---
_id: '65084'
author:
- first_name: Heike M.
  full_name: Buhl, Heike M.
  id: '27152'
  last_name: Buhl
- first_name: Anna-Lisa
  full_name: Vollmer, Anna-Lisa
  id: '86589'
  last_name: Vollmer
- first_name: Rachid
  full_name: Alami, Rachid
  last_name: Alami
- first_name: Meisam
  full_name: Booshehri, Meisam
  id: '93424'
  last_name: Booshehri
- first_name: Kary
  full_name: Främling, Kary
  last_name: Främling
citation:
  ama: 'Buhl HM, Vollmer A-L, Alami R, Booshehri M, Främling K. Models of the situation,
    the explanandum, and the interaction partner. In: Rohlfing KJ, Främling K, Lim
    B, Alpsancar S, Thommes K, eds. <i>Social Explainable AI</i>. Springer; 2026:269-295.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_14">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_14</a>'
  apa: Buhl, H. M., Vollmer, A.-L., Alami, R., Booshehri, M., &#38; Främling, K. (2026).
    Models of the situation, the explanandum, and the interaction partner. In K. J.
    Rohlfing, K. Främling, B. Lim, S. Alpsancar, &#38; K. Thommes (Eds.), <i>Social
    explainable AI</i> (pp. 269–295). Springer. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_14">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_14</a>
  bibtex: '@inbook{Buhl_Vollmer_Alami_Booshehri_Främling_2026, title={Models of the
    situation, the explanandum, and the interaction partner}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_14">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_14</a>},
    booktitle={Social explainable AI}, publisher={Springer}, author={Buhl, Heike M.
    and Vollmer, Anna-Lisa and Alami, Rachid and Booshehri, Meisam and Främling, Kary},
    editor={Rohlfing, Katharina J. and Främling, Kary and Lim, Brian and Alpsancar,
    Suzana and Thommes, Kisten}, year={2026}, pages={269–295} }'
  chicago: Buhl, Heike M., Anna-Lisa Vollmer, Rachid Alami, Meisam Booshehri, and
    Kary Främling. “Models of the Situation, the Explanandum, and the Interaction
    Partner.” In <i>Social Explainable AI</i>, edited by Katharina J. Rohlfing, Kary
    Främling, Brian Lim, Suzana Alpsancar, and Kisten Thommes, 269–95. Springer, 2026.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_14">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_14</a>.
  ieee: H. M. Buhl, A.-L. Vollmer, R. Alami, M. Booshehri, and K. Främling, “Models
    of the situation, the explanandum, and the interaction partner,” in <i>Social
    explainable AI</i>, K. J. Rohlfing, K. Främling, B. Lim, S. Alpsancar, and K.
    Thommes, Eds. Springer, 2026, pp. 269–295.
  mla: Buhl, Heike M., et al. “Models of the Situation, the Explanandum, and the Interaction
    Partner.” <i>Social Explainable AI</i>, edited by Katharina J. Rohlfing et al.,
    Springer, 2026, pp. 269–95, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_14">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_14</a>.
  short: 'H.M. Buhl, A.-L. Vollmer, R. Alami, M. Booshehri, K. Främling, in: K.J.
    Rohlfing, K. Främling, B. Lim, S. Alpsancar, K. Thommes (Eds.), Social Explainable
    AI, Springer, 2026, pp. 269–295.'
date_created: 2026-03-23T08:06:57Z
date_updated: 2026-03-23T18:24:49Z
department:
- _id: '427'
- _id: '660'
doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_14
editor:
- first_name: Katharina J.
  full_name: Rohlfing, Katharina J.
  last_name: Rohlfing
- first_name: Kary
  full_name: Främling, Kary
  last_name: Främling
- first_name: Brian
  full_name: Lim, Brian
  last_name: Lim
- first_name: Suzana
  full_name: Alpsancar, Suzana
  last_name: Alpsancar
- first_name: Kisten
  full_name: Thommes, Kisten
  last_name: Thommes
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_14
oa: '1'
page: 269-295
project:
- _id: '111'
  name: 'TRR 318; TP A01: Adaptives Erklären'
- _id: '114'
  name: 'TRR 318; TP A04: Integration des technischen Modells in das Partnermodell
    bei der Erklärung von digitalen Artefakten'
- _id: '121'
  name: 'TRR 318; TP B01: Ein dialogbasierter Ansatz zur Erklärung von Modellen des
    maschinellen Lernens'
publication: Social explainable AI
publisher: Springer
related_material:
  link:
  - relation: confirmation
    url: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-96-5290-7_14
status: public
title: Models of the situation, the explanandum, and the interaction partner
type: book_chapter
user_id: '90826'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '61150'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Since the emergence of the field of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI),
    a growing number of researchers have argued that XAI should consider insights
    from the social sciences in order to adapt explanations to the expectations and
    needs of human users. This has led to the emergence of a field called Social XAI,
    which is concerned with understanding how explanations are actively shaped in
    the interaction between a human user and an AI system. Recognizing this turn in
    XAI toward making XAI systems more “social” by providing explanations that focus
    on human information needs and incorporating insights from human–human explanatory
    interactions, in this paper we provide a formal foundation for Social XAI. We
    do so by proposing novel ontological accounts of the key terms used in Social
    XAI based on Basic Formal Ontology (BFO). Specifically, we provide novel ontological
    accounts for explanandum, explanans, understanding, explanation, explainer, explainee,
    and context. In doing so, we discuss multifaceted entities in Social XAI (having
    both continuant and occurrent facets; e.g., explanation) and the relationship
    between understanding and explanation. Additionally, we propose solutions to seemingly
    paradoxical views on some terms (e.g., social constructivist vs. individual constructivist
    perspective on explanandum).
author:
- first_name: Meisam
  full_name: Booshehri, Meisam
  id: '93424'
  last_name: Booshehri
- first_name: Hendrik
  full_name: Buschmeier, Hendrik
  id: '76456'
  last_name: Buschmeier
  orcid: 0000-0002-9613-5713
- first_name: Philipp
  full_name: Cimiano, Philipp
  last_name: Cimiano
citation:
  ama: 'Booshehri M, Buschmeier H, Cimiano P. A BFO-based ontological analysis of
    entities in Social XAI. In: <i>Proceedings of the 15th International Conference
    on Formal Ontology in Information Systems</i>. IOS Press; 2025:255–268. doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.3233/faia250498">10.3233/faia250498</a>'
  apa: Booshehri, M., Buschmeier, H., &#38; Cimiano, P. (2025). A BFO-based ontological
    analysis of entities in Social XAI. In <i>Proceedings of the 15th International
    Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems</i> (pp. 255–268). IOS Press.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.3233/faia250498">https://doi.org/10.3233/faia250498</a>
  bibtex: '@inbook{Booshehri_Buschmeier_Cimiano_2025, title={A BFO-based ontological
    analysis of entities in Social XAI}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.3233/faia250498">10.3233/faia250498</a>},
    booktitle={Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Formal Ontology
    in Information Systems}, publisher={IOS Press}, author={Booshehri, Meisam and
    Buschmeier, Hendrik and Cimiano, Philipp}, year={2025}, pages={255–268} }'
  chicago: Booshehri, Meisam, Hendrik Buschmeier, and Philipp Cimiano. “A BFO-Based
    Ontological Analysis of Entities in Social XAI.” In <i>Proceedings of the 15th
    International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems</i>, 255–268.
    IOS Press, 2025. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3233/faia250498">https://doi.org/10.3233/faia250498</a>.
  ieee: M. Booshehri, H. Buschmeier, and P. Cimiano, “A BFO-based ontological analysis
    of entities in Social XAI,” in <i>Proceedings of the 15th International Conference
    on Formal Ontology in Information Systems</i>, IOS Press, 2025, pp. 255–268.
  mla: Booshehri, Meisam, et al. “A BFO-Based Ontological Analysis of Entities in
    Social XAI.” <i>Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Formal Ontology
    in Information Systems</i>, IOS Press, 2025, pp. 255–268, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3233/faia250498">10.3233/faia250498</a>.
  short: 'M. Booshehri, H. Buschmeier, P. Cimiano, in: Proceedings of the 15th International
    Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems, IOS Press, 2025, pp. 255–268.'
conference:
  end_date: 2025-09-12
  location: Catania, Italy
  name: 15th International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems
  start_date: 2025-09-08
date_created: 2025-09-08T14:00:45Z
date_updated: 2025-09-11T10:16:28Z
department:
- _id: '660'
doi: 10.3233/faia250498
extern: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://doi.org/10.3233/FAIA250498
oa: '1'
page: 255–268
project:
- _id: '118'
  name: 'TRR 318: Project Area INF'
- _id: '112'
  name: 'TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten'
publication: Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Formal Ontology in
  Information Systems
publication_identifier:
  isbn:
  - '9781643686172'
  issn:
  - 0922-6389
  - 1879-8314
publication_status: published
publisher: IOS Press
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: A BFO-based ontological analysis of entities in Social XAI
type: book_chapter
user_id: '76456'
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '61153'
author:
- first_name: Meisam
  full_name: Booshehri, Meisam
  id: '93424'
  last_name: Booshehri
- first_name: Hendrik
  full_name: Buschmeier, Hendrik
  id: '76456'
  last_name: Buschmeier
  orcid: 0000-0002-9613-5713
- first_name: Philipp
  full_name: Cimiano, Philipp
  last_name: Cimiano
citation:
  ama: 'Booshehri M, Buschmeier H, Cimiano P. A BFO-based ontology of context for
    Social XAI. In: <i>Abstracts of the 3rd TRR 318 Conference: Contextualizing Explanations</i>.
    ; 2025.'
  apa: 'Booshehri, M., Buschmeier, H., &#38; Cimiano, P. (2025). A BFO-based ontology
    of context for Social XAI. <i>Abstracts of the 3rd TRR 318 Conference: Contextualizing
    Explanations</i>. 3rd TRR 318 Conference: Contextualizing Explanations, Bielefeld,
    Germany.'
  bibtex: '@inproceedings{Booshehri_Buschmeier_Cimiano_2025, title={A BFO-based ontology
    of context for Social XAI}, booktitle={Abstracts of the 3rd TRR 318 Conference:
    Contextualizing Explanations}, author={Booshehri, Meisam and Buschmeier, Hendrik
    and Cimiano, Philipp}, year={2025} }'
  chicago: 'Booshehri, Meisam, Hendrik Buschmeier, and Philipp Cimiano. “A BFO-Based
    Ontology of Context for Social XAI.” In <i>Abstracts of the 3rd TRR 318 Conference:
    Contextualizing Explanations</i>, 2025.'
  ieee: 'M. Booshehri, H. Buschmeier, and P. Cimiano, “A BFO-based ontology of context
    for Social XAI,” presented at the 3rd TRR 318 Conference: Contextualizing Explanations,
    Bielefeld, Germany, 2025.'
  mla: 'Booshehri, Meisam, et al. “A BFO-Based Ontology of Context for Social XAI.”
    <i>Abstracts of the 3rd TRR 318 Conference: Contextualizing Explanations</i>,
    2025.'
  short: 'M. Booshehri, H. Buschmeier, P. Cimiano, in: Abstracts of the 3rd TRR 318
    Conference: Contextualizing Explanations, 2025.'
conference:
  end_date: 2025-06-18
  location: Bielefeld, Germany
  name: '3rd TRR 318 Conference: Contextualizing Explanations'
  start_date: 2025-06-17
date_created: 2025-09-08T14:15:42Z
date_updated: 2025-09-12T06:29:37Z
department:
- _id: '660'
extern: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
project:
- _id: '118'
  name: 'TRR 318: Project Area INF'
- _id: '112'
  name: 'TRR 318; TP A02: Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und auswerten'
publication: 'Abstracts of the 3rd TRR 318 Conference: Contextualizing Explanations'
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: A BFO-based ontology of context for Social XAI
type: conference_abstract
user_id: '76456'
year: '2025'
...
---
_id: '55403'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: In this paper we consider the interactive processes by which an explainer
    and an explainee cooperate to produce an explanation, which we refer to as co-construction.
    Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is concerned with the development of
    intelligent systems and robots that can explain and justify their actions, decisions,
    recommendations, and so on. However, the cooperative construction of explanations
    remains a key but under-explored issue. This short paper proposes an architecture
    for intelligent systems that promotes a co-constructive and interactive approach
    to explanation generation. By outlining its basic components and their specific
    roles, we aim to contribute to the advancement of XAI computational frameworks
    that actively engage users in the explanation process.
author:
- first_name: Hendrik
  full_name: Buschmeier, Hendrik
  id: '76456'
  last_name: Buschmeier
  orcid: 0000-0002-9613-5713
- first_name: Philipp
  full_name: Cimiano, Philipp
  last_name: Cimiano
- first_name: Stefan
  full_name: Kopp, Stefan
  last_name: Kopp
- first_name: Jaroslaw
  full_name: Kornowicz, Jaroslaw
  id: '44029'
  last_name: Kornowicz
  orcid: 0000-0002-5654-9911
- first_name: Olesja
  full_name: Lammert, Olesja
  id: '47384'
  last_name: Lammert
  orcid: 0000-0001-8201-5166
- first_name: Marco
  full_name: Matarese, Marco
  last_name: Matarese
- first_name: Dimitry
  full_name: Mindlin, Dimitry
  last_name: Mindlin
- first_name: Amelie Sophie
  full_name: Robrecht, Amelie Sophie
  last_name: Robrecht
- first_name: Anna-Lisa
  full_name: Vollmer, Anna-Lisa
  id: '86589'
  last_name: Vollmer
- first_name: Petra
  full_name: Wagner, Petra
  id: '74505'
  last_name: Wagner
- first_name: Britta
  full_name: Wrede, Britta
  last_name: Wrede
- first_name: Meisam
  full_name: Booshehri, Meisam
  id: '93424'
  last_name: Booshehri
citation:
  ama: 'Buschmeier H, Cimiano P, Kopp S, et al. Towards a Computational Architecture
    for Co-Constructive Explainable Systems. In: <i>Proceedings of the 2024 Workshop
    on Explainability Engineering</i>. ACM; 2024:20-25. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3648505.3648509">10.1145/3648505.3648509</a>'
  apa: Buschmeier, H., Cimiano, P., Kopp, S., Kornowicz, J., Lammert, O., Matarese,
    M., Mindlin, D., Robrecht, A. S., Vollmer, A.-L., Wagner, P., Wrede, B., &#38;
    Booshehri, M. (2024). Towards a Computational Architecture for Co-Constructive
    Explainable Systems. <i>Proceedings of the 2024 Workshop on Explainability Engineering</i>,
    20–25. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3648505.3648509">https://doi.org/10.1145/3648505.3648509</a>
  bibtex: '@inproceedings{Buschmeier_Cimiano_Kopp_Kornowicz_Lammert_Matarese_Mindlin_Robrecht_Vollmer_Wagner_et
    al._2024, title={Towards a Computational Architecture for Co-Constructive Explainable
    Systems}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3648505.3648509">10.1145/3648505.3648509</a>},
    booktitle={Proceedings of the 2024 Workshop on Explainability Engineering}, publisher={ACM},
    author={Buschmeier, Hendrik and Cimiano, Philipp and Kopp, Stefan and Kornowicz,
    Jaroslaw and Lammert, Olesja and Matarese, Marco and Mindlin, Dimitry and Robrecht,
    Amelie Sophie and Vollmer, Anna-Lisa and Wagner, Petra and et al.}, year={2024},
    pages={20–25} }'
  chicago: Buschmeier, Hendrik, Philipp Cimiano, Stefan Kopp, Jaroslaw Kornowicz,
    Olesja Lammert, Marco Matarese, Dimitry Mindlin, et al. “Towards a Computational
    Architecture for Co-Constructive Explainable Systems.” In <i>Proceedings of the
    2024 Workshop on Explainability Engineering</i>, 20–25. ACM, 2024. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3648505.3648509">https://doi.org/10.1145/3648505.3648509</a>.
  ieee: 'H. Buschmeier <i>et al.</i>, “Towards a Computational Architecture for Co-Constructive
    Explainable Systems,” in <i>Proceedings of the 2024 Workshop on Explainability
    Engineering</i>, Lisbon, Portugal, 2024, pp. 20–25, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3648505.3648509">10.1145/3648505.3648509</a>.'
  mla: Buschmeier, Hendrik, et al. “Towards a Computational Architecture for Co-Constructive
    Explainable Systems.” <i>Proceedings of the 2024 Workshop on Explainability Engineering</i>,
    ACM, 2024, pp. 20–25, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3648505.3648509">10.1145/3648505.3648509</a>.
  short: 'H. Buschmeier, P. Cimiano, S. Kopp, J. Kornowicz, O. Lammert, M. Matarese,
    D. Mindlin, A.S. Robrecht, A.-L. Vollmer, P. Wagner, B. Wrede, M. Booshehri, in:
    Proceedings of the 2024 Workshop on Explainability Engineering, ACM, 2024, pp.
    20–25.'
conference:
  location: Lisbon, Portugal
  name: 2024 Workshop on Explainability Engineering
date_created: 2024-07-26T11:57:31Z
date_updated: 2025-03-14T19:24:35Z
department:
- _id: '184'
- _id: '178'
- _id: '660'
doi: 10.1145/3648505.3648509
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
oa: '1'
page: 20-25
project:
- _id: '125'
  name: 'TRR 318 - C2: TRR 318 - Subproject C2'
- _id: '113'
  name: 'TRR 318 - A3: TRR 318 - Subproject A3'
- _id: '112'
  grant_number: '438445824'
  name: 'TRR 318 - A02: TRR 318 - Verstehensprozess einer Erklärung beobachten und
    auswerten (Teilprojekt A02)'
- _id: '118'
  name: 'TRR 318 - INF: TRR 318 - Project Area INF'
publication: Proceedings of the 2024 Workshop on Explainability Engineering
publication_status: published
publisher: ACM
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Towards a Computational Architecture for Co-Constructive Explainable Systems
type: conference
user_id: '44029'
year: '2024'
...