---
_id: '40981'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Room temperature sodium-sulfur (RT Na-S) batteries are considered potential
    candidates for stationary power storage applications due to their low cost, broad
    active material availability and low toxicity. Challenges, such as high volume
    expansion of the S-cathode upon discharge, low electronic conductivity of S as
    active material and herewith limited rate capability as well as the shuttling
    of polysulfides (PSs) as intermediates often impede the cycle stability and practical
    application of Na-S batteries. Sulfurized poly(acrylonitrile) (SPAN) inherently
    inhibits the shuttling of PSs and shows compatibility with carbonate-based electrolytes,
    however, its exact redox mechanism remained unclear to date. Herein, we implement
    a commercially available and simple electrolyte into the Na-SPAN cell chemistry
    and demonstrate its high rate and cycle stability. Through the application of
    in situ techniques utilizing electronic impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and X-ray
    absorption spectroscopy (XAS) at different depths of charge and discharge, an
    insight into SPAN’s redox chemistry is obtained.
article_number: '010526'
author:
- first_name: Julian
  full_name: Kappler, Julian
  last_name: Kappler
- first_name: Güldeniz
  full_name: Tonbul, Güldeniz
  id: '89054'
  last_name: Tonbul
  orcid: 0000-0002-0999-9995
- first_name: Roland
  full_name: Schoch, Roland
  id: '48467'
  last_name: Schoch
  orcid: 0000-0003-2061-7289
- first_name: Saravanakumar
  full_name: Murugan, Saravanakumar
  last_name: Murugan
- first_name: Michał
  full_name: Nowakowski, Michał
  id: '78878'
  last_name: Nowakowski
  orcid: 0000-0002-3734-7011
- first_name: Pia Lena
  full_name: Lange, Pia Lena
  last_name: Lange
- first_name: Sina Vanessa
  full_name: Klostermann, Sina Vanessa
  last_name: Klostermann
- first_name: Matthias
  full_name: Bauer, Matthias
  id: '47241'
  last_name: Bauer
  orcid: 0000-0002-9294-6076
- first_name: Thomas
  full_name: Schleid, Thomas
  last_name: Schleid
- first_name: Johannes
  full_name: Kästner, Johannes
  last_name: Kästner
- first_name: Michael Rudolf
  full_name: Buchmeiser, Michael Rudolf
  last_name: Buchmeiser
citation:
  ama: Kappler J, Tonbul G, Schoch R, et al. Understanding the Redox Mechanism of
    Sulfurized Poly(acrylonitrile) as Highly Rate and Cycle Stable Cathode Material
    for Sodium-Sulfur Batteries. <i>Journal of The Electrochemical Society</i>. 2023;170(1).
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/acb2fa">10.1149/1945-7111/acb2fa</a>
  apa: Kappler, J., Tonbul, G., Schoch, R., Murugan, S., Nowakowski, M., Lange, P.
    L., Klostermann, S. V., Bauer, M., Schleid, T., Kästner, J., &#38; Buchmeiser,
    M. R. (2023). Understanding the Redox Mechanism of Sulfurized Poly(acrylonitrile)
    as Highly Rate and Cycle Stable Cathode Material for Sodium-Sulfur Batteries.
    <i>Journal of The Electrochemical Society</i>, <i>170</i>(1), Article 010526.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/acb2fa">https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/acb2fa</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Kappler_Tonbul_Schoch_Murugan_Nowakowski_Lange_Klostermann_Bauer_Schleid_Kästner_et
    al._2023, title={Understanding the Redox Mechanism of Sulfurized Poly(acrylonitrile)
    as Highly Rate and Cycle Stable Cathode Material for Sodium-Sulfur Batteries},
    volume={170}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/acb2fa">10.1149/1945-7111/acb2fa</a>},
    number={1010526}, journal={Journal of The Electrochemical Society}, publisher={The
    Electrochemical Society}, author={Kappler, Julian and Tonbul, Güldeniz and Schoch,
    Roland and Murugan, Saravanakumar and Nowakowski, Michał and Lange, Pia Lena and
    Klostermann, Sina Vanessa and Bauer, Matthias and Schleid, Thomas and Kästner,
    Johannes and et al.}, year={2023} }'
  chicago: Kappler, Julian, Güldeniz Tonbul, Roland Schoch, Saravanakumar Murugan,
    Michał Nowakowski, Pia Lena Lange, Sina Vanessa Klostermann, et al. “Understanding
    the Redox Mechanism of Sulfurized Poly(Acrylonitrile) as Highly Rate and Cycle
    Stable Cathode Material for Sodium-Sulfur Batteries.” <i>Journal of The Electrochemical
    Society</i> 170, no. 1 (2023). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/acb2fa">https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/acb2fa</a>.
  ieee: 'J. Kappler <i>et al.</i>, “Understanding the Redox Mechanism of Sulfurized
    Poly(acrylonitrile) as Highly Rate and Cycle Stable Cathode Material for Sodium-Sulfur
    Batteries,” <i>Journal of The Electrochemical Society</i>, vol. 170, no. 1, Art.
    no. 010526, 2023, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/acb2fa">10.1149/1945-7111/acb2fa</a>.'
  mla: Kappler, Julian, et al. “Understanding the Redox Mechanism of Sulfurized Poly(Acrylonitrile)
    as Highly Rate and Cycle Stable Cathode Material for Sodium-Sulfur Batteries.”
    <i>Journal of The Electrochemical Society</i>, vol. 170, no. 1, 010526, The Electrochemical
    Society, 2023, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/acb2fa">10.1149/1945-7111/acb2fa</a>.
  short: J. Kappler, G. Tonbul, R. Schoch, S. Murugan, M. Nowakowski, P.L. Lange,
    S.V. Klostermann, M. Bauer, T. Schleid, J. Kästner, M.R. Buchmeiser, Journal of
    The Electrochemical Society 170 (2023).
date_created: 2023-01-30T16:08:15Z
date_updated: 2023-05-03T08:27:13Z
department:
- _id: '35'
- _id: '306'
doi: 10.1149/1945-7111/acb2fa
intvolume: '       170'
issue: '1'
keyword:
- Materials Chemistry
- Electrochemistry
- Surfaces
- Coatings and Films
- Condensed Matter Physics
- Renewable Energy
- Sustainability and the Environment
- Electronic
- Optical and Magnetic Materials
language:
- iso: eng
publication: Journal of The Electrochemical Society
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0013-4651
  - 1945-7111
publication_status: published
publisher: The Electrochemical Society
status: public
title: Understanding the Redox Mechanism of Sulfurized Poly(acrylonitrile) as Highly
  Rate and Cycle Stable Cathode Material for Sodium-Sulfur Batteries
type: journal_article
user_id: '89054'
volume: 170
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '44380'
author:
- first_name: Güldeniz
  full_name: Tonbul, Güldeniz
  id: '89054'
  last_name: Tonbul
  orcid: 0000-0002-0999-9995
- first_name: 'Julian '
  full_name: 'Kappler, Julian '
  last_name: Kappler
- first_name: 'Saravanakumar '
  full_name: 'Murugan, Saravanakumar '
  last_name: Murugan
- first_name: 'Roland '
  full_name: 'Schoch, Roland '
  last_name: Schoch
- first_name: 'Michal '
  full_name: 'Nowakowski, Michal '
  last_name: Nowakowski
- first_name: Pia
  full_name: Lange, Pia
  last_name: Lange
- first_name: 'Matthias '
  full_name: 'Bauer, Matthias '
  last_name: Bauer
- first_name: Michael R.
  full_name: Buchmeiser, Michael R.
  last_name: Buchmeiser
citation:
  ama: 'Tonbul G, Kappler J, Murugan S, et al. Characterization of Na-S Battery System
    Using X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. In: ; 2023.'
  apa: Tonbul, G., Kappler, J., Murugan, S., Schoch, R., Nowakowski, M., Lange, P.,
    Bauer, M., &#38; Buchmeiser, M. R. (2023). <i>Characterization of Na-S Battery
    System Using X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy</i>. Advanced Battery Power – Kraftwerk
    Batterie 2023, Aachen.
  bibtex: '@inproceedings{Tonbul_Kappler_Murugan_Schoch_Nowakowski_Lange_Bauer_Buchmeiser_2023,
    place={Aachen}, title={Characterization of Na-S Battery System Using X-ray Absorption
    Spectroscopy}, author={Tonbul, Güldeniz and Kappler, Julian  and Murugan, Saravanakumar  and
    Schoch, Roland  and Nowakowski, Michal  and Lange, Pia and Bauer, Matthias  and
    Buchmeiser, Michael R.}, year={2023} }'
  chicago: Tonbul, Güldeniz, Julian  Kappler, Saravanakumar  Murugan, Roland  Schoch,
    Michal  Nowakowski, Pia Lange, Matthias  Bauer, and Michael R. Buchmeiser. “Characterization
    of Na-S Battery System Using X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy.” Aachen, 2023.
  ieee: G. Tonbul <i>et al.</i>, “Characterization of Na-S Battery System Using X-ray
    Absorption Spectroscopy,” presented at the Advanced Battery Power – Kraftwerk
    Batterie 2023, Aachen, 2023.
  mla: Tonbul, Güldeniz, et al. <i>Characterization of Na-S Battery System Using X-Ray
    Absorption Spectroscopy</i>. 2023.
  short: 'G. Tonbul, J. Kappler, S. Murugan, R. Schoch, M. Nowakowski, P. Lange, M.
    Bauer, M.R. Buchmeiser, in: Aachen, 2023.'
conference:
  end_date: 2023-04-28
  location: Aachen
  name: Advanced Battery Power – Kraftwerk Batterie 2023
  start_date: 2023-04-27
date_created: 2023-05-03T08:31:08Z
date_updated: 2023-05-03T08:59:18Z
department:
- _id: '306'
language:
- iso: eng
place: Aachen
status: public
title: Characterization of Na-S Battery System Using X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy
type: conference_abstract
user_id: '89054'
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '44376'
author:
- first_name: Güldeniz
  full_name: Tonbul, Güldeniz
  id: '89054'
  last_name: Tonbul
  orcid: 0000-0002-0999-9995
- first_name: 'Julian '
  full_name: 'Kappler, Julian '
  last_name: Kappler
- first_name: 'Saravanakumar '
  full_name: 'Murugan, Saravanakumar '
  last_name: Murugan
- first_name: 'Roland '
  full_name: 'Schoch, Roland '
  last_name: Schoch
- first_name: 'Michal '
  full_name: 'Nowakowski, Michal '
  last_name: Nowakowski
- first_name: 'Pia '
  full_name: 'Lange, Pia '
  last_name: Lange
- first_name: Matthias
  full_name: Bauer, Matthias
  last_name: Bauer
- first_name: Michael R.
  full_name: Buchmeiser, Michael R.
  last_name: Buchmeiser
citation:
  ama: 'Tonbul G, Kappler J, Murugan S, et al. Development of Battery System Based
    on Na-S and Characterization Using X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. In: ; 2022.'
  apa: Tonbul, G., Kappler, J., Murugan, S., Schoch, R., Nowakowski, M., Lange, P.,
    Bauer, M., &#38; Buchmeiser, M. R. (2022). <i>Development of Battery System Based
    on Na-S and Characterization Using X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy</i>. Electrochem2022
    &#38; 63rd Corrosion Science Symposium, Edinburgh.
  bibtex: '@inproceedings{Tonbul_Kappler_Murugan_Schoch_Nowakowski_Lange_Bauer_Buchmeiser_2022,
    place={Edinburgh}, title={Development of Battery System Based on Na-S and Characterization
    Using X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy}, author={Tonbul, Güldeniz and Kappler, Julian  and
    Murugan, Saravanakumar  and Schoch, Roland  and Nowakowski, Michal  and Lange,
    Pia  and Bauer, Matthias and Buchmeiser, Michael R.}, year={2022} }'
  chicago: Tonbul, Güldeniz, Julian  Kappler, Saravanakumar  Murugan, Roland  Schoch,
    Michal  Nowakowski, Pia  Lange, Matthias Bauer, and Michael R. Buchmeiser. “Development
    of Battery System Based on Na-S and Characterization Using X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy.”
    Edinburgh, 2022.
  ieee: G. Tonbul <i>et al.</i>, “Development of Battery System Based on Na-S and
    Characterization Using X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy,” presented at the Electrochem2022
    &#38; 63rd Corrosion Science Symposium, Edinburgh, 2022.
  mla: Tonbul, Güldeniz, et al. <i>Development of Battery System Based on Na-S and
    Characterization Using X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy</i>. 2022.
  short: 'G. Tonbul, J. Kappler, S. Murugan, R. Schoch, M. Nowakowski, P. Lange, M.
    Bauer, M.R. Buchmeiser, in: Edinburgh, 2022.'
conference:
  end_date: 2022-09-06
  location: Edinburgh
  name: Electrochem2022 & 63rd Corrosion Science Symposium
  start_date: 2022-09-04
date_created: 2023-05-03T08:25:33Z
date_updated: 2023-05-03T08:26:41Z
department:
- _id: '306'
language:
- iso: eng
place: Edinburgh
status: public
title: Development of Battery System Based on Na-S and Characterization Using X-ray
  Absorption Spectroscopy
type: conference_abstract
user_id: '89054'
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '44375'
author:
- first_name: Dotse Selali
  full_name: Chormey, Dotse Selali
  last_name: Chormey
- first_name: Güldeniz
  full_name: Tonbul, Güldeniz
  id: '89054'
  last_name: Tonbul
  orcid: 0000-0002-0999-9995
- first_name: Güneş
  full_name: Soylu, Güneş
  last_name: Soylu
- first_name: Ahmet
  full_name: Saygılar, Ahmet
  last_name: Saygılar
- first_name: Sezgin
  full_name: Bakırdere, Sezgin
  last_name: Bakırdere
citation:
  ama: Chormey DS, Tonbul G, Soylu G, Saygılar A, Bakırdere S. Determination of Four
    Priority Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Food Samples by Gas Chromatography
    – Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) after Vortex Assisted Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction
    (DLLME). <i>Analytical Letters</i>. 2021;55(2):237-245. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00032719.2021.1922432">10.1080/00032719.2021.1922432</a>
  apa: Chormey, D. S., Tonbul, G., Soylu, G., Saygılar, A., &#38; Bakırdere, S. (2021).
    Determination of Four Priority Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Food Samples
    by Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) after Vortex Assisted Dispersive
    Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (DLLME). <i>Analytical Letters</i>, <i>55</i>(2),
    237–245. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00032719.2021.1922432">https://doi.org/10.1080/00032719.2021.1922432</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Chormey_Tonbul_Soylu_Saygılar_Bakırdere_2021, title={Determination
    of Four Priority Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Food Samples by Gas Chromatography
    – Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) after Vortex Assisted Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction
    (DLLME)}, volume={55}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00032719.2021.1922432">10.1080/00032719.2021.1922432</a>},
    number={2}, journal={Analytical Letters}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Chormey,
    Dotse Selali and Tonbul, Güldeniz and Soylu, Güneş and Saygılar, Ahmet and Bakırdere,
    Sezgin}, year={2021}, pages={237–245} }'
  chicago: 'Chormey, Dotse Selali, Güldeniz Tonbul, Güneş Soylu, Ahmet Saygılar, and
    Sezgin Bakırdere. “Determination of Four Priority Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
    in Food Samples by Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) after Vortex
    Assisted Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (DLLME).” <i>Analytical Letters</i>
    55, no. 2 (2021): 237–45. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00032719.2021.1922432">https://doi.org/10.1080/00032719.2021.1922432</a>.'
  ieee: 'D. S. Chormey, G. Tonbul, G. Soylu, A. Saygılar, and S. Bakırdere, “Determination
    of Four Priority Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Food Samples by Gas Chromatography
    – Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) after Vortex Assisted Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction
    (DLLME),” <i>Analytical Letters</i>, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 237–245, 2021, doi: <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00032719.2021.1922432">10.1080/00032719.2021.1922432</a>.'
  mla: Chormey, Dotse Selali, et al. “Determination of Four Priority Polycyclic Aromatic
    Hydrocarbons in Food Samples by Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
    after Vortex Assisted Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (DLLME).” <i>Analytical
    Letters</i>, vol. 55, no. 2, Informa UK Limited, 2021, pp. 237–45, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00032719.2021.1922432">10.1080/00032719.2021.1922432</a>.
  short: D.S. Chormey, G. Tonbul, G. Soylu, A. Saygılar, S. Bakırdere, Analytical
    Letters 55 (2021) 237–245.
date_created: 2023-05-03T08:13:58Z
date_updated: 2023-05-03T08:26:30Z
doi: 10.1080/00032719.2021.1922432
intvolume: '        55'
issue: '2'
keyword:
- Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME)
- gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC-MS)
- polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
- QuEChERS
language:
- iso: eng
page: 237-245
publication: Analytical Letters
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0003-2719
  - 1532-236X
publication_status: published
publisher: Informa UK Limited
status: public
title: Determination of Four Priority Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Food Samples
  by Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) after Vortex Assisted Dispersive
  Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (DLLME)
type: journal_article
user_id: '89054'
volume: 55
year: '2021'
...