---
_id: '64109'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\r\n                  <jats:p>We study the
    effect of education on health (hospital stays, number of diagnosed conditions,
    poor or bad self-rated health, and body mass index) over the life cycle, using
    German compulsory schooling reforms as a source of exogenous variation. Our results
    show clear correlations between educational attainment and better health across
    all age groups (30 to 74). However, we do not find causal relationships between
    additional schooling and health or health care utilization, neither earlier nor
    later in life. A simulated ex-post power analysis shows that this is not due to
    a lack of statistical power. One reason for the absence of effects may be that
    the studied compulsory schooling reforms succeeded in raising the educational
    attainment of the target group - individuals at the lowest educational margin
    - but did not lead to healthier employment opportunities.</jats:p>"
author:
- first_name: Johannes
  full_name: Hollenbach, Johannes
  id: '94632'
  last_name: Hollenbach
  orcid: 0009-0006-2008-0564
- first_name: Hendrik
  full_name: Schmitz, Hendrik
  id: '48879'
  last_name: Schmitz
- first_name: Beatrice Baaba
  full_name: Tawiah, Beatrice Baaba
  last_name: Tawiah
citation:
  ama: Hollenbach J, Schmitz H, Tawiah BB. Life-cycle health effects of compulsory
    schooling. <i>The European Journal of Health Economics</i>. Published online 2026.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-025-01884-2">10.1007/s10198-025-01884-2</a>
  apa: Hollenbach, J., Schmitz, H., &#38; Tawiah, B. B. (2026). Life-cycle health
    effects of compulsory schooling. <i>The European Journal of Health Economics</i>.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-025-01884-2">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-025-01884-2</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Hollenbach_Schmitz_Tawiah_2026, title={Life-cycle health effects
    of compulsory schooling}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-025-01884-2">10.1007/s10198-025-01884-2</a>},
    journal={The European Journal of Health Economics}, publisher={Springer Science
    and Business Media LLC}, author={Hollenbach, Johannes and Schmitz, Hendrik and
    Tawiah, Beatrice Baaba}, year={2026} }'
  chicago: Hollenbach, Johannes, Hendrik Schmitz, and Beatrice Baaba Tawiah. “Life-Cycle
    Health Effects of Compulsory Schooling.” <i>The European Journal of Health Economics</i>,
    2026. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-025-01884-2">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-025-01884-2</a>.
  ieee: 'J. Hollenbach, H. Schmitz, and B. B. Tawiah, “Life-cycle health effects of
    compulsory schooling,” <i>The European Journal of Health Economics</i>, 2026,
    doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-025-01884-2">10.1007/s10198-025-01884-2</a>.'
  mla: Hollenbach, Johannes, et al. “Life-Cycle Health Effects of Compulsory Schooling.”
    <i>The European Journal of Health Economics</i>, Springer Science and Business
    Media LLC, 2026, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-025-01884-2">10.1007/s10198-025-01884-2</a>.
  short: J. Hollenbach, H. Schmitz, B.B. Tawiah, The European Journal of Health Economics
    (2026).
date_created: 2026-02-11T09:26:04Z
date_updated: 2026-02-11T09:27:18Z
department:
- _id: '281'
- _id: '475'
doi: 10.1007/s10198-025-01884-2
language:
- iso: eng
publication: The European Journal of Health Economics
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1618-7598
  - 1618-7601
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
status: public
title: Life-cycle health effects of compulsory schooling
type: journal_article
user_id: '37953'
year: '2026'
...
---
_id: '64108'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\r\n                  <jats:p>We study how
    gene-environment interactions between education and genetic endowments affect
    cognition in old age and use this setting to show that – even with a valid instrument
    – two-stage least squares (2SLS) estimates of interaction effects can be far away
    from the true effect. This is the case when treatment effects are heterogeneous
    and compliance to the instrument depends on the interaction variable. We suggest
    estimating marginal treatment effects to address this problem. Our estimation
    results show complementarities between education and genetic predisposition in
    determining later-life memory. The marginal treatment effect estimates suggest
    substantially larger gene-environment interactions than the 2SLS estimates.</jats:p>"
article_number: ueag010
author:
- first_name: Johannes
  full_name: Hollenbach, Johannes
  id: '94632'
  last_name: Hollenbach
  orcid: 0009-0006-2008-0564
- first_name: Hendrik
  full_name: Schmitz, Hendrik
  id: '48879'
  last_name: Schmitz
- first_name: Matthias
  full_name: Westphal, Matthias
  last_name: Westphal
citation:
  ama: Hollenbach J, Schmitz H, Westphal M. Gene-environment interactions with essential
    heterogeneity. <i>The Economic Journal</i>. Published online 2026. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/ueag010">10.1093/ej/ueag010</a>
  apa: Hollenbach, J., Schmitz, H., &#38; Westphal, M. (2026). Gene-environment interactions
    with essential heterogeneity. <i>The Economic Journal</i>, Article ueag010. <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/ueag010">https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/ueag010</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Hollenbach_Schmitz_Westphal_2026, title={Gene-environment interactions
    with essential heterogeneity}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/ueag010">10.1093/ej/ueag010</a>},
    number={ueag010}, journal={The Economic Journal}, publisher={Oxford University
    Press (OUP)}, author={Hollenbach, Johannes and Schmitz, Hendrik and Westphal,
    Matthias}, year={2026} }'
  chicago: Hollenbach, Johannes, Hendrik Schmitz, and Matthias Westphal. “Gene-Environment
    Interactions with Essential Heterogeneity.” <i>The Economic Journal</i>, 2026.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/ueag010">https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/ueag010</a>.
  ieee: 'J. Hollenbach, H. Schmitz, and M. Westphal, “Gene-environment interactions
    with essential heterogeneity,” <i>The Economic Journal</i>, Art. no. ueag010,
    2026, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/ueag010">10.1093/ej/ueag010</a>.'
  mla: Hollenbach, Johannes, et al. “Gene-Environment Interactions with Essential
    Heterogeneity.” <i>The Economic Journal</i>, ueag010, Oxford University Press
    (OUP), 2026, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/ueag010">10.1093/ej/ueag010</a>.
  short: J. Hollenbach, H. Schmitz, M. Westphal, The Economic Journal (2026).
date_created: 2026-02-11T09:20:49Z
date_updated: 2026-02-11T09:23:15Z
department:
- _id: '281'
- _id: '475'
doi: 10.1093/ej/ueag010
language:
- iso: eng
publication: The Economic Journal
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0013-0133
  - 1468-0297
publication_status: published
publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
status: public
title: Gene-environment interactions with essential heterogeneity
type: journal_article
user_id: '37953'
year: '2026'
...