshehri, Meisam, Hendrik Buschmeier, and Philipp Cimiano. “A Model of Factors Contributing to the Success of Dialogical Explanations.” In <i>Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction</i>, 373–81. San José, Costa Rica: ACM, 2024. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3678957.3685744\">https://doi.org/10.1145/3678957.3685744</a>.","apa":"Booshehri, M., Buschmeier, H., &#38; Cimiano, P. (2024). A model of factors contributing to the success of dialogical explanations. <i>Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction</i>, 373–381. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3678957.3685744\">https://doi.org/10.1145/3678957.3685744</a>","ieee":"M. Booshehri, H. Buschmeier, and P. Cimiano, “A model of factors contributing to the success of dialogical explanations,” in <i>Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction</i>, San José, Costa Rica, 2024, pp. 373–381, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3678957.3685744\">10.1145/3678957.3685744</a>.","ama":"Booshehri M, Buschmeier H, Cimiano P. A model of factors contributing to the success of dialogical explanations. In: <i>Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction</i>. ACM; 2024:373-381. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3678957.3685744\">10.1145/3678957.3685744</a>","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Booshehri_Buschmeier_Cimiano_2024, place={San José, Costa Rica}, title={A model of factors contributing to the success of dialogical explanations}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3678957.3685744\">10.1145/3678957.3685744</a>}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction}, publisher={ACM}, author={Booshehri, Meisam and Buschmeier, Hendrik and Cimiano, Philipp}, year={2024}, pages={373–381} }","mla":"Booshehri, Meisam, et al. “A Model of Factors Contributing to the Success of Dialogical Explanations.” <i>Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction</i>, ACM, 2024, pp. 373–81, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3678957.3685744\">10.1145/3678957.3685744</a>."},"user_id":"76456","page":"373-381","publisher":"ACM","_id":"55916","status":"public","conference":{"start_date":"2024-11-04","name":"26th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction","location":"San José, Costa Rica","end_date":"2024-11-08"}},{"author":[{"first_name":"Ildikó","last_name":"Pilán","full_name":"Pilán, Ildikó"},{"first_name":"Laurent","last_name":"Prévot","full_name":"Prévot, Laurent"},{"last_name":"Buschmeier","first_name":"Hendrik","orcid":"0000-0002-9613-5713","full_name":"Buschmeier, Hendrik","id":"76456"},{"full_name":"Lison, Pierre","last_name":"Lison","first_name":"Pierre"}],"year":"2024","title":"Conversational feedback in scripted versus spontaneous dialogues: A comparative analysis","publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2025-09-11T10:17:21Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1"}],"doi":"10.18653/v1/2024.sigdial-1.38","publication":"Proceedings of the 25th Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue","extern":"1","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Scripted dialogues such as movie and TV subtitles constitute a widespread source of training data for conversational NLP models. However, there are notable linguistic differences between these dialogues and spontaneous interactions, especially regarding the occurrence of communicative feedback such as backchannels, acknowledgments, or clarification requests. This paper presents a quantitative analysis of such feedback phenomena in both subtitles and spontaneous conversations. Based on conversational data spanning eight languages and multiple genres, we extract lexical statistics, classifications from a dialogue act tagger, expert annotations and labels derived from a fine-tuned Large Language Model (LLM). Our main empirical findings are that (1) communicative feedback is markedly less frequent in subtitles than in spontaneous dialogues and (2) subtitles contain a higher proportion of negative feedback. We also show that dialogues generated by standard LLMs lie much closer to scripted dialogues than spontaneous interactions in terms of communicative feedback."}],"date_created":"2024-09-03T07:39:14Z","department":[{"_id":"660"}],"type":"conference","conference":{"name":"25th Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue (SIGdial 2024)","start_date":"2024-09-18","location":"Kyoto, Japan","end_date":"2024-09-20"},"status":"public","_id":"55995","page":"440–457","user_id":"76456","citation":{"bibtex":"@inproceedings{Pilán_Prévot_Buschmeier_Lison_2024, place={Kyoto, Japan}, title={Conversational feedback in scripted versus spontaneous dialogues: A comparative analysis}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.sigdial-1.38\">10.18653/v1/2024.sigdial-1.38</a>}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 25th Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue}, author={Pilán, Ildikó and Prévot, Laurent and Buschmeier, Hendrik and Lison, Pierre}, year={2024}, pages={440–457} }","ama":"Pilán I, Prévot L, Buschmeier H, Lison P. Conversational feedback in scripted versus spontaneous dialogues: A comparative analysis. In: <i>Proceedings of the 25th Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue</i>. ; 2024:440–457. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.sigdial-1.38\">10.18653/v1/2024.sigdial-1.38</a>","mla":"Pilán, Ildikó, et al. “Conversational Feedback in Scripted versus Spontaneous Dialogues: A Comparative Analysis.” <i>Proceedings of the 25th Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue</i>, 2024, pp. 440–457, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.sigdial-1.38\">10.18653/v1/2024.sigdial-1.38</a>.","chicago":"Pilán, Ildikó, Laurent Prévot, Hendrik Buschmeier, and Pierre Lison. “Conversational Feedback in Scripted versus Spontaneous Dialogues: A Comparative Analysis.” In <i>Proceedings of the 25th Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue</i>, 440–457. Kyoto, Japan, 2024. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.sigdial-1.38\">https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.sigdial-1.38</a>.","short":"I. Pilán, L. Prévot, H. Buschmeier, P. Lison, in: Proceedings of the 25th Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue, Kyoto, Japan, 2024, pp. 440–457.","ieee":"I. Pilán, L. Prévot, H. Buschmeier, and P. Lison, “Conversational feedback in scripted versus spontaneous dialogues: A comparative analysis,” in <i>Proceedings of the 25th Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue</i>, Kyoto, Japan, 2024, pp. 440–457, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.sigdial-1.38\">10.18653/v1/2024.sigdial-1.38</a>.","apa":"Pilán, I., Prévot, L., Buschmeier, H., &#38; Lison, P. (2024). Conversational feedback in scripted versus spontaneous dialogues: A comparative analysis. <i>Proceedings of the 25th Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue</i>, 440–457. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.sigdial-1.38\">https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.sigdial-1.38</a>"},"project":[{"name":"TRR 318 - A02: TRR 318 - Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten (Teilprojekt A02)","_id":"112"}],"quality_controlled":"1","place":"Kyoto, Japan","oa":"1"},{"citation":{"ama":"Wagner P, Włodarczak M, Buschmeier H, Türk O, Gilmartin E. Turn-taking dynamics across different phases of explanatory dialogues. In: <i>Proceedings of the 28th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue</i>. ; 2024:6-14.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Wagner_Włodarczak_Buschmeier_Türk_Gilmartin_2024, place={Trento, Italy}, title={Turn-taking dynamics across different phases of explanatory dialogues}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 28th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue}, author={Wagner, Petra and Włodarczak, Marcin and Buschmeier, Hendrik and Türk, Olcay and Gilmartin, Emer}, year={2024}, pages={6–14} }","mla":"Wagner, Petra, et al. “Turn-Taking Dynamics across Different Phases of Explanatory Dialogues.” <i>Proceedings of the 28th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue</i>, 2024, pp. 6–14.","short":"P. Wagner, M. Włodarczak, H. Buschmeier, O. Türk, E. Gilmartin, in: Proceedings of the 28th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue, Trento, Italy, 2024, pp. 6–14.","chicago":"Wagner, Petra, Marcin Włodarczak, Hendrik Buschmeier, Olcay Türk, and Emer Gilmartin. “Turn-Taking Dynamics across Different Phases of Explanatory Dialogues.” In <i>Proceedings of the 28th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue</i>, 6–14. Trento, Italy, 2024.","apa":"Wagner, P., Włodarczak, M., Buschmeier, H., Türk, O., &#38; Gilmartin, E. (2024). Turn-taking dynamics across different phases of explanatory dialogues. <i>Proceedings of the 28th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue</i>, 6–14.","ieee":"P. Wagner, M. Włodarczak, H. Buschmeier, O. Türk, and E. Gilmartin, “Turn-taking dynamics across different phases of explanatory dialogues,” in <i>Proceedings of the 28th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue</i>, Trento, Italy, 2024, pp. 6–14."},"project":[{"name":"TRR 318 - A02: TRR 318 - Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten (Teilprojekt A02)","_id":"112"}],"quality_controlled":"1","place":"Trento, Italy","oa":"1","conference":{"end_date":"2024-09-13","start_date":"2024-09-11","name":"The 28th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue","location":"Trento, Italy"},"status":"public","_id":"55913","page":"6-14","user_id":"76456","publication":"Proceedings of the 28th Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue","extern":"1","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"We examined the turn-taking dynamics across different phases of explanatory dialogues, in which 21 different explainers explained a board game to 2–3 explainees each. Turn-taking dynamics are investigated focusing on >19K floor transitions, i.e., the detailed patterns characterizing turn keeping or turn yielding events (Gilmartin et al., 2020). The explanations were characterized by three different phases (board game absent, board game present, interactive game play), for which we observed differences in turn-taking dynamics: explanations where the board game is absent are characterized by less complex floor transitions, while explanations with a concretely shared reference space are characterized by more complex floor transitions, as well as more floor transitions between interlocutors. Also, the speakers’ dialogue role (explainer vs. explainee) appears to have a strong impact on turn-taking dynamics, as floor transitions that do not conform with the dialogue role tend to involve more effort, or floor management work."}],"date_created":"2024-08-30T07:43:04Z","department":[{"_id":"660"}],"type":"conference","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2308-2275"]},"author":[{"first_name":"Petra","last_name":"Wagner","full_name":"Wagner, Petra","id":"74505"},{"first_name":"Marcin","last_name":"Włodarczak","full_name":"Włodarczak, Marcin"},{"last_name":"Buschmeier","orcid":"0000-0002-9613-5713","first_name":"Hendrik","full_name":"Buschmeier, Hendrik","id":"76456"},{"full_name":"Türk, Olcay","first_name":"Olcay","last_name":"Türk"},{"full_name":"Gilmartin, Emer","first_name":"Emer","last_name":"Gilmartin"}],"title":"Turn-taking dynamics across different phases of explanatory dialogues","year":"2024","publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2025-09-11T10:17:32Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://www.semdial.org/anthology/papers/Z/Z24/Z24-3001/","open_access":"1"}]},{"doi":"10.1177/17504813241267069","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"intvolume":"        18","article_type":"original","date_updated":"2025-09-11T14:09:42Z","publication_status":"published","author":[{"last_name":"Klowait","orcid":"0000-0002-7347-099X","first_name":"Nils","full_name":"Klowait, Nils","id":"98454"},{"first_name":"Maria","last_name":"Erofeeva","full_name":"Erofeeva, Maria"},{"full_name":"Lenke, Michael","first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Lenke","id":"32621"},{"first_name":"Ilona","last_name":"Horwath","full_name":"Horwath, Ilona","id":"68836"},{"last_name":"Buschmeier","orcid":"0000-0002-9613-5713","first_name":"Hendrik","full_name":"Buschmeier, Hendrik","id":"76456"}],"title":"Can AI explain AI? Interactive co-construction of explanations among human and artificial agents","year":"2024","department":[{"_id":"660"}],"type":"journal_article","date_created":"2024-09-20T09:21:14Z","file":[{"content_type":"application/pdf","success":1,"file_id":"56313","access_level":"closed","file_size":2488042,"file_name":"klowait-etal-2024-DCM.pdf","date_updated":"2024-10-03T16:03:33Z","relation":"main_file","date_created":"2024-10-03T16:03:33Z","creator":"hbuschme"}],"related_material":{"link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/4YMT3","relation":"supplementary_material"}]},"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"This study investigates the potential of using advanced conversational artificial intelligence (AI) to help people understand complex AI systems. In line with conversation-analytic research, we view the participatory role of AI as dynamically unfolding in a situation rather than being predetermined by its architecture. To study user sensemaking of intransparent AI systems, we set up a naturalistic encounter between human participants and two AI systems developed in-house: a reinforcement learning simulation and a GPT-4-based explainer chatbot. Our results reveal that an explainer-AI only truly functions as such when participants actively engage with it as a co-constructive agent. Both the interface’s spatial configuration and the asynchronous temporal nature of the explainer AI – combined with the users’ presuppositions about its role – contribute to the decision whether to treat the AI as a dialogical co-participant in the interaction. Participants establish evidentiality conventions and sensemaking procedures that may diverge from a system’s intended design or function."}],"publication":"Discourse & Communication","issue":"6","volume":18,"ddc":["300"],"user_id":"98454","publisher":"Sage","_id":"56190","page":"917-930","has_accepted_license":"1","status":"public","project":[{"name":"TRR 318 - Ö: TRR 318 - Project Area Ö","_id":"119"},{"_id":"112","name":"TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten"}],"quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"chicago":"Klowait, Nils, Maria Erofeeva, Michael Lenke, Ilona Horwath, and Hendrik Buschmeier. “Can AI Explain AI? Interactive Co-Construction of Explanations among Human and Artificial Agents.” <i>Discourse &#38; Communication</i> 18, no. 6 (2024): 917–30. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1177/17504813241267069\">https://doi.org/10.1177/17504813241267069</a>.","short":"N. Klowait, M. Erofeeva, M. Lenke, I. Horwath, H. Buschmeier, Discourse &#38; Communication 18 (2024) 917–930.","apa":"Klowait, N., Erofeeva, M., Lenke, M., Horwath, I., &#38; Buschmeier, H. (2024). Can AI explain AI? Interactive co-construction of explanations among human and artificial agents. <i>Discourse &#38; Communication</i>, <i>18</i>(6), 917–930. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1177/17504813241267069\">https://doi.org/10.1177/17504813241267069</a>","ieee":"N. Klowait, M. Erofeeva, M. Lenke, I. Horwath, and H. Buschmeier, “Can AI explain AI? Interactive co-construction of explanations among human and artificial agents,” <i>Discourse &#38; Communication</i>, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 917–930, 2024, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1177/17504813241267069\">10.1177/17504813241267069</a>.","ama":"Klowait N, Erofeeva M, Lenke M, Horwath I, Buschmeier H. Can AI explain AI? Interactive co-construction of explanations among human and artificial agents. <i>Discourse &#38; Communication</i>. 2024;18(6):917-930. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1177/17504813241267069\">10.1177/17504813241267069</a>","bibtex":"@article{Klowait_Erofeeva_Lenke_Horwath_Buschmeier_2024, title={Can AI explain AI? Interactive co-construction of explanations among human and artificial agents}, volume={18}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1177/17504813241267069\">10.1177/17504813241267069</a>}, number={6}, journal={Discourse &#38; Communication}, publisher={Sage}, author={Klowait, Nils and Erofeeva, Maria and Lenke, Michael and Horwath, Ilona and Buschmeier, Hendrik}, year={2024}, pages={917–930} }","mla":"Klowait, Nils, et al. “Can AI Explain AI? Interactive Co-Construction of Explanations among Human and Artificial Agents.” <i>Discourse &#38; Communication</i>, vol. 18, no. 6, Sage, 2024, pp. 917–30, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1177/17504813241267069\">10.1177/17504813241267069</a>."},"file_date_updated":"2024-10-03T16:03:33Z"},{"quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"mla":"Belosevic, Milena, and Hendrik Buschmeier. “Quote to Explain: Using Multimodal Metalinguistic Markers to Explain Large Language Models’ Understanding Capabilities.” <i>ICMI Companion ’24: Companion Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Multimodal Interaction</i>, ACM, 2024, pp. 225–227, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3686215.3689203\">10.1145/3686215.3689203</a>.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Belosevic_Buschmeier_2024, place={San José, Costa Rica}, title={Quote to explain: Using multimodal metalinguistic markers to explain large language models’ understanding capabilities}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3686215.3689203\">10.1145/3686215.3689203</a>}, booktitle={ICMI Companion ’24: Companion Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Multimodal Interaction}, publisher={ACM}, author={Belosevic, Milena and Buschmeier, Hendrik}, year={2024}, pages={225–227} }","ama":"Belosevic M, Buschmeier H. Quote to explain: Using multimodal metalinguistic markers to explain large language models’ understanding capabilities. In: <i>ICMI Companion ’24: Companion Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Multimodal Interaction</i>. ACM; 2024:225–227. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3686215.3689203\">10.1145/3686215.3689203</a>","ieee":"M. Belosevic and H. Buschmeier, “Quote to explain: Using multimodal metalinguistic markers to explain large language models’ understanding capabilities,” in <i>ICMI Companion ’24: Companion Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Multimodal Interaction</i>, San José, Costa Rica, 2024, pp. 225–227, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3686215.3689203\">10.1145/3686215.3689203</a>.","apa":"Belosevic, M., &#38; Buschmeier, H. (2024). Quote to explain: Using multimodal metalinguistic markers to explain large language models’ understanding capabilities. <i>ICMI Companion ’24: Companion Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Multimodal Interaction</i>, 225–227. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3686215.3689203\">https://doi.org/10.1145/3686215.3689203</a>","short":"M. Belosevic, H. Buschmeier, in: ICMI Companion ’24: Companion Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, ACM, San José, Costa Rica, 2024, pp. 225–227.","chicago":"Belosevic, Milena, and Hendrik Buschmeier. “Quote to Explain: Using Multimodal Metalinguistic Markers to Explain Large Language Models’ Understanding Capabilities.” In <i>ICMI Companion ’24: Companion Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Multimodal Interaction</i>, 225–227. San José, Costa Rica: ACM, 2024. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3686215.3689203\">https://doi.org/10.1145/3686215.3689203</a>."},"place":"San José, Costa Rica","conference":{"end_date":"2024-11-04","start_date":"2024-11-04","name":"Multimodal Co-Construction of Explanations with XAI Workshop at ICMI 2024","location":"San José, Costa Rica"},"status":"public","user_id":"76456","_id":"61180","publisher":"ACM","page":"225–227","extern":"1","abstract":[{"text":"Starting from the assumption that LLMs are systems bearing only formal but not functional linguistic competence, this short paper explores how the understanding capabilities of LLMs could be implicitly explained based on a “pause and refect” strategy. Specifically, we propose to include a virtual embodied agent in human interactions with LLM-based chatbots. The agent will use air quotes as multimodal metalinguistic markers to explicitly point to those parts of the LLM’s output that are relevant to explaining the LLM’s meaning understanding capabilities. At the same time, by scafolding users to perceive the output as ‘mentioned language’ inferred from a metalinguistic function of multimodal markers, the agent implicitly explains how the meaning of the output should be understood. In this proposal, users will actively participate in the co-construction of the implicit explanation by providing feedback and deciding when and to what extent the agent’s scafold (e.g., the air quotes) is used.","lang":"eng"}],"publication":"ICMI Companion ’24: Companion Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Multimodal Interaction","type":"conference","date_created":"2025-09-11T07:32:23Z","publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2025-09-12T06:25:45Z","author":[{"last_name":"Belosevic","first_name":"Milena","full_name":"Belosevic, Milena"},{"id":"76456","full_name":"Buschmeier, Hendrik","last_name":"Buschmeier","first_name":"Hendrik","orcid":"0000-0002-9613-5713"}],"year":"2024","title":"Quote to explain: Using multimodal metalinguistic markers to explain large language models’ understanding capabilities","doi":"10.1145/3686215.3689203","language":[{"iso":"eng"}]},{"_id":"61176","page":"75–80","user_id":"76456","conference":{"start_date":"2024-09-11","name":"20th Conference on Natural Language Processing (KONVENS 2024)","location":"Vienna, Austria","end_date":"2024-09-12"},"status":"public","place":"Vienna, Austria","oa":"1","citation":{"apa":"Wang, Y., &#38; Buschmeier, H. (2024). Revisiting the phenomenon of syntactic complexity convergence on German dialogue data. <i>Proceedings of the 20th Conference on Natural Language Processing (KONVENS 2024)</i>, 75–80.","ieee":"Y. Wang and H. Buschmeier, “Revisiting the phenomenon of syntactic complexity convergence on German dialogue data,” in <i>Proceedings of the 20th Conference on Natural Language Processing (KONVENS 2024)</i>, Vienna, Austria, 2024, pp. 75–80.","short":"Y. Wang, H. Buschmeier, in: Proceedings of the 20th Conference on Natural Language Processing (KONVENS 2024), Vienna, Austria, 2024, pp. 75–80.","chicago":"Wang, Yu, and Hendrik Buschmeier. “Revisiting the Phenomenon of Syntactic Complexity Convergence on German Dialogue Data.” In <i>Proceedings of the 20th Conference on Natural Language Processing (KONVENS 2024)</i>, 75–80. Vienna, Austria, 2024.","mla":"Wang, Yu, and Hendrik Buschmeier. “Revisiting the Phenomenon of Syntactic Complexity Convergence on German Dialogue Data.” <i>Proceedings of the 20th Conference on Natural Language Processing (KONVENS 2024)</i>, 2024, pp. 75–80.","ama":"Wang Y, Buschmeier H. Revisiting the phenomenon of syntactic complexity convergence on German dialogue data. In: <i>Proceedings of the 20th Conference on Natural Language Processing (KONVENS 2024)</i>. ; 2024:75–80.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Wang_Buschmeier_2024, place={Vienna, Austria}, title={Revisiting the phenomenon of syntactic complexity convergence on German dialogue data}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 20th Conference on Natural Language Processing (KONVENS 2024)}, author={Wang, Yu and Buschmeier, Hendrik}, year={2024}, pages={75–80} }"},"project":[{"_id":"112","name":"TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten"}],"quality_controlled":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://aclanthology.org/2024.konvens-main.8","open_access":"1"}],"author":[{"full_name":"Wang, Yu","last_name":"Wang","first_name":"Yu"},{"id":"76456","full_name":"Buschmeier, Hendrik","orcid":"0000-0002-9613-5713","last_name":"Buschmeier","first_name":"Hendrik"}],"year":"2024","title":"Revisiting the phenomenon of syntactic complexity convergence on German dialogue data","date_updated":"2025-09-12T06:25:05Z","publication_status":"published","date_created":"2025-09-11T07:08:24Z","department":[{"_id":"660"}],"type":"conference","publication":"Proceedings of the 20th Conference on Natural Language Processing (KONVENS 2024)","abstract":[{"text":"We revisit the phenomenon of syntactic complexity convergence in conversational interaction, originally found for English dialogue, which has theoretical implication for dialogical concepts such as mutual understanding. We use a modified metric to quantify syntactic complexity based on dependency parsing. The results show that syntactic complexity convergence can be statistically confirmed in one of three selected German datasets that were analysed. Given that the dataset which shows such convergence is much larger than the other two selected datasets, the empirical results indicate a certain degree of linguistic generality of syntactic complexity convergence in conversational interaction. We also found a different type of syntactic complexity convergence in one of the datasets while further investigation is still necessary.","lang":"eng"}],"extern":"1"},{"quality_controlled":"1","project":[{"name":"TRR 318 - A02: TRR 318 - Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten (Teilprojekt A02)","_id":"112"}],"citation":{"ama":"Wang Y, Xu Y, Skantze G, Buschmeier H. How much does nonverbal communication conform to entropy rate constancy?: A case study on listener gaze in interaction. In: <i>Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics ACL 2024</i>. ; 2024:3533–3545.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Wang_Xu_Skantze_Buschmeier_2024, place={Bangkok, Thailand}, title={How much does nonverbal communication conform to entropy rate constancy?: A case study on listener gaze in interaction}, booktitle={Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics ACL 2024}, author={Wang, Yu and Xu, Yang and Skantze, Gabriel and Buschmeier, Hendrik}, year={2024}, pages={3533–3545} }","mla":"Wang, Yu, et al. “How Much Does Nonverbal Communication Conform to Entropy Rate Constancy?: A Case Study on Listener Gaze in Interaction.” <i>Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics ACL 2024</i>, 2024, pp. 3533–3545.","chicago":"Wang, Yu, Yang Xu, Gabriel Skantze, and Hendrik Buschmeier. “How Much Does Nonverbal Communication Conform to Entropy Rate Constancy?: A Case Study on Listener Gaze in Interaction.” In <i>Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics ACL 2024</i>, 3533–3545. Bangkok, Thailand, 2024.","short":"Y. Wang, Y. Xu, G. Skantze, H. Buschmeier, in: Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics ACL 2024, Bangkok, Thailand, 2024, pp. 3533–3545.","apa":"Wang, Y., Xu, Y., Skantze, G., &#38; Buschmeier, H. (2024). How much does nonverbal communication conform to entropy rate constancy?: A case study on listener gaze in interaction. <i>Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics ACL 2024</i>, 3533–3545.","ieee":"Y. Wang, Y. Xu, G. Skantze, and H. Buschmeier, “How much does nonverbal communication conform to entropy rate constancy?: A case study on listener gaze in interaction,” in <i>Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics ACL 2024</i>, Bangkok, Thailand, 2024, pp. 3533–3545."},"oa":"1","place":"Bangkok, Thailand","status":"public","conference":{"location":"Bangkok, Thailand","name":"62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics"},"user_id":"76456","page":"3533–3545","_id":"55911","abstract":[{"text":"According to the Entropy Rate Constancy (ERC) principle, the information density of a text is approximately constant over its length. Whether this principle also applies to nonverbal communication signals is still under investigation. We perform empirical analyses of video-recorded dialogue data and investigate whether listener gaze, as an important nonverbal communication signal, adheres to the ERC principle. Results show (1) that the ERC principle holds for listener gaze; and (2) that the two linguistic factors syntactic complexity and turn transition potential are weakly correlated with local entropy of listener gaze.","lang":"eng"}],"publication":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics ACL 2024","type":"conference","department":[{"_id":"660"}],"date_created":"2024-08-30T07:42:28Z","date_updated":"2025-09-12T06:25:05Z","year":"2024","title":"How much does nonverbal communication conform to entropy rate constancy?: A case study on listener gaze in interaction","author":[{"first_name":"Yu","last_name":"Wang","full_name":"Wang, Yu"},{"full_name":"Xu, Yang","first_name":"Yang","last_name":"Xu"},{"last_name":"Skantze","first_name":"Gabriel","full_name":"Skantze, Gabriel"},{"id":"76456","orcid":"0000-0002-9613-5713","first_name":"Hendrik","last_name":"Buschmeier","full_name":"Buschmeier, Hendrik"}],"main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://aclanthology.org/2024.findings-acl.210/"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}]},{"conference":{"location":"Frankfurt am Main, Germany","name":"2nd International Multimodal Communication Symposium","start_date":"2024-09-25","end_date":"2024-09-27"},"status":"public","user_id":"76456","_id":"56314","page":"38–39","project":[{"_id":"112","name":"TRR 318 - A02: TRR 318 - Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten (Teilprojekt A02)"}],"quality_controlled":"1","citation":{"chicago":"Riechmann, Alina Naomi, and Hendrik Buschmeier. “Automatic Reconstruction of Dialogue Participants’ Coordinating Gaze Behavior from Multiple Camera Perspectives.” In <i>Book of Abstracts of the 2nd International Multimodal Communication Symposium</i>, 38–39. Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 2024.","short":"A.N. Riechmann, H. Buschmeier, in: Book of Abstracts of the 2nd International Multimodal Communication Symposium, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 2024, pp. 38–39.","apa":"Riechmann, A. N., &#38; Buschmeier, H. (2024). Automatic reconstruction of dialogue participants’ coordinating gaze behavior from multiple camera perspectives. <i>Book of Abstracts of the 2nd International Multimodal Communication Symposium</i>, 38–39.","ieee":"A. N. Riechmann and H. Buschmeier, “Automatic reconstruction of dialogue participants’ coordinating gaze behavior from multiple camera perspectives,” in <i>Book of Abstracts of the 2nd International Multimodal Communication Symposium</i>, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 2024, pp. 38–39.","ama":"Riechmann AN, Buschmeier H. Automatic reconstruction of dialogue participants’ coordinating gaze behavior from multiple camera perspectives. In: <i>Book of Abstracts of the 2nd International Multimodal Communication Symposium</i>. ; 2024:38–39.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Riechmann_Buschmeier_2024, place={Frankfurt am Main, Germany}, title={Automatic reconstruction of dialogue participants’ coordinating gaze behavior from multiple camera perspectives}, booktitle={Book of Abstracts of the 2nd International Multimodal Communication Symposium}, author={Riechmann, Alina Naomi and Buschmeier, Hendrik}, year={2024}, pages={38–39} }","mla":"Riechmann, Alina Naomi, and Hendrik Buschmeier. “Automatic Reconstruction of Dialogue Participants’ Coordinating Gaze Behavior from Multiple Camera Perspectives.” <i>Book of Abstracts of the 2nd International Multimodal Communication Symposium</i>, 2024, pp. 38–39."},"place":"Frankfurt am Main, Germany","publication_status":"published","date_updated":"2025-09-12T06:30:39Z","author":[{"last_name":"Riechmann","first_name":"Alina Naomi","full_name":"Riechmann, Alina Naomi"},{"last_name":"Buschmeier","first_name":"Hendrik","orcid":"0000-0002-9613-5713","full_name":"Buschmeier, Hendrik","id":"76456"}],"year":"2024","title":"Automatic reconstruction of dialogue participants’ coordinating gaze behavior from multiple camera perspectives","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"extern":"1","related_material":{"link":[{"relation":"poster","url":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.27080500"}]},"publication":"Book of Abstracts of the 2nd International Multimodal Communication Symposium","department":[{"_id":"660"}],"type":"conference_abstract","date_created":"2024-10-03T16:08:04Z"}]