[{"year":"2025","publisher":"Springer, Cham","date_created":"2025-08-27T13:17:55Z","title":"Benchmarking Knowledge Editing using Logical Rules","publication":"Proceedings of the 24th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2025)","abstract":[{"text":"Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in real-world applications that require access to up-to-date knowledge. However, retraining LLMs is computationally expensive. Therefore, knowledge editing techniques are crucial for maintaining current information and correcting erroneous assertions within pre-trained models. Current benchmarks for knowledge editing primarily focus on recalling edited facts, often neglecting their logical consequences. To address this limitation, we introduce a new benchmark designed to evaluate how knowledge editing methods handle the logical consequences of a single fact edit. Our benchmark extracts relevant logical rules from a knowledge graph for a given edit. Then, it generates multi-hop questions based on these rules to assess the impact on logical consequences. Our findings indicate that while existing knowledge editing approaches can accurately insert direct assertions into LLMs, they frequently fail to inject entailed knowledge. Specifically, experiments with popular methods like ROME and FT reveal a substantial performance gap, up to 24%, between evaluations on directly edited knowledge and on entailed knowledge. This highlights the critical need for semantics-aware evaluation frameworks in knowledge editing.","lang":"eng"}],"keyword":["dice sailproject moteu kouagou zahera ngonga"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication_identifier":{"isbn":["978-3-032-09530-5"]},"publication_status":"published","page":"pp 41-56","citation":{"ieee":"T. Moteu Ngoli, N. J. Kouagou, H. M. A. Zahera, and A.-C. Ngonga Ngomo, “Benchmarking Knowledge Editing using Logical Rules,” in <i>Proceedings of the 24th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2025)</i>, Nara, Japan, 2025, p. pp 41-56, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-09530-5_3\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-09530-5_3</a>.","chicago":"Moteu Ngoli, Tatiana, N’Dah Jean Kouagou, Hamada Mohamed Abdelsamee Zahera, and Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo. “Benchmarking Knowledge Editing Using Logical Rules.” In <i>Proceedings of the 24th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2025)</i>, pp 41-56. Springer, Cham, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-09530-5_3\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-09530-5_3</a>.","ama":"Moteu Ngoli T, Kouagou NJ, Zahera HMA, Ngonga Ngomo A-C. Benchmarking Knowledge Editing using Logical Rules. In: <i>Proceedings of the 24th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2025)</i>. Springer, Cham; 2025:pp 41-56. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-09530-5_3\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-09530-5_3</a>","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Moteu Ngoli_Kouagou_Zahera_Ngonga Ngomo_2025, title={Benchmarking Knowledge Editing using Logical Rules}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-09530-5_3\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-09530-5_3</a>}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 24th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2025)}, publisher={Springer, Cham}, author={Moteu Ngoli, Tatiana and Kouagou, N’Dah Jean and Zahera, Hamada Mohamed Abdelsamee and Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille}, year={2025}, pages={pp 41-56} }","short":"T. Moteu Ngoli, N.J. Kouagou, H.M.A. Zahera, A.-C. Ngonga Ngomo, in: Proceedings of the 24th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2025), Springer, Cham, 2025, p. pp 41-56.","mla":"Moteu Ngoli, Tatiana, et al. “Benchmarking Knowledge Editing Using Logical Rules.” <i>Proceedings of the 24th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2025)</i>, Springer, Cham, 2025, p. pp 41-56, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-09530-5_3\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-09530-5_3</a>.","apa":"Moteu Ngoli, T., Kouagou, N. J., Zahera, H. M. A., &#38; Ngonga Ngomo, A.-C. (2025). Benchmarking Knowledge Editing using Logical Rules. <i>Proceedings of the 24th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2025)</i>, pp 41-56. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-09530-5_3\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-09530-5_3</a>"},"date_updated":"2025-12-01T10:04:25Z","author":[{"first_name":"Tatiana","last_name":"Moteu Ngoli","full_name":"Moteu Ngoli, Tatiana","id":"99174"},{"first_name":"N'Dah Jean","full_name":"Kouagou, N'Dah Jean","id":"87189","last_name":"Kouagou"},{"first_name":"Hamada Mohamed Abdelsamee","id":"72768","full_name":"Zahera, Hamada Mohamed Abdelsamee","last_name":"Zahera","orcid":"0000-0003-0215-1278"},{"first_name":"Axel-Cyrille","last_name":"Ngonga Ngomo","id":"65716","full_name":"Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille"}],"conference":{"location":"Nara, Japan","end_date":"2025.11.6","start_date":"2025.11.2","name":"The 24th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2025)"},"doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-09530-5_3","type":"conference","status":"public","_id":"61041","project":[{"name":"SAIL - Nachhaltiger Lebenszyklus von intelligenten soziotechnischen Systemen","_id":"285"}],"department":[{"_id":"574"}],"user_id":"99174"},{"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"department":[{"_id":"574"},{"_id":"923"}],"user_id":"67199","_id":"63574","status":"public","publication":"Proceedings of the Knowledge Capture Conference 2025","type":"conference","doi":"10.1145/3731443.3771359","title":"Explainable Benchmarking through the Lense of Concept Learning","date_created":"2026-01-12T17:21:05Z","author":[{"id":"104099","full_name":"Zhang, Quannian","orcid":"0009-0008-9497-3204","last_name":"Zhang","first_name":"Quannian"},{"orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8609-8277","last_name":"Röder","id":"67199","full_name":"Röder, Michael","first_name":"Michael"},{"full_name":"Srivastava, Nikit","id":"70066","last_name":"Srivastava","orcid":"0009-0004-5164-4911","first_name":"Nikit"},{"first_name":"N'Dah Jean","last_name":"KOUAGOU","id":"87189","full_name":"KOUAGOU, N'Dah Jean"},{"first_name":"Axel-Cyrille","last_name":"Ngonga Ngomo","id":"65716","full_name":"Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille"}],"publisher":"ACM","date_updated":"2026-01-12T17:25:00Z","citation":{"ama":"Zhang Q, Röder M, Srivastava N, KOUAGOU NJ, Ngonga Ngomo A-C. Explainable Benchmarking through the Lense of Concept Learning. In: <i>Proceedings of the Knowledge Capture Conference 2025</i>. ACM; 2025. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3731443.3771359\">10.1145/3731443.3771359</a>","chicago":"Zhang, Quannian, Michael Röder, Nikit Srivastava, N’Dah Jean KOUAGOU, and Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo. “Explainable Benchmarking through the Lense of Concept Learning.” In <i>Proceedings of the Knowledge Capture Conference 2025</i>. ACM, 2025. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3731443.3771359\">https://doi.org/10.1145/3731443.3771359</a>.","ieee":"Q. Zhang, M. Röder, N. Srivastava, N. J. KOUAGOU, and A.-C. Ngonga Ngomo, “Explainable Benchmarking through the Lense of Concept Learning,” 2025, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3731443.3771359\">10.1145/3731443.3771359</a>.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{Zhang_Röder_Srivastava_KOUAGOU_Ngonga Ngomo_2025, title={Explainable Benchmarking through the Lense of Concept Learning}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3731443.3771359\">10.1145/3731443.3771359</a>}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Knowledge Capture Conference 2025}, publisher={ACM}, author={Zhang, Quannian and Röder, Michael and Srivastava, Nikit and KOUAGOU, N’Dah Jean and Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille}, year={2025} }","mla":"Zhang, Quannian, et al. “Explainable Benchmarking through the Lense of Concept Learning.” <i>Proceedings of the Knowledge Capture Conference 2025</i>, ACM, 2025, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3731443.3771359\">10.1145/3731443.3771359</a>.","short":"Q. Zhang, M. Röder, N. Srivastava, N.J. KOUAGOU, A.-C. Ngonga Ngomo, in: Proceedings of the Knowledge Capture Conference 2025, ACM, 2025.","apa":"Zhang, Q., Röder, M., Srivastava, N., KOUAGOU, N. J., &#38; Ngonga Ngomo, A.-C. (2025). Explainable Benchmarking through the Lense of Concept Learning. <i>Proceedings of the Knowledge Capture Conference 2025</i>. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3731443.3771359\">https://doi.org/10.1145/3731443.3771359</a>"},"year":"2025","publication_status":"published"},{"author":[{"first_name":"N'Dah Jean","last_name":"KOUAGOU","id":"87189","full_name":"KOUAGOU, N'Dah Jean"},{"id":"43817","full_name":"Demir, Caglar","last_name":"Demir","first_name":"Caglar"},{"first_name":"Hamada Mohamed Abdelsamee","id":"72768","full_name":"Zahera, Hamada Mohamed Abdelsamee","orcid":"0000-0003-0215-1278","last_name":"Zahera"},{"first_name":"Adrian","full_name":"Wilke, Adrian","id":"9101","orcid":"0000-0002-6575-807X","last_name":"Wilke"},{"id":"11871","full_name":"Heindorf, Stefan","last_name":"Heindorf","orcid":"0000-0002-4525-6865","first_name":"Stefan"},{"first_name":"Jiayi","full_name":"Li, Jiayi","last_name":"Li"},{"last_name":"Ngonga Ngomo","id":"65716","full_name":"Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille","first_name":"Axel-Cyrille"}],"date_created":"2024-05-26T18:52:47Z","date_updated":"2024-05-26T19:06:10Z","publisher":"ACM","oa":"1","conference":{"name":"Companion Proceedings of the ACM on Web Conference 2024","start_date":"2024-05-13","end_date":"2024-05-17","location":"Singapore"},"doi":"10.1145/3589335.3651978","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3589335.3651978","open_access":"1"}],"title":"Universal Knowledge Graph Embeddings","publication_status":"published","citation":{"bibtex":"@inproceedings{KOUAGOU_Demir_Zahera_Wilke_Heindorf_Li_Ngonga Ngomo_2024, title={Universal Knowledge Graph Embeddings}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3589335.3651978\">10.1145/3589335.3651978</a>}, booktitle={Companion Proceedings of the ACM on Web Conference 2024}, publisher={ACM}, author={KOUAGOU, N’Dah Jean and Demir, Caglar and Zahera, Hamada Mohamed Abdelsamee and Wilke, Adrian and Heindorf, Stefan and Li, Jiayi and Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille}, year={2024} }","short":"N.J. KOUAGOU, C. Demir, H.M.A. Zahera, A. Wilke, S. Heindorf, J. Li, A.-C. Ngonga Ngomo, in: Companion Proceedings of the ACM on Web Conference 2024, ACM, 2024.","mla":"KOUAGOU, N’Dah Jean, et al. “Universal Knowledge Graph Embeddings.” <i>Companion Proceedings of the ACM on Web Conference 2024</i>, ACM, 2024, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3589335.3651978\">10.1145/3589335.3651978</a>.","apa":"KOUAGOU, N. J., Demir, C., Zahera, H. M. A., Wilke, A., Heindorf, S., Li, J., &#38; Ngonga Ngomo, A.-C. (2024). Universal Knowledge Graph Embeddings. <i>Companion Proceedings of the ACM on Web Conference 2024</i>. Companion Proceedings of the ACM on Web Conference 2024, Singapore. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3589335.3651978\">https://doi.org/10.1145/3589335.3651978</a>","ama":"KOUAGOU NJ, Demir C, Zahera HMA, et al. Universal Knowledge Graph Embeddings. In: <i>Companion Proceedings of the ACM on Web Conference 2024</i>. ACM; 2024. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3589335.3651978\">10.1145/3589335.3651978</a>","chicago":"KOUAGOU, N’Dah Jean, Caglar Demir, Hamada Mohamed Abdelsamee Zahera, Adrian Wilke, Stefan Heindorf, Jiayi Li, and Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo. “Universal Knowledge Graph Embeddings.” In <i>Companion Proceedings of the ACM on Web Conference 2024</i>. ACM, 2024. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3589335.3651978\">https://doi.org/10.1145/3589335.3651978</a>.","ieee":"N. J. KOUAGOU <i>et al.</i>, “Universal Knowledge Graph Embeddings,” presented at the Companion Proceedings of the ACM on Web Conference 2024, Singapore, 2024, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/3589335.3651978\">10.1145/3589335.3651978</a>."},"year":"2024","department":[{"_id":"760"},{"_id":"574"}],"user_id":"11871","_id":"54449","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication":"Companion Proceedings of the ACM on Web Conference 2024","type":"conference","status":"public"},{"year":"2024","citation":{"chicago":"Demir, Caglar, N’Dah Jean KOUAGOU, Arnab Sharma, and Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo. “Inference over Unseen Entities, Relations and Literals on Knowledge Graphs.” <i>Arxiv</i>, 2024. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2410.06742\">https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2410.06742</a>.","ieee":"C. Demir, N. J. KOUAGOU, A. Sharma, and A.-C. Ngonga Ngomo, “Inference over Unseen Entities, Relations and Literals on Knowledge Graphs,” <i>Arxiv</i>, 2024, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2410.06742\">10.48550/ARXIV.2410.06742</a>.","ama":"Demir C, KOUAGOU NJ, Sharma A, Ngonga Ngomo A-C. Inference over Unseen Entities, Relations and Literals on Knowledge Graphs. <i>Arxiv</i>. Published online 2024. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2410.06742\">10.48550/ARXIV.2410.06742</a>","apa":"Demir, C., KOUAGOU, N. J., Sharma, A., &#38; Ngonga Ngomo, A.-C. (2024). Inference over Unseen Entities, Relations and Literals on Knowledge Graphs. <i>Arxiv</i>. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2410.06742\">https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2410.06742</a>","mla":"Demir, Caglar, et al. “Inference over Unseen Entities, Relations and Literals on Knowledge Graphs.” <i>Arxiv</i>, 2024, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2410.06742\">10.48550/ARXIV.2410.06742</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Demir_KOUAGOU_Sharma_Ngonga Ngomo_2024, title={Inference over Unseen Entities, Relations and Literals on Knowledge Graphs}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2410.06742\">10.48550/ARXIV.2410.06742</a>}, journal={Arxiv}, author={Demir, Caglar and KOUAGOU, N’Dah Jean and Sharma, Arnab and Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille}, year={2024} }","short":"C. Demir, N.J. KOUAGOU, A. Sharma, A.-C. Ngonga Ngomo, Arxiv (2024)."},"date_updated":"2025-01-07T20:01:36Z","date_created":"2025-01-06T12:19:39Z","author":[{"id":"43817","full_name":"Demir, Caglar","last_name":"Demir","first_name":"Caglar"},{"first_name":"N'Dah Jean","id":"87189","full_name":"KOUAGOU, N'Dah Jean","last_name":"KOUAGOU"},{"first_name":"Arnab","last_name":"Sharma","full_name":"Sharma, Arnab","id":"67200"},{"first_name":"Axel-Cyrille","last_name":"Ngonga Ngomo","id":"65716","full_name":"Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille"}],"title":"Inference over Unseen Entities, Relations and Literals on Knowledge Graphs","doi":"10.48550/ARXIV.2410.06742","type":"journal_article","publication":"Arxiv","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"In recent years, knowledge graph embedding models have been successfully applied in the transductive setting to tackle various challenging tasks including link prediction, and query answering. Yet, the transductive setting does not allow for reasoning over unseen entities, relations, let alone numerical or non-numerical literals. Although increasing efforts are put into exploring inductive scenarios, inference over unseen entities, relations, and literals has yet to come. This limitation prohibits the existing methods from handling real-world dynamic knowledge graphs involving heterogeneous information about the world. Here, we propose a remedy to this limitation. We propose the attentive byte-pair encoding layer (BytE) to construct a triple embedding from a sequence of byte-pair encoded subword units of entities and relations. Compared to the conventional setting, BytE leads to massive feature reuse via weight tying, since it forces a knowledge graph embedding model to learn embeddings for subword units instead of entities and relations directly. Consequently, the size of the embedding matrices are not anymore bound to the unique number of entities and relations of a knowledge graph. Experimental results show that BytE improves the link prediction performance of 4 knowledge graph embedding models on datasets where the syntactic representations of triples are semantically meaningful. However, benefits of training a knowledge graph embedding model with BytE dissipate on knowledge graphs where entities and relations are represented with plain numbers or URIs. We provide an open source implementation of BytE to foster reproducible research."}],"status":"public","_id":"58049","user_id":"67200","language":[{"iso":"eng"}]},{"user_id":"67200","_id":"58048","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"type":"journal_article","publication":"Arxiv","status":"public","author":[{"first_name":"Arnab","full_name":"Sharma, Arnab","id":"67200","last_name":"Sharma"},{"first_name":"N'Dah Jean","id":"87189","full_name":"KOUAGOU, N'Dah Jean","last_name":"KOUAGOU"},{"first_name":"Axel-Cyrille","id":"65716","full_name":"Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille","last_name":"Ngonga Ngomo"}],"date_created":"2025-01-06T12:19:17Z","date_updated":"2025-01-07T20:01:18Z","doi":"10.48550/ARXIV.2410.21163","title":"Resilience in Knowledge Graph Embeddings","citation":{"ieee":"A. Sharma, N. J. KOUAGOU, and A.-C. Ngonga Ngomo, “Resilience in Knowledge Graph Embeddings,” <i>Arxiv</i>, 2024, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2410.21163\">10.48550/ARXIV.2410.21163</a>.","chicago":"Sharma, Arnab, N’Dah Jean KOUAGOU, and Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo. “Resilience in Knowledge Graph Embeddings.” <i>Arxiv</i>, 2024. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2410.21163\">https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2410.21163</a>.","ama":"Sharma A, KOUAGOU NJ, Ngonga Ngomo A-C. Resilience in Knowledge Graph Embeddings. <i>Arxiv</i>. Published online 2024. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2410.21163\">10.48550/ARXIV.2410.21163</a>","apa":"Sharma, A., KOUAGOU, N. J., &#38; Ngonga Ngomo, A.-C. (2024). Resilience in Knowledge Graph Embeddings. <i>Arxiv</i>. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2410.21163\">https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2410.21163</a>","mla":"Sharma, Arnab, et al. “Resilience in Knowledge Graph Embeddings.” <i>Arxiv</i>, 2024, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2410.21163\">10.48550/ARXIV.2410.21163</a>.","bibtex":"@article{Sharma_KOUAGOU_Ngonga Ngomo_2024, title={Resilience in Knowledge Graph Embeddings}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2410.21163\">10.48550/ARXIV.2410.21163</a>}, journal={Arxiv}, author={Sharma, Arnab and KOUAGOU, N’Dah Jean and Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille}, year={2024} }","short":"A. Sharma, N.J. KOUAGOU, A.-C. Ngonga Ngomo, Arxiv (2024)."},"year":"2024"},{"doi":"10.24963/ijcai.2024/479","title":"ROCES: Robust Class Expression Synthesis in Description Logics via Iterative Sampling","author":[{"first_name":"N'Dah Jean","last_name":"KOUAGOU","id":"87189","full_name":"KOUAGOU, N'Dah Jean"},{"first_name":"Stefan","orcid":"0000-0002-4525-6865","last_name":"Heindorf","id":"11871","full_name":"Heindorf, Stefan"},{"first_name":"Caglar","last_name":"Demir","id":"43817","full_name":"Demir, Caglar"},{"last_name":"Ngonga Ngomo","id":"65716","full_name":"Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille","first_name":"Axel-Cyrille"}],"date_created":"2024-08-19T12:43:55Z","publisher":"International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization","date_updated":"2025-07-18T15:52:39Z","citation":{"chicago":"KOUAGOU, N’Dah Jean, Stefan Heindorf, Caglar Demir, and Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo. “ROCES: Robust Class Expression Synthesis in Description Logics via Iterative Sampling.” In <i>Proceedings of the Thirty-ThirdInternational Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence</i>. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2024. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2024/479\">https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2024/479</a>.","ieee":"N. J. KOUAGOU, S. Heindorf, C. Demir, and A.-C. Ngonga Ngomo, “ROCES: Robust Class Expression Synthesis in Description Logics via Iterative Sampling,” 2024, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2024/479\">10.24963/ijcai.2024/479</a>.","ama":"KOUAGOU NJ, Heindorf S, Demir C, Ngonga Ngomo A-C. ROCES: Robust Class Expression Synthesis in Description Logics via Iterative Sampling. In: <i>Proceedings of the Thirty-ThirdInternational Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence</i>. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization; 2024. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2024/479\">10.24963/ijcai.2024/479</a>","apa":"KOUAGOU, N. J., Heindorf, S., Demir, C., &#38; Ngonga Ngomo, A.-C. (2024). ROCES: Robust Class Expression Synthesis in Description Logics via Iterative Sampling. <i>Proceedings of the Thirty-ThirdInternational Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence</i>. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2024/479\">https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2024/479</a>","bibtex":"@inproceedings{KOUAGOU_Heindorf_Demir_Ngonga Ngomo_2024, title={ROCES: Robust Class Expression Synthesis in Description Logics via Iterative Sampling}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2024/479\">10.24963/ijcai.2024/479</a>}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Thirty-ThirdInternational Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence}, publisher={International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization}, author={KOUAGOU, N’Dah Jean and Heindorf, Stefan and Demir, Caglar and Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille}, year={2024} }","mla":"KOUAGOU, N’Dah Jean, et al. “ROCES: Robust Class Expression Synthesis in Description Logics via Iterative Sampling.” <i>Proceedings of the Thirty-ThirdInternational Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence</i>, International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2024, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2024/479\">10.24963/ijcai.2024/479</a>.","short":"N.J. KOUAGOU, S. Heindorf, C. Demir, A.-C. Ngonga Ngomo, in: Proceedings of the Thirty-ThirdInternational Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2024."},"year":"2024","has_accepted_license":"1","publication_status":"published","file_date_updated":"2025-06-26T08:06:07Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"ddc":["000"],"user_id":"11871","_id":"55653","status":"public","file":[{"file_size":400277,"file_id":"60394","file_name":"public.pdf","access_level":"closed","date_updated":"2025-06-26T08:06:07Z","creator":"nkouagou","date_created":"2025-06-26T08:06:07Z","success":1,"relation":"main_file","content_type":"application/pdf"}],"abstract":[{"text":"We consider the problem of class expression learning using cardinality-minimal sets of examples. Recent class expression learning approaches employ deep neural networks and have demonstrated tremendous performance improvements in execution time and quality of the computed solutions. However, they lack generalization capabilities when it comes to the number of examples used in a learning problem, i.e., they often perform poorly on unseen learning problems where only a few examples are given. In this work, we propose a generalization of the classical class expression learning problem to address the limitations above. In short, our generalized learning problem (GLP) forces learning systems to solve the classical class expression learning problem using the smallest possible subsets of examples, thereby improving the learning systems' ability to solve unseen learning problems with arbitrary numbers of examples. Moreover, we develop ROCES, a learning algorithm for synthesis-based approaches to solve GLP. Experimental results suggest that post training, ROCES outperforms existing synthesis-based approaches on out-of-distribution learning problems while remaining highly competitive overall.","lang":"eng"}],"publication":"Proceedings of the Thirty-ThirdInternational Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","type":"conference"},{"type":"book_chapter","publication":"Compendium of Neurosymbolic Artificial Intelligence","status":"public","_id":"46460","user_id":"14931","department":[{"_id":"760"},{"_id":"574"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"year":"2023","citation":{"apa":"Ngonga Ngomo, A.-C., Demir, C., Kouagou, N. J., Heindorf, S., Karalis, N., &#38; Bigerl, A. (2023). Class Expression Learning with Multiple Representations. In <i>Compendium of Neurosymbolic Artificial Intelligence</i> (pp. 272–286). IOS Press.","mla":"Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille, et al. “Class Expression Learning with Multiple Representations.” <i>Compendium of Neurosymbolic Artificial Intelligence</i>, IOS Press, 2023, pp. 272–286.","short":"A.-C. Ngonga Ngomo, C. Demir, N.J. Kouagou, S. Heindorf, N. Karalis, A. Bigerl, in: Compendium of Neurosymbolic Artificial Intelligence, IOS Press, 2023, pp. 272–286.","bibtex":"@inbook{Ngonga Ngomo_Demir_Kouagou_Heindorf_Karalis_Bigerl_2023, title={Class Expression Learning with Multiple Representations}, booktitle={Compendium of Neurosymbolic Artificial Intelligence}, publisher={IOS Press}, author={Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille and Demir, Caglar and Kouagou, N’Dah Jean and Heindorf, Stefan and Karalis, Nikoloas and Bigerl, Alexander}, year={2023}, pages={272–286} }","ama":"Ngonga Ngomo A-C, Demir C, Kouagou NJ, Heindorf S, Karalis N, Bigerl A. Class Expression Learning with Multiple Representations. In: <i>Compendium of Neurosymbolic Artificial Intelligence</i>. IOS Press; 2023:272–286.","ieee":"A.-C. Ngonga Ngomo, C. Demir, N. J. Kouagou, S. Heindorf, N. Karalis, and A. Bigerl, “Class Expression Learning with Multiple Representations,” in <i>Compendium of Neurosymbolic Artificial Intelligence</i>, IOS Press, 2023, pp. 272–286.","chicago":"Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille, Caglar Demir, N’Dah Jean Kouagou, Stefan Heindorf, Nikoloas Karalis, and Alexander Bigerl. “Class Expression Learning with Multiple Representations.” In <i>Compendium of Neurosymbolic Artificial Intelligence</i>, 272–286. IOS Press, 2023."},"page":"272–286","publisher":"IOS Press","date_updated":"2023-11-21T08:06:20Z","author":[{"id":"65716","full_name":"Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille","last_name":"Ngonga Ngomo","first_name":"Axel-Cyrille"},{"last_name":"Demir","id":"43817","full_name":"Demir, Caglar","first_name":"Caglar"},{"full_name":"Kouagou, N'Dah Jean","id":"87189","last_name":"Kouagou","first_name":"N'Dah Jean"},{"first_name":"Stefan","full_name":"Heindorf, Stefan","id":"11871","orcid":"0000-0002-4525-6865","last_name":"Heindorf"},{"full_name":"Karalis, Nikoloas","last_name":"Karalis","first_name":"Nikoloas"},{"first_name":"Alexander","last_name":"Bigerl","id":"72857","full_name":"Bigerl, Alexander"}],"date_created":"2023-08-08T11:49:51Z","title":"Class Expression Learning with Multiple Representations"},{"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"ddc":["000"],"publication":"Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases: Research Track","file":[{"access_level":"open_access","file_id":"54417","file_name":"NCES2_public.pdf","file_size":432708,"date_created":"2024-05-22T10:45:08Z","creator":"heindorf","date_updated":"2024-05-22T10:46:58Z","relation":"main_file","content_type":"application/pdf"}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Class expression learning in description logics has long been regarded as an iterative search problem in an infinite conceptual space. Each iteration of the search process invokes a reasoner and a heuristic function. The reasoner finds the instances of the current expression, and the heuristic function computes the information gain and decides on the next step to be taken. As the size of the background knowledge base grows, search-based approaches for class expression learning become prohibitively slow. Current neural class expression synthesis (NCES) approaches investigate the use of neural networks for class expression learning in the attributive language with complement (ALC). While they show significant improvements over search-based approaches in runtime and quality of the computed solutions, they rely on the availability of pretrained embeddings for the input knowledge base. Moreover, they are not applicable to ontologies in more expressive description logics. In this paper, we propose a novel NCES approach which extends the state of the art to the description logic ALCHIQ(D). Our extension, dubbed NCES2, comes with an improved training data generator and does not require pretrained embeddings for the input knowledge base as both the embedding model and the class expression synthesizer are trained jointly. Empirical results on benchmark datasets suggest that our approach inherits the scalability capability of current NCES instances with the additional advantage that it supports more complex learning problems. NCES2 achieves the highest performance overall when compared to search-based approaches and to its predecessor NCES. We provide our source code, datasets, and pretrained models at https://github.com/dice-group/NCES2."}],"date_created":"2023-09-25T13:42:01Z","publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland","title":"Neural Class Expression Synthesis in ALCHIQ(D)","year":"2023","user_id":"11871","department":[{"_id":"760"},{"_id":"574"}],"_id":"47421","file_date_updated":"2024-05-22T10:46:58Z","type":"book_chapter","status":"public","author":[{"first_name":"N'Dah Jean","full_name":"Kouagou, N'Dah Jean","id":"87189","last_name":"Kouagou"},{"first_name":"Stefan","id":"11871","full_name":"Heindorf, Stefan","last_name":"Heindorf","orcid":"0000-0002-4525-6865"},{"first_name":"Caglar","last_name":"Demir","full_name":"Demir, Caglar","id":"43817"},{"first_name":"Axel-Cyrille","full_name":"Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille","id":"65716","last_name":"Ngonga Ngomo"}],"oa":"1","date_updated":"2024-05-22T10:48:24Z","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://papers.dice-research.org/2023/ECML_NCES2/NCES2_public.pdf"}],"conference":{"location":"Turin","end_date":"2023-09-22","start_date":"2023-09-18","name":"European Conference on Machine Learning and Principles and Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases"},"doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-43421-1_12","publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"],"isbn":["9783031434204","9783031434211"]},"has_accepted_license":"1","citation":{"apa":"Kouagou, N. J., Heindorf, S., Demir, C., &#38; Ngonga Ngomo, A.-C. (2023). Neural Class Expression Synthesis in ALCHIQ(D). In <i>Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases: Research Track</i>. European Conference on Machine Learning and Principles and Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases, Turin. Springer Nature Switzerland. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43421-1_12\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43421-1_12</a>","mla":"Kouagou, N’Dah Jean, et al. “Neural Class Expression Synthesis in ALCHIQ(D).” <i>Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases: Research Track</i>, Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43421-1_12\">10.1007/978-3-031-43421-1_12</a>.","short":"N.J. Kouagou, S. Heindorf, C. Demir, A.-C. Ngonga Ngomo, in: Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases: Research Track, Springer Nature Switzerland, Cham, 2023.","bibtex":"@inbook{Kouagou_Heindorf_Demir_Ngonga Ngomo_2023, place={Cham}, title={Neural Class Expression Synthesis in ALCHIQ(D)}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43421-1_12\">10.1007/978-3-031-43421-1_12</a>}, booktitle={Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases: Research Track}, publisher={Springer Nature Switzerland}, author={Kouagou, N’Dah Jean and Heindorf, Stefan and Demir, Caglar and Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille}, year={2023} }","ieee":"N. J. Kouagou, S. Heindorf, C. Demir, and A.-C. Ngonga Ngomo, “Neural Class Expression Synthesis in ALCHIQ(D),” in <i>Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases: Research Track</i>, Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023.","chicago":"Kouagou, N’Dah Jean, Stefan Heindorf, Caglar Demir, and Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo. “Neural Class Expression Synthesis in ALCHIQ(D).” In <i>Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases: Research Track</i>. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43421-1_12\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43421-1_12</a>.","ama":"Kouagou NJ, Heindorf S, Demir C, Ngonga Ngomo A-C. Neural Class Expression Synthesis in ALCHIQ(D). In: <i>Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases: Research Track</i>. Springer Nature Switzerland; 2023. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43421-1_12\">10.1007/978-3-031-43421-1_12</a>"},"place":"Cham"},{"status":"public","publication":"NeSy 2023, 17th International Workshop on Neural-Symbolic Learning and Reasoning, Certosa di Pontignano, Siena, Italy","type":"conference","keyword":["318 SFB-TRR demir dice enexa heindorf knowgraphs kouagou ngonga sail"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"54612","department":[{"_id":"574"},{"_id":"760"}],"user_id":"67199","year":"2023","citation":{"ama":"KOUAGOU NJ, Heindorf S, Demir C, Ngonga Ngomo A-C. Neural Class Expression Synthesis (Extended Abstract). In: <i>NeSy 2023, 17th International Workshop on Neural-Symbolic Learning and Reasoning, Certosa Di Pontignano, Siena, Italy</i>. CEUR-WS; 2023.","chicago":"KOUAGOU, N’Dah Jean, Stefan Heindorf, Caglar Demir, and Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo. “Neural Class Expression Synthesis (Extended Abstract).” In <i>NeSy 2023, 17th International Workshop on Neural-Symbolic Learning and Reasoning, Certosa Di Pontignano, Siena, Italy</i>. CEUR-WS, 2023.","ieee":"N. J. KOUAGOU, S. Heindorf, C. Demir, and A.-C. Ngonga Ngomo, “Neural Class Expression Synthesis (Extended Abstract),” 2023.","short":"N.J. KOUAGOU, S. Heindorf, C. Demir, A.-C. Ngonga Ngomo, in: NeSy 2023, 17th International Workshop on Neural-Symbolic Learning and Reasoning, Certosa Di Pontignano, Siena, Italy, CEUR-WS, 2023.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{KOUAGOU_Heindorf_Demir_Ngonga Ngomo_2023, title={Neural Class Expression Synthesis (Extended Abstract)}, booktitle={NeSy 2023, 17th International Workshop on Neural-Symbolic Learning and Reasoning, Certosa di Pontignano, Siena, Italy}, publisher={CEUR-WS}, author={KOUAGOU, N’Dah Jean and Heindorf, Stefan and Demir, Caglar and Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille}, year={2023} }","mla":"KOUAGOU, N’Dah Jean, et al. “Neural Class Expression Synthesis (Extended Abstract).” <i>NeSy 2023, 17th International Workshop on Neural-Symbolic Learning and Reasoning, Certosa Di Pontignano, Siena, Italy</i>, CEUR-WS, 2023.","apa":"KOUAGOU, N. J., Heindorf, S., Demir, C., &#38; Ngonga Ngomo, A.-C. (2023). Neural Class Expression Synthesis (Extended Abstract). <i>NeSy 2023, 17th International Workshop on Neural-Symbolic Learning and Reasoning, Certosa Di Pontignano, Siena, Italy</i>."},"title":"Neural Class Expression Synthesis (Extended Abstract)","publisher":"CEUR-WS","date_updated":"2024-06-04T15:40:30Z","author":[{"last_name":"KOUAGOU","id":"87189","full_name":"KOUAGOU, N'Dah Jean","first_name":"N'Dah Jean"},{"first_name":"Stefan","last_name":"Heindorf","orcid":"0000-0002-4525-6865","full_name":"Heindorf, Stefan","id":"11871"},{"last_name":"Demir","full_name":"Demir, Caglar","id":"43817","first_name":"Caglar"},{"full_name":"Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille","id":"65716","last_name":"Ngonga Ngomo","first_name":"Axel-Cyrille"}],"date_created":"2024-06-04T15:36:52Z"},{"year":"2023","title":"Neural Class Expression Synthesis","date_created":"2022-10-15T19:20:11Z","publisher":"Springer International Publishing","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Many applications require explainable node classification in knowledge graphs. Towards this end, a popular ``white-box'' approach is class expression learning: Given sets of positive and negative nodes, class expressions in description logics are learned that separate positive from negative nodes. Most existing approaches are search-based approaches generating many candidate class expressions and selecting the best one. However, they often take a long time to find suitable class expressions. In this paper, we cast class expression learning as a translation problem and propose a new family of class expression learning approaches which we dub neural class expression synthesizers. Training examples are ``translated'' into class expressions in a fashion akin to machine translation. Consequently, our synthesizers are not subject to the runtime limitations of search-based approaches. We study three instances of this novel family of approaches based on LSTMs, GRUs, and set transformers, respectively. An evaluation of our approach on four benchmark datasets suggests that it can effectively synthesize high-quality class expressions with respect to the input examples in approximately one second on average. Moreover, a comparison to state-of-the-art approaches suggests that we achieve better F-measures on large datasets. For reproducibility purposes, we provide our implementation as well as pretrained models in our public GitHub repository at https://github.com/dice-group/NeuralClassExpressionSynthesis"}],"publication":"The Semantic Web - 20th Extended Semantic Web Conference (ESWC 2023)","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["Neural network","Concept learning","Description logics"],"external_id":{"unknown":["https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-33455-9_13"]},"citation":{"ama":"KOUAGOU NJ, Heindorf S, Demir C, Ngonga Ngomo A-C. Neural Class Expression Synthesis. In: Pesquita C, Jimenez-Ruiz E, McCusker J, et al., eds. <i>The Semantic Web - 20th Extended Semantic Web Conference (ESWC 2023)</i>. Vol 13870. Springer International Publishing; 2023:209-226. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33455-9_13\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33455-9_13</a>","chicago":"KOUAGOU, N’Dah Jean, Stefan Heindorf, Caglar Demir, and Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo. “Neural Class Expression Synthesis.” In <i>The Semantic Web - 20th Extended Semantic Web Conference (ESWC 2023)</i>, edited by Catia Pesquita, Ernesto Jimenez-Ruiz, Jamie McCusker, Daniel Faria, Mauro Dragoni, Anastasia Dimou, Raphael Troncy, and Sven Hertling, 13870:209–26. Springer International Publishing, 2023. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33455-9_13\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33455-9_13</a>.","ieee":"N. J. KOUAGOU, S. Heindorf, C. Demir, and A.-C. Ngonga Ngomo, “Neural Class Expression Synthesis,” in <i>The Semantic Web - 20th Extended Semantic Web Conference (ESWC 2023)</i>, Hersonissos, Crete, Greece, 2023, vol. 13870, pp. 209–226, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33455-9_13\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33455-9_13</a>.","apa":"KOUAGOU, N. J., Heindorf, S., Demir, C., &#38; Ngonga Ngomo, A.-C. (2023). Neural Class Expression Synthesis. In C. Pesquita, E. Jimenez-Ruiz, J. McCusker, D. Faria, M. Dragoni, A. Dimou, R. Troncy, &#38; S. Hertling (Eds.), <i>The Semantic Web - 20th Extended Semantic Web Conference (ESWC 2023)</i> (Vol. 13870, pp. 209–226). Springer International Publishing. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33455-9_13\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33455-9_13</a>","mla":"KOUAGOU, N’Dah Jean, et al. “Neural Class Expression Synthesis.” <i>The Semantic Web - 20th Extended Semantic Web Conference (ESWC 2023)</i>, edited by Catia Pesquita et al., vol. 13870, Springer International Publishing, 2023, pp. 209–26, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33455-9_13\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33455-9_13</a>.","bibtex":"@inproceedings{KOUAGOU_Heindorf_Demir_Ngonga Ngomo_2023, title={Neural Class Expression Synthesis}, volume={13870}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33455-9_13\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33455-9_13</a>}, booktitle={The Semantic Web - 20th Extended Semantic Web Conference (ESWC 2023)}, publisher={Springer International Publishing}, author={KOUAGOU, N’Dah Jean and Heindorf, Stefan and Demir, Caglar and Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille}, editor={Pesquita, Catia and Jimenez-Ruiz, Ernesto and McCusker, Jamie and Faria, Daniel and Dragoni, Mauro and Dimou, Anastasia and Troncy, Raphael and Hertling, Sven}, year={2023}, pages={209–226} }","short":"N.J. KOUAGOU, S. Heindorf, C. Demir, A.-C. Ngonga Ngomo, in: C. Pesquita, E. Jimenez-Ruiz, J. McCusker, D. Faria, M. Dragoni, A. Dimou, R. Troncy, S. Hertling (Eds.), The Semantic Web - 20th Extended Semantic Web Conference (ESWC 2023), Springer International Publishing, 2023, pp. 209–226."},"intvolume":"     13870","page":"209 - 226","publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"unknown":["978-3-031-33455-9"]},"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://2023.eswc-conferences.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/paper_Kouagou_2023_Neural.pdf","open_access":"1"}],"doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33455-9_13","conference":{"start_date":"2023-05-28","name":"20th Extended Semantic Web Conference","location":"Hersonissos, Crete, Greece","end_date":"2023-06-01"},"author":[{"first_name":"N'Dah Jean","last_name":"KOUAGOU","full_name":"KOUAGOU, N'Dah Jean","id":"87189"},{"last_name":"Heindorf","orcid":"0000-0002-4525-6865","id":"11871","full_name":"Heindorf, Stefan","first_name":"Stefan"},{"last_name":"Demir","full_name":"Demir, Caglar","id":"43817","first_name":"Caglar"},{"first_name":"Axel-Cyrille","id":"65716","full_name":"Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille","last_name":"Ngonga Ngomo"}],"volume":13870,"oa":"1","date_updated":"2023-07-02T18:10:02Z","status":"public","editor":[{"first_name":"Catia","last_name":"Pesquita","full_name":"Pesquita, Catia"},{"first_name":"Ernesto","last_name":"Jimenez-Ruiz","full_name":"Jimenez-Ruiz, Ernesto"},{"first_name":"Jamie","last_name":"McCusker","full_name":"McCusker, Jamie"},{"full_name":"Faria, Daniel","last_name":"Faria","first_name":"Daniel"},{"first_name":"Mauro","full_name":"Dragoni, Mauro","last_name":"Dragoni"},{"first_name":"Anastasia","last_name":"Dimou","full_name":"Dimou, Anastasia"},{"first_name":"Raphael","last_name":"Troncy","full_name":"Troncy, Raphael"},{"first_name":"Sven","last_name":"Hertling","full_name":"Hertling, Sven"}],"type":"conference","user_id":"11871","department":[{"_id":"574"},{"_id":"760"}],"project":[{"name":"KnowGraphs: KnowGraphs: Knowledge Graphs at Scale","_id":"410"},{"grant_number":"101070305","_id":"407","name":"ENEXA: Efficient Explainable Learning on Knowledge Graphs"},{"name":"SAIL: SAIL: SustAInable Life-cycle of Intelligent Socio-Technical Systems","_id":"285","grant_number":"NW21-059D"}],"_id":"33734"},{"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"33740","user_id":"11871","department":[{"_id":"574"},{"_id":"760"}],"status":"public","type":"book_chapter","publication":"The Semantic Web","title":"Learning Concept Lengths Accelerates Concept Learning in ALC","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.04911","open_access":"1"}],"doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-06981-9_14","publisher":"Springer International Publishing","date_updated":"2024-04-03T13:26:10Z","oa":"1","date_created":"2022-10-15T19:34:41Z","author":[{"first_name":"N'Dah Jean","last_name":"KOUAGOU","full_name":"KOUAGOU, N'Dah Jean","id":"87189"},{"first_name":"Stefan","full_name":"Heindorf, Stefan","id":"11871","last_name":"Heindorf","orcid":"0000-0002-4525-6865"},{"last_name":"Demir","id":"43817","full_name":"Demir, Caglar","first_name":"Caglar"},{"id":"65716","full_name":"Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille","last_name":"Ngonga Ngomo","first_name":"Axel-Cyrille"}],"place":"Cham","year":"2022","citation":{"ama":"KOUAGOU NJ, Heindorf S, Demir C, Ngonga Ngomo A-C. Learning Concept Lengths Accelerates Concept Learning in ALC. In: <i>The Semantic Web</i>. Springer International Publishing; 2022. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06981-9_14\">10.1007/978-3-031-06981-9_14</a>","ieee":"N. J. KOUAGOU, S. Heindorf, C. Demir, and A.-C. Ngonga Ngomo, “Learning Concept Lengths Accelerates Concept Learning in ALC,” in <i>The Semantic Web</i>, Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022.","chicago":"KOUAGOU, N’Dah Jean, Stefan Heindorf, Caglar Demir, and Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo. “Learning Concept Lengths Accelerates Concept Learning in ALC.” In <i>The Semantic Web</i>. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06981-9_14\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06981-9_14</a>.","apa":"KOUAGOU, N. J., Heindorf, S., Demir, C., &#38; Ngonga Ngomo, A.-C. (2022). Learning Concept Lengths Accelerates Concept Learning in ALC. In <i>The Semantic Web</i>. Springer International Publishing. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06981-9_14\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06981-9_14</a>","bibtex":"@inbook{KOUAGOU_Heindorf_Demir_Ngonga Ngomo_2022, place={Cham}, title={Learning Concept Lengths Accelerates Concept Learning in ALC}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06981-9_14\">10.1007/978-3-031-06981-9_14</a>}, booktitle={The Semantic Web}, publisher={Springer International Publishing}, author={KOUAGOU, N’Dah Jean and Heindorf, Stefan and Demir, Caglar and Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille}, year={2022} }","short":"N.J. KOUAGOU, S. Heindorf, C. Demir, A.-C. Ngonga Ngomo, in: The Semantic Web, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2022.","mla":"KOUAGOU, N’Dah Jean, et al. “Learning Concept Lengths Accelerates Concept Learning in ALC.” <i>The Semantic Web</i>, Springer International Publishing, 2022, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06981-9_14\">10.1007/978-3-031-06981-9_14</a>."},"publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"isbn":["9783031069802","9783031069819"],"issn":["0302-9743","1611-3349"]},"related_material":{"link":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-06981-9_14","relation":"confirmation"}]}}]