--- _id: '65084' author: - first_name: Heike M. full_name: Buhl, Heike M. id: '27152' last_name: Buhl - first_name: Anna-Lisa full_name: Vollmer, Anna-Lisa id: '86589' last_name: Vollmer - first_name: Rachid full_name: Alami, Rachid last_name: Alami - first_name: Meisam full_name: Booshehri, Meisam id: '93424' last_name: Booshehri - first_name: Kary full_name: Främling, Kary last_name: Främling citation: ama: 'Buhl HM, Vollmer A-L, Alami R, Booshehri M, Främling K. Models of the situation, the explanandum, and the interaction partner. In: Rohlfing KJ, Främling K, Lim B, Alpsancar S, Thommes K, eds. Social Explainable AI. Springer; 2026:269-295. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_14' apa: Buhl, H. M., Vollmer, A.-L., Alami, R., Booshehri, M., & Främling, K. (2026). Models of the situation, the explanandum, and the interaction partner. In K. J. Rohlfing, K. Främling, B. Lim, S. Alpsancar, & K. Thommes (Eds.), Social explainable AI (pp. 269–295). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_14 bibtex: '@inbook{Buhl_Vollmer_Alami_Booshehri_Främling_2026, title={Models of the situation, the explanandum, and the interaction partner}, DOI={https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_14}, booktitle={Social explainable AI}, publisher={Springer}, author={Buhl, Heike M. and Vollmer, Anna-Lisa and Alami, Rachid and Booshehri, Meisam and Främling, Kary}, editor={Rohlfing, Katharina J. and Främling, Kary and Lim, Brian and Alpsancar, Suzana and Thommes, Kisten}, year={2026}, pages={269–295} }' chicago: Buhl, Heike M., Anna-Lisa Vollmer, Rachid Alami, Meisam Booshehri, and Kary Främling. “Models of the Situation, the Explanandum, and the Interaction Partner.” In Social Explainable AI, edited by Katharina J. Rohlfing, Kary Främling, Brian Lim, Suzana Alpsancar, and Kisten Thommes, 269–95. Springer, 2026. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_14. ieee: H. M. Buhl, A.-L. Vollmer, R. Alami, M. Booshehri, and K. Främling, “Models of the situation, the explanandum, and the interaction partner,” in Social explainable AI, K. J. Rohlfing, K. Främling, B. Lim, S. Alpsancar, and K. Thommes, Eds. Springer, 2026, pp. 269–295. mla: Buhl, Heike M., et al. “Models of the Situation, the Explanandum, and the Interaction Partner.” Social Explainable AI, edited by Katharina J. Rohlfing et al., Springer, 2026, pp. 269–95, doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_14. short: 'H.M. Buhl, A.-L. Vollmer, R. Alami, M. Booshehri, K. Främling, in: K.J. Rohlfing, K. Främling, B. Lim, S. Alpsancar, K. Thommes (Eds.), Social Explainable AI, Springer, 2026, pp. 269–295.' date_created: 2026-03-23T08:06:57Z date_updated: 2026-03-23T18:24:49Z department: - _id: '427' - _id: '660' doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_14 editor: - first_name: Katharina J. full_name: Rohlfing, Katharina J. last_name: Rohlfing - first_name: Kary full_name: Främling, Kary last_name: Främling - first_name: Brian full_name: Lim, Brian last_name: Lim - first_name: Suzana full_name: Alpsancar, Suzana last_name: Alpsancar - first_name: Kisten full_name: Thommes, Kisten last_name: Thommes language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_14 oa: '1' page: 269-295 project: - _id: '111' name: 'TRR 318; TP A01: Adaptives Erklären' - _id: '114' name: 'TRR 318; TP A04: Integration des technischen Modells in das Partnermodell bei der Erklärung von digitalen Artefakten' - _id: '121' name: 'TRR 318; TP B01: Ein dialogbasierter Ansatz zur Erklärung von Modellen des maschinellen Lernens' publication: Social explainable AI publisher: Springer related_material: link: - relation: confirmation url: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_14 status: public title: Models of the situation, the explanandum, and the interaction partner type: book_chapter user_id: '90826' year: '2026' ... --- _id: '61234' abstract: - lang: eng text: "The ability to generate explanations that are understood by explainees is the\r\nquintessence of explainable artificial intelligence. Since understanding\r\ndepends on the explainee's background and needs, recent research focused on\r\nco-constructive explanation dialogues, where an explainer continuously monitors\r\nthe explainee's understanding and adapts their explanations dynamically. We\r\ninvestigate the ability of large language models (LLMs) to engage as explainers\r\nin co-constructive explanation dialogues. In particular, we present a user\r\nstudy in which explainees interact with an LLM in two settings, one of which\r\ninvolves the LLM being instructed to explain a topic co-constructively. We\r\nevaluate the explainees' understanding before and after the dialogue, as well\r\nas their perception of the LLMs' co-constructive behavior. Our results suggest\r\nthat LLMs show some co-constructive behaviors, such as asking verification\r\nquestions, that foster the explainees' engagement and can improve understanding\r\nof a topic. However, their ability to effectively monitor the current\r\nunderstanding and scaffold the explanations accordingly remains limited." author: - first_name: Leandra full_name: Fichtel, Leandra last_name: Fichtel - first_name: Maximilian full_name: Spliethöver, Maximilian id: '84035' last_name: Spliethöver orcid: 0000-0003-4364-1409 - first_name: Eyke full_name: Hüllermeier, Eyke id: '48129' last_name: Hüllermeier - first_name: Patricia full_name: Jimenez, Patricia id: '103339' last_name: Jimenez - first_name: Nils full_name: Klowait, Nils id: '98454' last_name: Klowait orcid: 0000-0002-7347-099X - first_name: Stefan full_name: Kopp, Stefan last_name: Kopp - first_name: Axel-Cyrille full_name: Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille id: '65716' last_name: Ngonga Ngomo - first_name: Amelie full_name: Robrecht, Amelie id: '91982' last_name: Robrecht orcid: 0000-0001-5622-8248 - first_name: Ingrid full_name: Scharlau, Ingrid id: '451' last_name: Scharlau orcid: 0000-0003-2364-9489 - first_name: Lutz full_name: Terfloth, Lutz id: '37320' last_name: Terfloth - first_name: Anna-Lisa full_name: Vollmer, Anna-Lisa id: '86589' last_name: Vollmer - first_name: Henning full_name: Wachsmuth, Henning id: '3900' last_name: Wachsmuth citation: ama: 'Fichtel L, Spliethöver M, Hüllermeier E, et al. Investigating Co-Constructive Behavior of Large Language Models in  Explanation Dialogues. In: Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue. Association for Computational Linguistics.' apa: Fichtel, L., Spliethöver, M., Hüllermeier, E., Jimenez, P., Klowait, N., Kopp, S., Ngonga Ngomo, A.-C., Robrecht, A., Scharlau, I., Terfloth, L., Vollmer, A.-L., & Wachsmuth, H. (n.d.). Investigating Co-Constructive Behavior of Large Language Models in  Explanation Dialogues. Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue. Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue. bibtex: '@inproceedings{Fichtel_Spliethöver_Hüllermeier_Jimenez_Klowait_Kopp_Ngonga Ngomo_Robrecht_Scharlau_Terfloth_et al., place={Avignon, France}, title={Investigating Co-Constructive Behavior of Large Language Models in  Explanation Dialogues}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue}, publisher={Association for Computational Linguistics}, author={Fichtel, Leandra and Spliethöver, Maximilian and Hüllermeier, Eyke and Jimenez, Patricia and Klowait, Nils and Kopp, Stefan and Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille and Robrecht, Amelie and Scharlau, Ingrid and Terfloth, Lutz and et al.} }' chicago: 'Fichtel, Leandra, Maximilian Spliethöver, Eyke Hüllermeier, Patricia Jimenez, Nils Klowait, Stefan Kopp, Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo, et al. “Investigating Co-Constructive Behavior of Large Language Models in  Explanation Dialogues.” In Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue. Avignon, France: Association for Computational Linguistics, n.d.' ieee: L. Fichtel et al., “Investigating Co-Constructive Behavior of Large Language Models in  Explanation Dialogues,” presented at the Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue. mla: Fichtel, Leandra, et al. “Investigating Co-Constructive Behavior of Large Language Models in  Explanation Dialogues.” Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue, Association for Computational Linguistics. short: 'L. Fichtel, M. Spliethöver, E. Hüllermeier, P. Jimenez, N. Klowait, S. Kopp, A.-C. Ngonga Ngomo, A. Robrecht, I. Scharlau, L. Terfloth, A.-L. Vollmer, H. Wachsmuth, in: Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue, Association for Computational Linguistics, Avignon, France, n.d.' conference: name: Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue date_created: 2025-09-11T16:11:17Z date_updated: 2025-09-12T09:50:48Z department: - _id: '660' external_id: arxiv: - '2504.18483' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.18483 oa: '1' place: Avignon, France project: - _id: '118' name: 'TRR 318: Project Area INF' - _id: '121' name: 'TRR 318; TP B01: Ein dialogbasierter Ansatz zur Erklärung von Modellen des maschinellen Lernens' - _id: '127' name: 'TRR 318; TP C04: Metaphern als Werkzeug des Erklärens' - _id: '122' name: TRR 318 - Subproject B3 - _id: '119' name: TRR 318 - Project Area Ö - _id: '114' name: 'TRR 318; TP A04: Integration des technischen Modells in das Partnermodell bei der Erklärung von digitalen Artefakten' publication: Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue publication_status: accepted publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics related_material: link: - relation: software url: https://github.com/webis-de/sigdial25-co-constructive-llms - relation: research_data url: https://github.com/webis-de/sigdial25-co-constructive-llms-data status: public title: Investigating Co-Constructive Behavior of Large Language Models in Explanation Dialogues type: conference user_id: '84035' year: '2025' ... --- _id: '61156' abstract: - lang: eng text: Explainability has become an important topic in computer science and artificial intelligence, leading to a subfield called Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI). The goal of providing or seeking explanations is to achieve (better) ‘understanding’ on the part of the explainee. However, what it means to ‘understand’ is still not clearly defined, and the concept itself is rarely the subject of scientific investigation. This conceptual article aims to present a model of forms of understanding for XAI-explanations and beyond. From an interdisciplinary perspective bringing together computer science, linguistics, sociology, philosophy and psychology, a definition of understanding and its forms, assessment, and dynamics during the process of giving everyday explanations are explored. Two types of understanding are considered as possible outcomes of explanations, namely enabledness, ‘knowing how’ to do or decide something, and comprehension, ‘knowing that’ – both in different degrees (from shallow to deep). Explanations regularly start with shallow understanding in a specific domain and can lead to deep comprehension and enabledness of the explanandum, which we see as a prerequisite for human users to gain agency. In this process, the increase of comprehension and enabledness are highly interdependent. Against the background of this systematization, special challenges of understanding in XAI are discussed. article_number: '101419' article_type: original author: - first_name: Hendrik full_name: Buschmeier, Hendrik id: '76456' last_name: Buschmeier orcid: 0000-0002-9613-5713 - first_name: Heike M. full_name: Buhl, Heike M. id: '27152' last_name: Buhl - first_name: Friederike full_name: Kern, Friederike last_name: Kern - first_name: Angela full_name: Grimminger, Angela id: '57578' last_name: Grimminger - first_name: Helen full_name: Beierling, Helen id: '50995' last_name: Beierling - first_name: Josephine Beryl full_name: Fisher, Josephine Beryl id: '56345' last_name: Fisher orcid: 0000-0002-9997-9241 - first_name: André full_name: Groß, André id: '93405' last_name: Groß orcid: 0000-0002-9593-7220 - first_name: Ilona full_name: Horwath, Ilona id: '68836' last_name: Horwath - first_name: Nils full_name: Klowait, Nils id: '98454' last_name: Klowait orcid: 0000-0002-7347-099X - first_name: Stefan Teodorov full_name: Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov id: '90345' last_name: Lazarov orcid: 0009-0009-0892-9483 - first_name: Michael full_name: Lenke, Michael last_name: Lenke - first_name: Vivien full_name: Lohmer, Vivien last_name: Lohmer - first_name: Katharina full_name: Rohlfing, Katharina id: '50352' last_name: Rohlfing orcid: 0000-0002-5676-8233 - first_name: Ingrid full_name: Scharlau, Ingrid id: '451' last_name: Scharlau orcid: 0000-0003-2364-9489 - first_name: Amit full_name: Singh, Amit id: '91018' last_name: Singh orcid: 0000-0002-7789-1521 - first_name: Lutz full_name: Terfloth, Lutz id: '37320' last_name: Terfloth - first_name: Anna-Lisa full_name: Vollmer, Anna-Lisa id: '86589' last_name: Vollmer - first_name: Yu full_name: Wang, Yu last_name: Wang - first_name: Annedore full_name: Wilmes, Annedore last_name: Wilmes - first_name: Britta full_name: Wrede, Britta last_name: Wrede citation: ama: Buschmeier H, Buhl HM, Kern F, et al. Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations. Cognitive Systems Research. 2025;94. doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419 apa: Buschmeier, H., Buhl, H. M., Kern, F., Grimminger, A., Beierling, H., Fisher, J. B., Groß, A., Horwath, I., Klowait, N., Lazarov, S. T., Lenke, M., Lohmer, V., Rohlfing, K., Scharlau, I., Singh, A., Terfloth, L., Vollmer, A.-L., Wang, Y., Wilmes, A., & Wrede, B. (2025). Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations. Cognitive Systems Research, 94, Article 101419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419 bibtex: '@article{Buschmeier_Buhl_Kern_Grimminger_Beierling_Fisher_Groß_Horwath_Klowait_Lazarov_et al._2025, title={Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations}, volume={94}, DOI={10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419}, number={101419}, journal={Cognitive Systems Research}, author={Buschmeier, Hendrik and Buhl, Heike M. and Kern, Friederike and Grimminger, Angela and Beierling, Helen and Fisher, Josephine Beryl and Groß, André and Horwath, Ilona and Klowait, Nils and Lazarov, Stefan Teodorov and et al.}, year={2025} }' chicago: Buschmeier, Hendrik, Heike M. Buhl, Friederike Kern, Angela Grimminger, Helen Beierling, Josephine Beryl Fisher, André Groß, et al. “Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations.” Cognitive Systems Research 94 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419. ieee: 'H. Buschmeier et al., “Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations,” Cognitive Systems Research, vol. 94, Art. no. 101419, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419.' mla: Buschmeier, Hendrik, et al. “Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations.” Cognitive Systems Research, vol. 94, 101419, 2025, doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419. short: H. Buschmeier, H.M. Buhl, F. Kern, A. Grimminger, H. Beierling, J.B. Fisher, A. Groß, I. Horwath, N. Klowait, S.T. Lazarov, M. Lenke, V. Lohmer, K. Rohlfing, I. Scharlau, A. Singh, L. Terfloth, A.-L. Vollmer, Y. Wang, A. Wilmes, B. Wrede, Cognitive Systems Research 94 (2025). date_created: 2025-09-08T14:24:32Z date_updated: 2025-12-05T15:32:25Z ddc: - '006' department: - _id: '660' doi: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2025.101419 file: - access_level: closed content_type: application/pdf creator: hbuschme date_created: 2025-12-01T21:02:20Z date_updated: 2025-12-01T21:02:20Z file_id: '62730' file_name: Buschmeier-etal-2025-COGSYS.pdf file_size: 10114981 relation: main_file success: 1 file_date_updated: 2025-12-01T21:02:20Z has_accepted_license: '1' intvolume: ' 94' keyword: - understanding - explaining - explanations - explainable - AI - interdisciplinarity - comprehension - enabledness - agency language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389041725000993?via%3Dihub oa: '1' project: - _id: '111' name: 'TRR 318; TP A01: Adaptives Erklären' - _id: '112' name: 'TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten' - _id: '113' name: TRR 318 - Subproject A3 - _id: '114' name: 'TRR 318; TP A04: Integration des technischen Modells in das Partnermodell bei der Erklärung von digitalen Artefakten' - _id: '115' name: 'TRR 318; TP A05: Echtzeitmessung der Aufmerksamkeit im Mensch-Roboter-Erklärdialog' - _id: '122' name: TRR 318 - Subproject B3 - _id: '123' name: TRR 318 - Subproject B5 - _id: '119' name: TRR 318 - Project Area Ö publication: Cognitive Systems Research publication_status: published quality_controlled: '1' status: public title: Forms of Understanding for XAI-Explanations type: journal_article user_id: '57578' volume: 94 year: '2025' ... --- _id: '55403' abstract: - lang: eng text: In this paper we consider the interactive processes by which an explainer and an explainee cooperate to produce an explanation, which we refer to as co-construction. Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is concerned with the development of intelligent systems and robots that can explain and justify their actions, decisions, recommendations, and so on. However, the cooperative construction of explanations remains a key but under-explored issue. This short paper proposes an architecture for intelligent systems that promotes a co-constructive and interactive approach to explanation generation. By outlining its basic components and their specific roles, we aim to contribute to the advancement of XAI computational frameworks that actively engage users in the explanation process. author: - first_name: Hendrik full_name: Buschmeier, Hendrik id: '76456' last_name: Buschmeier orcid: 0000-0002-9613-5713 - first_name: Philipp full_name: Cimiano, Philipp last_name: Cimiano - first_name: Stefan full_name: Kopp, Stefan last_name: Kopp - first_name: Jaroslaw full_name: Kornowicz, Jaroslaw id: '44029' last_name: Kornowicz orcid: 0000-0002-5654-9911 - first_name: Olesja full_name: Lammert, Olesja id: '47384' last_name: Lammert orcid: 0000-0001-8201-5166 - first_name: Marco full_name: Matarese, Marco last_name: Matarese - first_name: Dimitry full_name: Mindlin, Dimitry last_name: Mindlin - first_name: Amelie Sophie full_name: Robrecht, Amelie Sophie last_name: Robrecht - first_name: Anna-Lisa full_name: Vollmer, Anna-Lisa id: '86589' last_name: Vollmer - first_name: Petra full_name: Wagner, Petra id: '74505' last_name: Wagner - first_name: Britta full_name: Wrede, Britta last_name: Wrede - first_name: Meisam full_name: Booshehri, Meisam id: '93424' last_name: Booshehri citation: ama: 'Buschmeier H, Cimiano P, Kopp S, et al. Towards a Computational Architecture for Co-Constructive Explainable Systems. In: Proceedings of the 2024 Workshop on Explainability Engineering. ACM; 2024:20-25. doi:10.1145/3648505.3648509' apa: Buschmeier, H., Cimiano, P., Kopp, S., Kornowicz, J., Lammert, O., Matarese, M., Mindlin, D., Robrecht, A. S., Vollmer, A.-L., Wagner, P., Wrede, B., & Booshehri, M. (2024). Towards a Computational Architecture for Co-Constructive Explainable Systems. Proceedings of the 2024 Workshop on Explainability Engineering, 20–25. https://doi.org/10.1145/3648505.3648509 bibtex: '@inproceedings{Buschmeier_Cimiano_Kopp_Kornowicz_Lammert_Matarese_Mindlin_Robrecht_Vollmer_Wagner_et al._2024, title={Towards a Computational Architecture for Co-Constructive Explainable Systems}, DOI={10.1145/3648505.3648509}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2024 Workshop on Explainability Engineering}, publisher={ACM}, author={Buschmeier, Hendrik and Cimiano, Philipp and Kopp, Stefan and Kornowicz, Jaroslaw and Lammert, Olesja and Matarese, Marco and Mindlin, Dimitry and Robrecht, Amelie Sophie and Vollmer, Anna-Lisa and Wagner, Petra and et al.}, year={2024}, pages={20–25} }' chicago: Buschmeier, Hendrik, Philipp Cimiano, Stefan Kopp, Jaroslaw Kornowicz, Olesja Lammert, Marco Matarese, Dimitry Mindlin, et al. “Towards a Computational Architecture for Co-Constructive Explainable Systems.” In Proceedings of the 2024 Workshop on Explainability Engineering, 20–25. ACM, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3648505.3648509. ieee: 'H. Buschmeier et al., “Towards a Computational Architecture for Co-Constructive Explainable Systems,” in Proceedings of the 2024 Workshop on Explainability Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal, 2024, pp. 20–25, doi: 10.1145/3648505.3648509.' mla: Buschmeier, Hendrik, et al. “Towards a Computational Architecture for Co-Constructive Explainable Systems.” Proceedings of the 2024 Workshop on Explainability Engineering, ACM, 2024, pp. 20–25, doi:10.1145/3648505.3648509. short: 'H. Buschmeier, P. Cimiano, S. Kopp, J. Kornowicz, O. Lammert, M. Matarese, D. Mindlin, A.S. Robrecht, A.-L. Vollmer, P. Wagner, B. Wrede, M. Booshehri, in: Proceedings of the 2024 Workshop on Explainability Engineering, ACM, 2024, pp. 20–25.' conference: location: Lisbon, Portugal name: 2024 Workshop on Explainability Engineering date_created: 2024-07-26T11:57:31Z date_updated: 2025-03-14T19:24:35Z department: - _id: '184' - _id: '178' - _id: '660' doi: 10.1145/3648505.3648509 language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' oa: '1' page: 20-25 project: - _id: '125' name: 'TRR 318 - C2: TRR 318 - Subproject C2' - _id: '113' name: 'TRR 318 - A3: TRR 318 - Subproject A3' - _id: '112' grant_number: '438445824' name: 'TRR 318 - A02: TRR 318 - Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten (Teilprojekt A02)' - _id: '118' name: 'TRR 318 - INF: TRR 318 - Project Area INF' publication: Proceedings of the 2024 Workshop on Explainability Engineering publication_status: published publisher: ACM quality_controlled: '1' status: public title: Towards a Computational Architecture for Co-Constructive Explainable Systems type: conference user_id: '44029' year: '2024' ...