---
_id: '46469'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'We show how to learn discrete field theories from observational data of fields
    on a space-time lattice. For this, we train a neural network model of a discrete
    Lagrangian density such that the discrete Euler--Lagrange equations are consistent
    with the given training data. We, thus, obtain a structure-preserving machine
    learning architecture. Lagrangian densities are not uniquely defined by the solutions
    of a field theory. We introduce a technique to derive regularisers for the training
    process which optimise numerical regularity of the discrete field theory. Minimisation
    of the regularisers guarantees that close to the training data the discrete field
    theory behaves robust and efficient when used in numerical simulations. Further,
    we show how to identify structurally simple solutions of the underlying continuous
    field theory such as travelling waves. This is possible even when travelling waves
    are not present in the training data. This is compared to data-driven model order
    reduction based approaches, which struggle to identify suitable latent spaces
    containing structurally simple solutions when these are not present in the training
    data. Ideas are demonstrated on examples based on the wave equation and the Schrödinger
    equation. '
article_number: '013104'
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Christian
  full_name: Offen, Christian
  id: '85279'
  last_name: Offen
  orcid: 0000-0002-5940-8057
- first_name: Sina
  full_name: Ober-Blöbaum, Sina
  id: '16494'
  last_name: Ober-Blöbaum
citation:
  ama: Offen C, Ober-Blöbaum S. Learning of discrete models of variational PDEs from
    data. <i>Chaos</i>. 2024;34(1). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0172287">10.1063/5.0172287</a>
  apa: Offen, C., &#38; Ober-Blöbaum, S. (2024). Learning of discrete models of variational
    PDEs from data. <i>Chaos</i>, <i>34</i>(1), Article 013104. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0172287">https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0172287</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Offen_Ober-Blöbaum_2024, title={Learning of discrete models of
    variational PDEs from data}, volume={34}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0172287">10.1063/5.0172287</a>},
    number={1013104}, journal={Chaos}, publisher={AIP Publishing}, author={Offen,
    Christian and Ober-Blöbaum, Sina}, year={2024} }'
  chicago: Offen, Christian, and Sina Ober-Blöbaum. “Learning of Discrete Models of
    Variational PDEs from Data.” <i>Chaos</i> 34, no. 1 (2024). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0172287">https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0172287</a>.
  ieee: 'C. Offen and S. Ober-Blöbaum, “Learning of discrete models of variational
    PDEs from data,” <i>Chaos</i>, vol. 34, no. 1, Art. no. 013104, 2024, doi: <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0172287">10.1063/5.0172287</a>.'
  mla: Offen, Christian, and Sina Ober-Blöbaum. “Learning of Discrete Models of Variational
    PDEs from Data.” <i>Chaos</i>, vol. 34, no. 1, 013104, AIP Publishing, 2024, doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0172287">10.1063/5.0172287</a>.
  short: C. Offen, S. Ober-Blöbaum, Chaos 34 (2024).
date_created: 2023-08-10T08:24:48Z
date_updated: 2024-08-12T13:45:43Z
ddc:
- '510'
department:
- _id: '636'
doi: 10.1063/5.0172287
external_id:
  arxiv:
  - '2308.05082 '
file:
- access_level: open_access
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: coffen
  date_created: 2024-01-09T10:48:38Z
  date_updated: 2024-01-09T10:48:38Z
  file_id: '50376'
  file_name: Accepted manuscript with AIP banner CHA23-AR-01370.pdf
  file_size: 13222105
  relation: main_file
  title: Accepted Manuscript Chaos
- access_level: open_access
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: coffen
  date_created: 2024-01-09T11:19:49Z
  date_updated: 2024-01-09T11:19:49Z
  description: |-
    We show how to learn discrete field theories from observational data of fields on a space-time lattice. For this, we train
    a neural network model of a discrete Lagrangian density such that the discrete Euler–Lagrange equations are consistent
    with the given training data. We, thus, obtain a structure-preserving machine learning architecture. Lagrangian
    densities are not uniquely defined by the solutions of a field theory. We introduce a technique to derive regularisers for
    the training process which optimise numerical regularity of the discrete field theory. Minimisation of the regularisers
    guarantees that close to the training data the discrete field theory behaves robust and efficient when used in numerical
    simulations. Further, we show how to identify structurally simple solutions of the underlying continuous field theory
    such as travelling waves. This is possible even when travelling waves are not present in the training data. This is
    compared to data-driven model order reduction based approaches, which struggle to identify suitable latent spaces
    containing structurally simple solutions when these are not present in the training data. Ideas are demonstrated on
    examples based on the wave equation and the Schrödinger equation.
  file_id: '50390'
  file_name: LDensityPDE_AIP.pdf
  file_size: 12960884
  relation: main_file
  title: Learning of discrete models of variational PDEs from data
file_date_updated: 2024-01-09T11:19:49Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        34'
issue: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
oa: '1'
project:
- _id: '52'
  name: 'PC2: Computing Resources Provided by the Paderborn Center for Parallel Computing'
publication: Chaos
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1054-1500
publication_status: published
publisher: AIP Publishing
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
  link:
  - description: GitHub
    relation: software
    url: https://github.com/Christian-Offen/DLNN_pde
status: public
title: Learning of discrete models of variational PDEs from data
type: journal_article
user_id: '85279'
volume: 34
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '55159'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "We introduce a method based on Gaussian process regression to identify discrete
    variational principles from observed solutions of a field theory. The method is
    based on the data-based identification of a discrete Lagrangian density. It is
    a geometric machine learning technique in the sense that the variational structure
    of the true field theory is reflected in the data-driven model by design. We provide
    a rigorous convergence statement of the method. The proof circumvents challenges
    posed by the ambiguity of discrete Lagrangian densities in the inverse problem
    of variational calculus.\r\nMoreover, our method can be used to quantify model
    uncertainty in the equations of motions and any linear observable of the discrete
    field theory. This is illustrated on the example of the discrete wave equation
    and Schrödinger equation.\r\nThe article constitutes an extension of our previous
    article  arXiv:2404.19626 for the data-driven identification of (discrete) Lagrangians
    for variational dynamics from an ode setting to the setting of discrete pdes."
author:
- first_name: Christian
  full_name: Offen, Christian
  id: '85279'
  last_name: Offen
  orcid: 0000-0002-5940-8057
citation:
  ama: Offen C. Machine learning of discrete field theories with guaranteed convergence
    and uncertainty quantification.
  apa: Offen, C. (n.d.). <i>Machine learning of discrete field theories with guaranteed
    convergence and uncertainty quantification</i>.
  bibtex: '@article{Offen, title={Machine learning of discrete field theories with
    guaranteed convergence and uncertainty quantification}, author={Offen, Christian}
    }'
  chicago: Offen, Christian. “Machine Learning of Discrete Field Theories with Guaranteed
    Convergence and Uncertainty Quantification,” n.d.
  ieee: C. Offen, “Machine learning of discrete field theories with guaranteed convergence
    and uncertainty quantification.” .
  mla: Offen, Christian. <i>Machine Learning of Discrete Field Theories with Guaranteed
    Convergence and Uncertainty Quantification</i>.
  short: C. Offen, (n.d.).
date_created: 2024-07-10T13:43:50Z
date_updated: 2024-08-12T13:43:32Z
ddc:
- '510'
department:
- _id: '636'
external_id:
  arxiv:
  - '2407.07642'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: coffen
  date_created: 2024-07-10T13:39:32Z
  date_updated: 2024-07-10T13:39:32Z
  description: |-
    We introduce a method based on Gaussian process regression to identify discrete
    variational principles from observed solutions of a field theory. The method is based on the data-based identification of a discrete Lagrangian density. It is a geometric machine learning technique in the sense that the variational structure of the true field theory is reflected in the data-driven model by design.
    We provide a rigorous convergence statement of the method.
    The proof circumvents challenges posed by the ambiguity of discrete Lagrangian densities in the inverse problem of variational calculus.
    Moreover, our method can be used to quantify model uncertainty in the equations of motions and any linear observable of the discrete field theory.
    This is illustrated on the example of the discrete wave equation and Schrödinger equation.
    The article constitutes an extension of our previous article for the data-driven identification of (discrete) Lagrangians for variational dynamics from an ode setting to the setting of discrete pdes.
  file_id: '55160'
  file_name: L_Collocation.pdf
  file_size: 4569314
  relation: main_file
  title: Machine learning of discrete field theories with guaranteed convergence and
    uncertainty quantification
file_date_updated: 2024-07-10T13:39:32Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
keyword:
- System identification
- inverse problem of variational calculus
- Gaussian process
- Lagrangian learning
- physics informed machine learning
- geometry aware learning
language:
- iso: eng
oa: '1'
page: '28'
project:
- _id: '52'
  name: 'PC2: Computing Resources Provided by the Paderborn Center for Parallel Computing'
publication_status: submitted
related_material:
  link:
  - description: GitHub
    relation: software
    url: https://github.com/Christian-Offen/Lagrangian_GP_PDE
status: public
title: Machine learning of discrete field theories with guaranteed convergence and
  uncertainty quantification
type: preprint
user_id: '85279'
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '55989'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Phased arrays are vital in communication systems and have received significant
    interest in the field of optoelectronics and photonics, enabling a wide range
    of applications such as LiDAR, holography, wireless communication, etc. In this
    work, we present a blazed grating antenna that is optimized to have upward radiation
    efficiency as high as 80% with a compact footprint of 3.5 μm × 2 μm at an operational
    wavelength of 1.55 μm. Our numerical investigations demonstrate that this antenna
    in a 64 × 64 phased array configuration is capable of producing desired far-field
    radiation patterns. Additionally, our antenna possesses a low side lobe level
    of -9.7 dB and a negligible reflection efficiency of under 1%, making it an attractive
    candidate for integrated optical phased arrays.
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Henna
  full_name: Farheen, Henna
  id: '53444'
  last_name: Farheen
  orcid: 0000-0001-7730-3489
- first_name: Suraj
  full_name: Joshi, Suraj
  last_name: Joshi
- first_name: J. Christoph
  full_name: Scheytt, J. Christoph
  id: '37144'
  last_name: Scheytt
  orcid: '0000-0002-5950-6618 '
- first_name: Viktor
  full_name: Myroshnychenko, Viktor
  id: '46371'
  last_name: Myroshnychenko
- first_name: Jens
  full_name: Förstner, Jens
  id: '158'
  last_name: Förstner
  orcid: 0000-0001-7059-9862
citation:
  ama: 'Farheen H, Joshi S, Scheytt JC, Myroshnychenko V, Förstner J. An efficient
    compact blazed grating antenna for optical phased arrays. <i>Journal of Physics:
    Photonics</i>. 2024;6:045010. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7647/ad6ed4">10.1088/2515-7647/ad6ed4</a>'
  apa: 'Farheen, H., Joshi, S., Scheytt, J. C., Myroshnychenko, V., &#38; Förstner,
    J. (2024). An efficient compact blazed grating antenna for optical phased arrays.
    <i>Journal of Physics: Photonics</i>, <i>6</i>, 045010. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7647/ad6ed4">https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7647/ad6ed4</a>'
  bibtex: '@article{Farheen_Joshi_Scheytt_Myroshnychenko_Förstner_2024, title={An
    efficient compact blazed grating antenna for optical phased arrays}, volume={6},
    DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7647/ad6ed4">10.1088/2515-7647/ad6ed4</a>},
    journal={Journal of Physics: Photonics}, publisher={IOP Publishing}, author={Farheen,
    Henna and Joshi, Suraj and Scheytt, J. Christoph and Myroshnychenko, Viktor and
    Förstner, Jens}, year={2024}, pages={045010} }'
  chicago: 'Farheen, Henna, Suraj Joshi, J. Christoph Scheytt, Viktor Myroshnychenko,
    and Jens Förstner. “An Efficient Compact Blazed Grating Antenna for Optical Phased
    Arrays.” <i>Journal of Physics: Photonics</i> 6 (2024): 045010. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7647/ad6ed4">https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7647/ad6ed4</a>.'
  ieee: 'H. Farheen, S. Joshi, J. C. Scheytt, V. Myroshnychenko, and J. Förstner,
    “An efficient compact blazed grating antenna for optical phased arrays,” <i>Journal
    of Physics: Photonics</i>, vol. 6, p. 045010, 2024, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7647/ad6ed4">10.1088/2515-7647/ad6ed4</a>.'
  mla: 'Farheen, Henna, et al. “An Efficient Compact Blazed Grating Antenna for Optical
    Phased Arrays.” <i>Journal of Physics: Photonics</i>, vol. 6, IOP Publishing,
    2024, p. 045010, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7647/ad6ed4">10.1088/2515-7647/ad6ed4</a>.'
  short: 'H. Farheen, S. Joshi, J.C. Scheytt, V. Myroshnychenko, J. Förstner, Journal
    of Physics: Photonics 6 (2024) 045010.'
date_created: 2024-09-02T12:08:18Z
date_updated: 2024-09-02T12:23:55Z
ddc:
- '530'
department:
- _id: '61'
- _id: '429'
- _id: '58'
doi: 10.1088/2515-7647/ad6ed4
file:
- access_level: open_access
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: fossie
  date_created: 2024-09-02T12:13:55Z
  date_updated: 2024-09-02T12:13:55Z
  file_id: '55990'
  file_name: 2024-08 Farheen - JPhys Photonics - An efficient compact blazed grating
    antenna for optical phased arrays (official version).pdf
  file_size: 1492402
  relation: main_file
file_date_updated: 2024-09-02T12:13:55Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '         6'
keyword:
- tet_topic_opticalantenna
language:
- iso: eng
oa: '1'
page: '045010'
project:
- _id: '266'
  grant_number: PROFILNRW-2020-067
  name: 'PhoQC: PhoQC: Photonisches Quantencomputing'
- _id: '53'
  grant_number: '231447078'
  name: 'TRR 142: TRR 142 - Maßgeschneiderte nichtlineare Photonik: Von grundlegenden
    Konzepten zu funktionellen Strukturen'
- _id: '167'
  grant_number: '231447078'
  name: 'TRR 142 - B06: TRR 142 - Ultraschnelle kohärente opto-elektronische Kontrolle
    eines photonischen Quantensystems (B06*)'
- _id: '52'
  name: 'PC2: Computing Resources Provided by the Paderborn Center for Parallel Computing'
publication: 'Journal of Physics: Photonics'
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2515-7647
publication_status: published
publisher: IOP Publishing
status: public
title: An efficient compact blazed grating antenna for optical phased arrays
type: journal_article
user_id: '158'
volume: 6
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '56194'
author:
- first_name: Reza
  full_name: Afsahnoudeh, Reza
  id: '90390'
  last_name: Afsahnoudeh
  orcid: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3161-8036
- first_name: Julia
  full_name: Riese, Julia
  id: '101499'
  last_name: Riese
  orcid: 0000-0002-3053-0534
- first_name: Eugeny Y.
  full_name: Kenig, Eugeny Y.
  id: '665'
  last_name: Kenig
citation:
  ama: 'Afsahnoudeh R, Riese J, Kenig EY. A Numerical Analysis of Thermo-Hydraulic
    Performance of Pillow-Plate Heat Exchangers with Ellipsoidal Secondary Structures.
    In: <i>World Congress on Mechanical, Chemical, and Material Engineering</i>. Avestia
    Publishing; 2024. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.11159/htff24.145">10.11159/htff24.145</a>'
  apa: Afsahnoudeh, R., Riese, J., &#38; Kenig, E. Y. (2024). A Numerical Analysis
    of Thermo-Hydraulic Performance of Pillow-Plate Heat Exchangers with Ellipsoidal
    Secondary Structures. <i>World Congress on Mechanical, Chemical, and Material
    Engineering</i>. 10th International Conference on Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow,
    Barcelona. <a href="https://doi.org/10.11159/htff24.145">https://doi.org/10.11159/htff24.145</a>
  bibtex: '@inproceedings{Afsahnoudeh_Riese_Kenig_2024, title={A Numerical Analysis
    of Thermo-Hydraulic Performance of Pillow-Plate Heat Exchangers with Ellipsoidal
    Secondary Structures}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.11159/htff24.145">10.11159/htff24.145</a>},
    booktitle={World Congress on Mechanical, Chemical, and Material Engineering},
    publisher={Avestia Publishing}, author={Afsahnoudeh, Reza and Riese, Julia and
    Kenig, Eugeny Y.}, year={2024} }'
  chicago: Afsahnoudeh, Reza, Julia Riese, and Eugeny Y. Kenig. “A Numerical Analysis
    of Thermo-Hydraulic Performance of Pillow-Plate Heat Exchangers with Ellipsoidal
    Secondary Structures.” In <i>World Congress on Mechanical, Chemical, and Material
    Engineering</i>. Avestia Publishing, 2024. <a href="https://doi.org/10.11159/htff24.145">https://doi.org/10.11159/htff24.145</a>.
  ieee: 'R. Afsahnoudeh, J. Riese, and E. Y. Kenig, “A Numerical Analysis of Thermo-Hydraulic
    Performance of Pillow-Plate Heat Exchangers with Ellipsoidal Secondary Structures,”
    presented at the 10th International Conference on Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow,
    Barcelona, 2024, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.11159/htff24.145">10.11159/htff24.145</a>.'
  mla: Afsahnoudeh, Reza, et al. “A Numerical Analysis of Thermo-Hydraulic Performance
    of Pillow-Plate Heat Exchangers with Ellipsoidal Secondary Structures.” <i>World
    Congress on Mechanical, Chemical, and Material Engineering</i>, Avestia Publishing,
    2024, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.11159/htff24.145">10.11159/htff24.145</a>.
  short: 'R. Afsahnoudeh, J. Riese, E.Y. Kenig, in: World Congress on Mechanical,
    Chemical, and Material Engineering, Avestia Publishing, 2024.'
conference:
  end_date: 2024-08-24
  location: Barcelona
  name: 10th International Conference on Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow
  start_date: 2024-08-22
date_created: 2024-09-23T07:28:01Z
date_updated: 2024-09-23T07:31:11Z
department:
- _id: '831'
doi: 10.11159/htff24.145
language:
- iso: eng
project:
- _id: '52'
  name: 'PC2: Computing Resources Provided by the Paderborn Center for Parallel Computing'
publication: World Congress on Mechanical, Chemical, and Material Engineering
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2369-8136
publication_status: published
publisher: Avestia Publishing
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: A Numerical Analysis of Thermo-Hydraulic Performance of Pillow-Plate Heat Exchangers
  with Ellipsoidal Secondary Structures
type: conference
user_id: '90390'
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '56605'
author:
- first_name: Jan-Oliver
  full_name: Opdenhövel, Jan-Oliver
  id: '73960'
  last_name: Opdenhövel
  orcid: 0000-0003-2314-2784
- first_name: Christoph
  full_name: Alt, Christoph
  id: '100625'
  last_name: Alt
- first_name: Christian
  full_name: Plessl, Christian
  id: '16153'
  last_name: Plessl
  orcid: 0000-0001-5728-9982
- first_name: Tobias
  full_name: Kenter, Tobias
  id: '3145'
  last_name: Kenter
citation:
  ama: 'Opdenhövel J-O, Alt C, Plessl C, Kenter T. StencilStream: A SYCL-based Stencil
    Simulation Framework Targeting FPGAs. In: <i>2024 34th International Conference
    on Field-Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL)</i>. IEEE; 2024. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/fpl64840.2024.00023">10.1109/fpl64840.2024.00023</a>'
  apa: 'Opdenhövel, J.-O., Alt, C., Plessl, C., &#38; Kenter, T. (2024). StencilStream:
    A SYCL-based Stencil Simulation Framework Targeting FPGAs. <i>2024 34th International
    Conference on Field-Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL)</i>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/fpl64840.2024.00023">https://doi.org/10.1109/fpl64840.2024.00023</a>'
  bibtex: '@inproceedings{Opdenhövel_Alt_Plessl_Kenter_2024, title={StencilStream:
    A SYCL-based Stencil Simulation Framework Targeting FPGAs}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/fpl64840.2024.00023">10.1109/fpl64840.2024.00023</a>},
    booktitle={2024 34th International Conference on Field-Programmable Logic and
    Applications (FPL)}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Opdenhövel, Jan-Oliver and Alt,
    Christoph and Plessl, Christian and Kenter, Tobias}, year={2024} }'
  chicago: 'Opdenhövel, Jan-Oliver, Christoph Alt, Christian Plessl, and Tobias Kenter.
    “StencilStream: A SYCL-Based Stencil Simulation Framework Targeting FPGAs.” In
    <i>2024 34th International Conference on Field-Programmable Logic and Applications
    (FPL)</i>. IEEE, 2024. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/fpl64840.2024.00023">https://doi.org/10.1109/fpl64840.2024.00023</a>.'
  ieee: 'J.-O. Opdenhövel, C. Alt, C. Plessl, and T. Kenter, “StencilStream: A SYCL-based
    Stencil Simulation Framework Targeting FPGAs,” 2024, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/fpl64840.2024.00023">10.1109/fpl64840.2024.00023</a>.'
  mla: 'Opdenhövel, Jan-Oliver, et al. “StencilStream: A SYCL-Based Stencil Simulation
    Framework Targeting FPGAs.” <i>2024 34th International Conference on Field-Programmable
    Logic and Applications (FPL)</i>, IEEE, 2024, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/fpl64840.2024.00023">10.1109/fpl64840.2024.00023</a>.'
  short: 'J.-O. Opdenhövel, C. Alt, C. Plessl, T. Kenter, in: 2024 34th International
    Conference on Field-Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL), IEEE, 2024.'
date_created: 2024-10-14T07:49:24Z
date_updated: 2024-10-14T07:56:26Z
department:
- _id: '27'
- _id: '518'
doi: 10.1109/fpl64840.2024.00023
language:
- iso: eng
project:
- _id: '52'
  name: 'PC2: Computing Resources Provided by the Paderborn Center for Parallel Computing'
publication: 2024 34th International Conference on Field-Programmable Logic and Applications
  (FPL)
publication_status: published
publisher: IEEE
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: 'StencilStream: A SYCL-based Stencil Simulation Framework Targeting FPGAs'
type: conference
user_id: '3145'
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '56609'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'The computation of electron repulsion integrals (ERIs) is a key component
    for quantum chemical methods. The intensive computation and bandwidth demand for
    ERI evaluation presents a significant challenge for quantum-mechanics-based atomistic
    simulations with hybrid density functional theory: due to the tens of trillions
    of ERI computations in each time step, practical applications are usually limited
    to thousands of atoms. In this work, we propose SERI, a high-throughput streaming
    accelerator for ERI computation on HBM-based FPGAs. In contrast to prior buffer-based
    designs, SERI proposes a novel streaming architecture to address the on-chip buffer
    limitation and the floorplanning challenge, and leverages the high-bandwidth memory
    to overcome the bandwidth bottleneck in prior designs. Moreover, to meet the varying
    computation, bandwidth, and floorplanning requirements between the 55 canonical
    quartet classes in ERI calculation, we design an automation tool, together with
    an accurate performance model, to automatically customize the architecture and
    floorplanning strategy for each canonical quartet class to maximize their throughput.
    Our performance evaluation on the AMD/Xilinx Alveo U280 FPGA board shows that,
    SERI achieves an average speedup of 9.80 x over the previous best-performing FPGA
    design, a 3.21x speedup over a 64-core AMD EPYC 7713 CPU, and a 15.64x speedup
    over an Nvidia A40 GPU. It reaches a peak throughput of 23.8 GERIS ($10^9$ ERIs
    per second) on one Alveo U280 FPGA. SERI will be released soon at https://github.com/SFU-HiAccel/SERI.'
author:
- first_name: Philip
  full_name: Stachura, Philip
  last_name: Stachura
- first_name: Guanyu
  full_name: Li, Guanyu
  last_name: Li
- first_name: Xin
  full_name: Wu, Xin
  id: '77439'
  last_name: Wu
- first_name: Christian
  full_name: Plessl, Christian
  id: '16153'
  last_name: Plessl
  orcid: 0000-0001-5728-9982
- first_name: Zhenman
  full_name: Fang, Zhenman
  last_name: Fang
citation:
  ama: 'Stachura P, Li G, Wu X, Plessl C, Fang Z. SERI: High-Throughput Streaming
    Acceleration of Electron Repulsion Integral Computation in Quantum Chemistry using
    HBM-based FPGAs. In: <i>2024 34th International Conference on Field-Programmable
    Logic and Applications (FPL)</i>. IEEE; 2024:60-68. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/fpl64840.2024.00018">10.1109/fpl64840.2024.00018</a>'
  apa: 'Stachura, P., Li, G., Wu, X., Plessl, C., &#38; Fang, Z. (2024). SERI: High-Throughput
    Streaming Acceleration of Electron Repulsion Integral Computation in Quantum Chemistry
    using HBM-based FPGAs. <i>2024 34th International Conference on Field-Programmable
    Logic and Applications (FPL)</i>, 60–68. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/fpl64840.2024.00018">https://doi.org/10.1109/fpl64840.2024.00018</a>'
  bibtex: '@inproceedings{Stachura_Li_Wu_Plessl_Fang_2024, title={SERI: High-Throughput
    Streaming Acceleration of Electron Repulsion Integral Computation in Quantum Chemistry
    using HBM-based FPGAs}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/fpl64840.2024.00018">10.1109/fpl64840.2024.00018</a>},
    booktitle={2024 34th International Conference on Field-Programmable Logic and
    Applications (FPL)}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Stachura, Philip and Li, Guanyu
    and Wu, Xin and Plessl, Christian and Fang, Zhenman}, year={2024}, pages={60–68}
    }'
  chicago: 'Stachura, Philip, Guanyu Li, Xin Wu, Christian Plessl, and Zhenman Fang.
    “SERI: High-Throughput Streaming Acceleration of Electron Repulsion Integral Computation
    in Quantum Chemistry Using HBM-Based FPGAs.” In <i>2024 34th International Conference
    on Field-Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL)</i>, 60–68. IEEE, 2024. <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1109/fpl64840.2024.00018">https://doi.org/10.1109/fpl64840.2024.00018</a>.'
  ieee: 'P. Stachura, G. Li, X. Wu, C. Plessl, and Z. Fang, “SERI: High-Throughput
    Streaming Acceleration of Electron Repulsion Integral Computation in Quantum Chemistry
    using HBM-based FPGAs,” in <i>2024 34th International Conference on Field-Programmable
    Logic and Applications (FPL)</i>, 2024, pp. 60–68, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/fpl64840.2024.00018">10.1109/fpl64840.2024.00018</a>.'
  mla: 'Stachura, Philip, et al. “SERI: High-Throughput Streaming Acceleration of
    Electron Repulsion Integral Computation in Quantum Chemistry Using HBM-Based FPGAs.”
    <i>2024 34th International Conference on Field-Programmable Logic and Applications
    (FPL)</i>, IEEE, 2024, pp. 60–68, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/fpl64840.2024.00018">10.1109/fpl64840.2024.00018</a>.'
  short: 'P. Stachura, G. Li, X. Wu, C. Plessl, Z. Fang, in: 2024 34th International
    Conference on Field-Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL), IEEE, 2024, pp.
    60–68.'
date_created: 2024-10-14T08:44:44Z
date_updated: 2024-10-15T08:37:27Z
department:
- _id: '27'
- _id: '518'
doi: 10.1109/fpl64840.2024.00018
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10705609
page: 60-68
project:
- _id: '52'
  name: 'PC2: Computing Resources Provided by the Paderborn Center for Parallel Computing'
publication: 2024 34th International Conference on Field-Programmable Logic and Applications
  (FPL)
publication_status: published
publisher: IEEE
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: 'SERI: High-Throughput Streaming Acceleration of Electron Repulsion Integral
  Computation in Quantum Chemistry using HBM-based FPGAs'
type: conference
user_id: '77439'
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '56678'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>The surface area of atoms and molecules
    plays a crucial role in shaping many physiochemical properties of materials. Despite
    its fundamental importance, precisely defining atomic and molecular surfaces has
    long been a puzzle. Among the available definitions, a straightforward and elegant
    approach by Bader describes a molecular surface as an iso-density surface beyond
    which the electron density drops below a certain cut-off. However, so far neither
    this theory nor a decisive value for the density cut-off have been amenable to
    experimental verification due to the limitations of conventional experimental
    methods. In the present study, we employ a state-of-the-art experimental method
    based on the recently developed concept of thermodynamically effective (TE) surfaces
    to tackle this longstanding problem. By studying a set of 104 molecules, a close
    to perfect agreement between quantum chemical evaluations of iso-density surfaces
    contoured at a cut-off density of 0.0016 a.u. and experimental results obtained
    via thermodynamic phase change data is demonstrated, with a mean unsigned percentage
    deviation of 1.6% and a correlation coefficient of 0.995. Accordingly, we suggest
    the iso-density surface contoured at an electron density value of 0.0016 a.u.
    as a representation of the surface of atoms and molecules.</jats:p>
article_number: '6086'
author:
- first_name: Amin
  full_name: Alibakhshi, Amin
  last_name: Alibakhshi
- first_name: Lars V.
  full_name: Schäfer, Lars V.
  last_name: Schäfer
citation:
  ama: Alibakhshi A, Schäfer LV. Electron iso-density surfaces provide a thermodynamically
    consistent representation of atomic and molecular surfaces. <i>Nature Communications</i>.
    2024;15(1). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50408-8">10.1038/s41467-024-50408-8</a>
  apa: Alibakhshi, A., &#38; Schäfer, L. V. (2024). Electron iso-density surfaces
    provide a thermodynamically consistent representation of atomic and molecular
    surfaces. <i>Nature Communications</i>, <i>15</i>(1), Article 6086. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50408-8">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50408-8</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Alibakhshi_Schäfer_2024, title={Electron iso-density surfaces
    provide a thermodynamically consistent representation of atomic and molecular
    surfaces}, volume={15}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50408-8">10.1038/s41467-024-50408-8</a>},
    number={16086}, journal={Nature Communications}, publisher={Springer Science and
    Business Media LLC}, author={Alibakhshi, Amin and Schäfer, Lars V.}, year={2024}
    }'
  chicago: Alibakhshi, Amin, and Lars V. Schäfer. “Electron Iso-Density Surfaces Provide
    a Thermodynamically Consistent Representation of Atomic and Molecular Surfaces.”
    <i>Nature Communications</i> 15, no. 1 (2024). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50408-8">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50408-8</a>.
  ieee: 'A. Alibakhshi and L. V. Schäfer, “Electron iso-density surfaces provide a
    thermodynamically consistent representation of atomic and molecular surfaces,”
    <i>Nature Communications</i>, vol. 15, no. 1, Art. no. 6086, 2024, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50408-8">10.1038/s41467-024-50408-8</a>.'
  mla: Alibakhshi, Amin, and Lars V. Schäfer. “Electron Iso-Density Surfaces Provide
    a Thermodynamically Consistent Representation of Atomic and Molecular Surfaces.”
    <i>Nature Communications</i>, vol. 15, no. 1, 6086, Springer Science and Business
    Media LLC, 2024, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50408-8">10.1038/s41467-024-50408-8</a>.
  short: A. Alibakhshi, L.V. Schäfer, Nature Communications 15 (2024).
date_created: 2024-10-18T07:00:00Z
date_updated: 2024-10-18T07:00:43Z
doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-50408-8
intvolume: '        15'
issue: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
project:
- _id: '52'
  name: 'PC2: Computing Resources Provided by the Paderborn Center for Parallel Computing'
publication: Nature Communications
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2041-1723
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
status: public
title: Electron iso-density surfaces provide a thermodynamically consistent representation
  of atomic and molecular surfaces
type: journal_article
user_id: '67287'
volume: 15
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '56679'
author:
- first_name: Amin
  full_name: Alibakhshi, Amin
  last_name: Alibakhshi
- first_name: Lars V.
  full_name: Schäfer, Lars V.
  last_name: Schäfer
citation:
  ama: Alibakhshi A, Schäfer LV. On the Theoretical Quantification of Radii of Atoms
    in Molecules. <i>The Journal of Physical Chemistry A</i>. 2024;128(32):6819-6823.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.4c04529">10.1021/acs.jpca.4c04529</a>
  apa: Alibakhshi, A., &#38; Schäfer, L. V. (2024). On the Theoretical Quantification
    of Radii of Atoms in Molecules. <i>The Journal of Physical Chemistry A</i>, <i>128</i>(32),
    6819–6823. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.4c04529">https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.4c04529</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Alibakhshi_Schäfer_2024, title={On the Theoretical Quantification
    of Radii of Atoms in Molecules}, volume={128}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.4c04529">10.1021/acs.jpca.4c04529</a>},
    number={32}, journal={The Journal of Physical Chemistry A}, publisher={American
    Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Alibakhshi, Amin and Schäfer, Lars V.}, year={2024},
    pages={6819–6823} }'
  chicago: 'Alibakhshi, Amin, and Lars V. Schäfer. “On the Theoretical Quantification
    of Radii of Atoms in Molecules.” <i>The Journal of Physical Chemistry A</i> 128,
    no. 32 (2024): 6819–23. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.4c04529">https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.4c04529</a>.'
  ieee: 'A. Alibakhshi and L. V. Schäfer, “On the Theoretical Quantification of Radii
    of Atoms in Molecules,” <i>The Journal of Physical Chemistry A</i>, vol. 128,
    no. 32, pp. 6819–6823, 2024, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.4c04529">10.1021/acs.jpca.4c04529</a>.'
  mla: Alibakhshi, Amin, and Lars V. Schäfer. “On the Theoretical Quantification of
    Radii of Atoms in Molecules.” <i>The Journal of Physical Chemistry A</i>, vol.
    128, no. 32, American Chemical Society (ACS), 2024, pp. 6819–23, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.4c04529">10.1021/acs.jpca.4c04529</a>.
  short: A. Alibakhshi, L.V. Schäfer, The Journal of Physical Chemistry A 128 (2024)
    6819–6823.
date_created: 2024-10-18T07:00:54Z
date_updated: 2024-10-18T07:01:06Z
doi: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c04529
intvolume: '       128'
issue: '32'
language:
- iso: eng
page: 6819-6823
project:
- _id: '52'
  name: 'PC2: Computing Resources Provided by the Paderborn Center for Parallel Computing'
publication: The Journal of Physical Chemistry A
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1089-5639
  - 1520-5215
publication_status: published
publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
status: public
title: On the Theoretical Quantification of Radii of Atoms in Molecules
type: journal_article
user_id: '67287'
volume: 128
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '56778'
article_number: '120639'
author:
- first_name: Sören Antonius
  full_name: Bernemann, Sören Antonius
  id: '70108'
  last_name: Bernemann
- first_name: J.F.
  full_name: Maćkowiak, J.F.
  last_name: Maćkowiak
- first_name: J.
  full_name: Maćkowiak, J.
  last_name: Maćkowiak
- first_name: Eugeny
  full_name: Kenig, Eugeny
  id: '665'
  last_name: Kenig
citation:
  ama: Bernemann SA, Maćkowiak JF, Maćkowiak J, Kenig E. Computer aided flow investigation
    of liquid agricultural wastes. <i>Chemical Engineering Science</i>. 2024;300.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2024.120639">10.1016/j.ces.2024.120639</a>
  apa: Bernemann, S. A., Maćkowiak, J. F., Maćkowiak, J., &#38; Kenig, E. (2024).
    Computer aided flow investigation of liquid agricultural wastes. <i>Chemical Engineering
    Science</i>, <i>300</i>, Article 120639. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2024.120639">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2024.120639</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Bernemann_Maćkowiak_Maćkowiak_Kenig_2024, title={Computer aided
    flow investigation of liquid agricultural wastes}, volume={300}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2024.120639">10.1016/j.ces.2024.120639</a>},
    number={120639}, journal={Chemical Engineering Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV},
    author={Bernemann, Sören Antonius and Maćkowiak, J.F. and Maćkowiak, J. and Kenig,
    Eugeny}, year={2024} }'
  chicago: Bernemann, Sören Antonius, J.F. Maćkowiak, J. Maćkowiak, and Eugeny Kenig.
    “Computer Aided Flow Investigation of Liquid Agricultural Wastes.” <i>Chemical
    Engineering Science</i> 300 (2024). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2024.120639">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2024.120639</a>.
  ieee: 'S. A. Bernemann, J. F. Maćkowiak, J. Maćkowiak, and E. Kenig, “Computer aided
    flow investigation of liquid agricultural wastes,” <i>Chemical Engineering Science</i>,
    vol. 300, Art. no. 120639, 2024, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2024.120639">10.1016/j.ces.2024.120639</a>.'
  mla: Bernemann, Sören Antonius, et al. “Computer Aided Flow Investigation of Liquid
    Agricultural Wastes.” <i>Chemical Engineering Science</i>, vol. 300, 120639, Elsevier
    BV, 2024, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2024.120639">10.1016/j.ces.2024.120639</a>.
  short: S.A. Bernemann, J.F. Maćkowiak, J. Maćkowiak, E. Kenig, Chemical Engineering
    Science 300 (2024).
date_created: 2024-10-29T09:10:25Z
date_updated: 2024-10-29T09:13:02Z
department:
- _id: '9'
- _id: '145'
doi: 10.1016/j.ces.2024.120639
intvolume: '       300'
language:
- iso: eng
project:
- _id: '52'
  name: 'PC2: Computing Resources Provided by the Paderborn Center for Parallel Computing'
publication: Chemical Engineering Science
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0009-2509
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier BV
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Computer aided flow investigation of liquid agricultural wastes
type: journal_article
user_id: '70108'
volume: 300
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '52958'
author:
- first_name: Christoph
  full_name: Boeddeker, Christoph
  id: '40767'
  last_name: Boeddeker
- first_name: Aswin Shanmugam
  full_name: Subramanian, Aswin Shanmugam
  last_name: Subramanian
- first_name: Gordon
  full_name: Wichern, Gordon
  last_name: Wichern
- first_name: Reinhold
  full_name: Haeb-Umbach, Reinhold
  id: '242'
  last_name: Haeb-Umbach
- first_name: Jonathan
  full_name: Le Roux, Jonathan
  last_name: Le Roux
citation:
  ama: 'Boeddeker C, Subramanian AS, Wichern G, Haeb-Umbach R, Le Roux J. TS-SEP:
    Joint Diarization and Separation Conditioned on Estimated Speaker Embeddings.
    <i>IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing</i>. 2024;32:1185-1197.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2024.3350887">10.1109/taslp.2024.3350887</a>'
  apa: 'Boeddeker, C., Subramanian, A. S., Wichern, G., Haeb-Umbach, R., &#38; Le
    Roux, J. (2024). TS-SEP: Joint Diarization and Separation Conditioned on Estimated
    Speaker Embeddings. <i>IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing</i>,
    <i>32</i>, 1185–1197. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2024.3350887">https://doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2024.3350887</a>'
  bibtex: '@article{Boeddeker_Subramanian_Wichern_Haeb-Umbach_Le Roux_2024, title={TS-SEP:
    Joint Diarization and Separation Conditioned on Estimated Speaker Embeddings},
    volume={32}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2024.3350887">10.1109/taslp.2024.3350887</a>},
    journal={IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing}, publisher={Institute
    of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Boeddeker, Christoph
    and Subramanian, Aswin Shanmugam and Wichern, Gordon and Haeb-Umbach, Reinhold
    and Le Roux, Jonathan}, year={2024}, pages={1185–1197} }'
  chicago: 'Boeddeker, Christoph, Aswin Shanmugam Subramanian, Gordon Wichern, Reinhold
    Haeb-Umbach, and Jonathan Le Roux. “TS-SEP: Joint Diarization and Separation Conditioned
    on Estimated Speaker Embeddings.” <i>IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and
    Language Processing</i> 32 (2024): 1185–97. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2024.3350887">https://doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2024.3350887</a>.'
  ieee: 'C. Boeddeker, A. S. Subramanian, G. Wichern, R. Haeb-Umbach, and J. Le Roux,
    “TS-SEP: Joint Diarization and Separation Conditioned on Estimated Speaker Embeddings,”
    <i>IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing</i>, vol. 32,
    pp. 1185–1197, 2024, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2024.3350887">10.1109/taslp.2024.3350887</a>.'
  mla: 'Boeddeker, Christoph, et al. “TS-SEP: Joint Diarization and Separation Conditioned
    on Estimated Speaker Embeddings.” <i>IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and
    Language Processing</i>, vol. 32, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
    (IEEE), 2024, pp. 1185–97, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2024.3350887">10.1109/taslp.2024.3350887</a>.'
  short: C. Boeddeker, A.S. Subramanian, G. Wichern, R. Haeb-Umbach, J. Le Roux, IEEE/ACM
    Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing 32 (2024) 1185–1197.
date_created: 2024-03-26T16:11:54Z
date_updated: 2025-04-16T10:21:45Z
ddc:
- '000'
department:
- _id: '54'
doi: 10.1109/taslp.2024.3350887
file:
- access_level: open_access
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: cbj
  date_created: 2025-04-16T10:14:47Z
  date_updated: 2025-04-16T10:21:45Z
  file_id: '59602'
  file_name: main.pdf
  file_size: 3432879
  relation: main_file
- access_level: open_access
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: cbj
  date_created: 2025-04-16T10:15:08Z
  date_updated: 2025-04-16T10:21:45Z
  file_id: '59603'
  file_name: slides.pdf
  file_size: 2838635
  relation: main_file
- access_level: open_access
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: cbj
  date_created: 2025-04-16T10:15:22Z
  date_updated: 2025-04-16T10:21:45Z
  file_id: '59604'
  file_name: poster.pdf
  file_size: 2038741
  relation: main_file
file_date_updated: 2025-04-16T10:21:45Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        32'
keyword:
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Acoustics and Ultrasonics
- Computer Science (miscellaneous)
- Computational Mathematics
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.03849
oa: '1'
page: 1185-1197
project:
- _id: '52'
  name: 'PC2: Computing Resources Provided by the Paderborn Center for Parallel Computing'
- _id: '508'
  grant_number: '448568305'
  name: Automatische Transkription von Gesprächssituationen
publication: IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2329-9290
  - 2329-9304
publication_status: published
publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
status: public
title: 'TS-SEP: Joint Diarization and Separation Conditioned on Estimated Speaker
  Embeddings'
type: journal_article
user_id: '40767'
volume: 32
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '55638'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: <jats:p>Abstract. Traditionally, joints are cylindrical and rotationally symmetric.
    In the present study, non-rotationally symmetric joints are used for joining steel
    and Glass mat-reinforced thermoplastic sheets (GMT). In addition, the study also
    analyzes the impact of non-rotational symmetric joint rotation on the load-bearing
    capacity. Single lap joint specimens were fabricated using the In-Mold assembly
    technique for joining steel sheets with GMT. Tensile shear tests were performed
    on different orientations of the joint geometry, and it was observed that changing
    the joint orientation influences the load-bearing capacity. The joints are constitutively
    modeled using beam elements and the influence of joint rotation on load distribution
    is examined through a static simulation study. </jats:p>
author:
- first_name: Deekshith Reddy
  full_name: Devulapally, Deekshith Reddy
  id: '76837'
  last_name: Devulapally
- first_name: Sven
  full_name: Martin, Sven
  id: '38177'
  last_name: Martin
- first_name: Thomas
  full_name: Tröster, Thomas
  id: '553'
  last_name: Tröster
citation:
  ama: 'Devulapally DR, Martin S, Tröster T. Non-rotationally symmetric joints – Mechanisms
    and load bearing capacity. In: <i>Materials Research Proceedings</i>. Materials
    Research Forum LLC; 2024. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644903131-183">10.21741/9781644903131-183</a>'
  apa: Devulapally, D. R., Martin, S., &#38; Tröster, T. (2024). Non-rotationally
    symmetric joints – Mechanisms and load bearing capacity. <i>Materials Research
    Proceedings</i>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644903131-183">https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644903131-183</a>
  bibtex: '@inproceedings{Devulapally_Martin_Tröster_2024, title={Non-rotationally
    symmetric joints – Mechanisms and load bearing capacity}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644903131-183">10.21741/9781644903131-183</a>},
    booktitle={Materials Research Proceedings}, publisher={Materials Research Forum
    LLC}, author={Devulapally, Deekshith Reddy and Martin, Sven and Tröster, Thomas},
    year={2024} }'
  chicago: Devulapally, Deekshith Reddy, Sven Martin, and Thomas Tröster. “Non-Rotationally
    Symmetric Joints – Mechanisms and Load Bearing Capacity.” In <i>Materials Research
    Proceedings</i>. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2024. <a href="https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644903131-183">https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644903131-183</a>.
  ieee: 'D. R. Devulapally, S. Martin, and T. Tröster, “Non-rotationally symmetric
    joints – Mechanisms and load bearing capacity,” 2024, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644903131-183">10.21741/9781644903131-183</a>.'
  mla: Devulapally, Deekshith Reddy, et al. “Non-Rotationally Symmetric Joints – Mechanisms
    and Load Bearing Capacity.” <i>Materials Research Proceedings</i>, Materials Research
    Forum LLC, 2024, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644903131-183">10.21741/9781644903131-183</a>.
  short: 'D.R. Devulapally, S. Martin, T. Tröster, in: Materials Research Proceedings,
    Materials Research Forum LLC, 2024.'
date_created: 2024-08-19T08:29:22Z
date_updated: 2026-02-27T10:50:30Z
department:
- _id: '149'
- _id: '321'
- _id: '9'
doi: 10.21741/9781644903131-183
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
oa: '1'
project:
- _id: '140'
  name: 'TRR 285 – B01: TRR 285 - Subproject B01'
- _id: '52'
  name: 'PC2: Computing Resources Provided by the Paderborn Center for Parallel Computing'
- _id: '130'
  name: 'TRR 285:  Methodenentwicklung zur mechanischen Fügbarkeit in wandlungsfähigen
    Prozessketten'
publication: Materials Research Proceedings
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2474-395X
publication_status: published
publisher: Materials Research Forum LLC
status: public
title: Non-rotationally symmetric joints – Mechanisms and load bearing capacity
type: conference
user_id: '76837'
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '61251'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: <jats:p>We theoretically investigate strategies for the deterministic creation
    of trains of time-bin entangled photons using an individual quantum emitter described
    by a Λ-type electronic system. We explicitly demonstrate the theoretical generation
    of linear cluster states with substantial numbers of entangled photonic qubits
    in full microscopic numerical simulations. The underlying scheme is based on the
    manipulation of ground state coherences through precise optical driving. One important
    finding is that the most easily accessible quality metrics, the achievable rotation
    fidelities, fall short in assessing the actual quantum correlations of the emitted
    photons in the face of losses. To address this, we explicitly calculate stabilizer
    generator expectation values as a superior gauge for the quantum properties of
    the generated many-photon state. With widespread applicability in other emitter
    and excitation–emission schemes also, our work lays the conceptual foundations
    for an in-depth practical analysis of time-bin entanglement based on full numerical
    simulations with predictive capabilities for realistic systems and setups, including
    losses and imperfections. The specific results shown in the present work illustrate
    that with controlled minimization of losses and realistic system parameters for
    quantum-dot type systems, useful linear cluster states of significant lengths
    can be generated in the calculations, discussing the possibility of scalability
    for quantum information processing endeavors.</jats:p>
article_number: '036110'
author:
- first_name: David
  full_name: Bauch, David
  last_name: Bauch
- first_name: Nikolas
  full_name: Köcher, Nikolas
  id: '79191'
  last_name: Köcher
- first_name: Nils
  full_name: Heinisch, Nils
  id: '90283'
  last_name: Heinisch
  orcid: 0009-0006-0984-2097
- first_name: Stefan
  full_name: Schumacher, Stefan
  id: '27271'
  last_name: Schumacher
  orcid: 0000-0003-4042-4951
citation:
  ama: Bauch D, Köcher N, Heinisch N, Schumacher S. Time-bin entanglement in the deterministic
    generation of linear photonic cluster states. <i>APL Quantum</i>. 2024;1(3). doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0214197">10.1063/5.0214197</a>
  apa: Bauch, D., Köcher, N., Heinisch, N., &#38; Schumacher, S. (2024). Time-bin
    entanglement in the deterministic generation of linear photonic cluster states.
    <i>APL Quantum</i>, <i>1</i>(3), Article 036110. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0214197">https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0214197</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Bauch_Köcher_Heinisch_Schumacher_2024, title={Time-bin entanglement
    in the deterministic generation of linear photonic cluster states}, volume={1},
    DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0214197">10.1063/5.0214197</a>}, number={3036110},
    journal={APL Quantum}, publisher={AIP Publishing}, author={Bauch, David and Köcher,
    Nikolas and Heinisch, Nils and Schumacher, Stefan}, year={2024} }'
  chicago: Bauch, David, Nikolas Köcher, Nils Heinisch, and Stefan Schumacher. “Time-Bin
    Entanglement in the Deterministic Generation of Linear Photonic Cluster States.”
    <i>APL Quantum</i> 1, no. 3 (2024). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0214197">https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0214197</a>.
  ieee: 'D. Bauch, N. Köcher, N. Heinisch, and S. Schumacher, “Time-bin entanglement
    in the deterministic generation of linear photonic cluster states,” <i>APL Quantum</i>,
    vol. 1, no. 3, Art. no. 036110, 2024, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0214197">10.1063/5.0214197</a>.'
  mla: Bauch, David, et al. “Time-Bin Entanglement in the Deterministic Generation
    of Linear Photonic Cluster States.” <i>APL Quantum</i>, vol. 1, no. 3, 036110,
    AIP Publishing, 2024, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0214197">10.1063/5.0214197</a>.
  short: D. Bauch, N. Köcher, N. Heinisch, S. Schumacher, APL Quantum 1 (2024).
date_created: 2025-09-12T11:08:59Z
date_updated: 2025-09-12T11:11:32Z
department:
- _id: '15'
- _id: '170'
- _id: '297'
- _id: '35'
- _id: '230'
- _id: '27'
- _id: '429'
- _id: '623'
doi: 10.1063/5.0214197
intvolume: '         1'
issue: '3'
language:
- iso: eng
project:
- _id: '53'
  name: 'TRR 142: Maßgeschneiderte nichtlineare Photonik: Von grundlegenden Konzepten
    zu funktionellen Strukturen'
- _id: '56'
  name: TRR 142 - Project Area C
- _id: '173'
  name: 'TRR 142; TP C09: Ideale Erzeugung von Photonenpaaren für Verschränkungsaustausch
    bei Telekom Wellenlängen'
- _id: '52'
  name: Computing Resources Provided by the Paderborn Center for Parallel Computing
- _id: '266'
  name: 'PhoQC: Photonisches Quantencomputing'
publication: APL Quantum
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2835-0103
publication_status: published
publisher: AIP Publishing
status: public
title: Time-bin entanglement in the deterministic generation of linear photonic cluster
  states
type: journal_article
user_id: '16199'
volume: 1
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '61253'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "<jats:p>In the SUPER scheme (Swing-UP of the quantum EmitteR population),
    excitation of a quantum emitter is achieved with two off-resonant, red-detuned
    laser pulses. This allows the generation of high-quality single photons without
    the need of complex laser stray light suppression or careful spectral filtering.
    In the present work, we extend this promising method to quantum emitters, specifically
    semiconductor quantum dots, inside a resonant optical cavity. A significant advantage
    of the SUPER scheme is identified in that it eliminates re-excitation of the quantum
    emitter by suppressing photon emission during the excitation cycle. This, in turn,
    leads to almost ideal single-photon purity, overcoming a major factor typically
    limiting the quality of photons generated with quantum emitters in high-quality
    cavities. We further find that for cavity-mediated biexciton emission of degenerate
    photon pairs, the SUPER scheme leads to near-perfect biexciton initialization
    with very high values of polarization entanglement of emitted photon pairs.</jats:p>\r\n
    \         <jats:sec>\r\n            <jats:title/>\r\n            <jats:supplementary-material>\r\n
    \             <jats:permissions>\r\n                <jats:copyright-statement>Published
    by the American Physical Society</jats:copyright-statement>\r\n                <jats:copyright-year>2024</jats:copyright-year>\r\n
    \             </jats:permissions>\r\n            </jats:supplementary-material>\r\n
    \         </jats:sec>"
article_number: L012017
author:
- first_name: Nils
  full_name: Heinisch, Nils
  id: '90283'
  last_name: Heinisch
  orcid: 0009-0006-0984-2097
- first_name: Nikolas
  full_name: Köcher, Nikolas
  id: '79191'
  last_name: Köcher
- first_name: David
  full_name: Bauch, David
  last_name: Bauch
- first_name: Stefan
  full_name: Schumacher, Stefan
  id: '27271'
  last_name: Schumacher
  orcid: 0000-0003-4042-4951
citation:
  ama: 'Heinisch N, Köcher N, Bauch D, Schumacher S. Swing-up dynamics in quantum
    emitter cavity systems: Near ideal single photons and entangled photon pairs.
    <i>Physical Review Research</i>. 2024;6(1). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevresearch.6.l012017">10.1103/physrevresearch.6.l012017</a>'
  apa: 'Heinisch, N., Köcher, N., Bauch, D., &#38; Schumacher, S. (2024). Swing-up
    dynamics in quantum emitter cavity systems: Near ideal single photons and entangled
    photon pairs. <i>Physical Review Research</i>, <i>6</i>(1), Article L012017. <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevresearch.6.l012017">https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevresearch.6.l012017</a>'
  bibtex: '@article{Heinisch_Köcher_Bauch_Schumacher_2024, title={Swing-up dynamics
    in quantum emitter cavity systems: Near ideal single photons and entangled photon
    pairs}, volume={6}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevresearch.6.l012017">10.1103/physrevresearch.6.l012017</a>},
    number={1L012017}, journal={Physical Review Research}, publisher={American Physical
    Society (APS)}, author={Heinisch, Nils and Köcher, Nikolas and Bauch, David and
    Schumacher, Stefan}, year={2024} }'
  chicago: 'Heinisch, Nils, Nikolas Köcher, David Bauch, and Stefan Schumacher. “Swing-up
    Dynamics in Quantum Emitter Cavity Systems: Near Ideal Single Photons and Entangled
    Photon Pairs.” <i>Physical Review Research</i> 6, no. 1 (2024). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevresearch.6.l012017">https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevresearch.6.l012017</a>.'
  ieee: 'N. Heinisch, N. Köcher, D. Bauch, and S. Schumacher, “Swing-up dynamics in
    quantum emitter cavity systems: Near ideal single photons and entangled photon
    pairs,” <i>Physical Review Research</i>, vol. 6, no. 1, Art. no. L012017, 2024,
    doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevresearch.6.l012017">10.1103/physrevresearch.6.l012017</a>.'
  mla: 'Heinisch, Nils, et al. “Swing-up Dynamics in Quantum Emitter Cavity Systems:
    Near Ideal Single Photons and Entangled Photon Pairs.” <i>Physical Review Research</i>,
    vol. 6, no. 1, L012017, American Physical Society (APS), 2024, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevresearch.6.l012017">10.1103/physrevresearch.6.l012017</a>.'
  short: N. Heinisch, N. Köcher, D. Bauch, S. Schumacher, Physical Review Research
    6 (2024).
date_created: 2025-09-12T11:16:31Z
date_updated: 2025-09-12T11:18:05Z
department:
- _id: '15'
- _id: '170'
- _id: '297'
- _id: '35'
- _id: '230'
- _id: '429'
- _id: '27'
doi: 10.1103/physrevresearch.6.l012017
intvolume: '         6'
issue: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
project:
- _id: '52'
  name: Computing Resources Provided by the Paderborn Center for Parallel Computing
- _id: '53'
  name: 'TRR 142: Maßgeschneiderte nichtlineare Photonik: Von grundlegenden Konzepten
    zu funktionellen Strukturen'
- _id: '56'
  name: TRR 142 - Project Area C
- _id: '173'
  name: 'TRR 142; TP C09: Ideale Erzeugung von Photonenpaaren für Verschränkungsaustausch
    bei Telekom Wellenlängen'
publication: Physical Review Research
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2643-1564
publication_status: published
publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
status: public
title: 'Swing-up dynamics in quantum emitter cavity systems: Near ideal single photons
  and entangled photon pairs'
type: journal_article
user_id: '16199'
volume: 6
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '61255'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\r\n               <jats:p>Topological states
    have been widely investigated in different types of systems and lattices. In the
    present work, we report on topological edge states in double-wave (DW) chains,
    which can be described by a generalized Aubry-André-Harper (AAH) model. For the
    specific system of a driven-dissipative exciton polariton system we show that
    in such potential chains, different types of edge states can form. For resonant
    optical excitation, we further find that the optical nonlinearity leads to a multistability
    of different edge states. This includes topologically protected edge states evolved
    directly from individual linear eigenstates as well as additional edge states
    that originate from nonlinearity-induced localization of bulk states. Extending
    the system into two dimensions (2D) by stacking horizontal DW chains in the vertical
    direction, we also create 2D multi-wave lattices. In such 2D lattices multiple
    Su–Schrieffer–Heeger (SSH) chains appear along the vertical direction. The combination
    of DW chains in the horizonal and SSH chains in the vertical direction then results
    in the formation of higher-order topological insulator corner states. Multistable
    corner states emerge in the nonlinear regime.</jats:p>"
author:
- first_name: Tobias
  full_name: Schneider, Tobias
  last_name: Schneider
- first_name: Wenlong
  full_name: Gao, Wenlong
  id: '78853'
  last_name: Gao
- first_name: Thomas
  full_name: Zentgraf, Thomas
  id: '30525'
  last_name: Zentgraf
  orcid: 0000-0002-8662-1101
- first_name: Stefan
  full_name: Schumacher, Stefan
  id: '27271'
  last_name: Schumacher
  orcid: 0000-0003-4042-4951
- first_name: Xuekai
  full_name: Ma, Xuekai
  id: '59416'
  last_name: Ma
citation:
  ama: Schneider T, Gao W, Zentgraf T, Schumacher S, Ma X. Topological edge and corner
    states in coupled wave lattices in nonlinear polariton condensates. <i>Nanophotonics</i>.
    2024;13(4):509-518. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2023-0556">10.1515/nanoph-2023-0556</a>
  apa: Schneider, T., Gao, W., Zentgraf, T., Schumacher, S., &#38; Ma, X. (2024).
    Topological edge and corner states in coupled wave lattices in nonlinear polariton
    condensates. <i>Nanophotonics</i>, <i>13</i>(4), 509–518. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2023-0556">https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2023-0556</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Schneider_Gao_Zentgraf_Schumacher_Ma_2024, title={Topological
    edge and corner states in coupled wave lattices in nonlinear polariton condensates},
    volume={13}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2023-0556">10.1515/nanoph-2023-0556</a>},
    number={4}, journal={Nanophotonics}, publisher={Walter de Gruyter GmbH}, author={Schneider,
    Tobias and Gao, Wenlong and Zentgraf, Thomas and Schumacher, Stefan and Ma, Xuekai},
    year={2024}, pages={509–518} }'
  chicago: 'Schneider, Tobias, Wenlong Gao, Thomas Zentgraf, Stefan Schumacher, and
    Xuekai Ma. “Topological Edge and Corner States in Coupled Wave Lattices in Nonlinear
    Polariton Condensates.” <i>Nanophotonics</i> 13, no. 4 (2024): 509–18. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2023-0556">https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2023-0556</a>.'
  ieee: 'T. Schneider, W. Gao, T. Zentgraf, S. Schumacher, and X. Ma, “Topological
    edge and corner states in coupled wave lattices in nonlinear polariton condensates,”
    <i>Nanophotonics</i>, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 509–518, 2024, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2023-0556">10.1515/nanoph-2023-0556</a>.'
  mla: Schneider, Tobias, et al. “Topological Edge and Corner States in Coupled Wave
    Lattices in Nonlinear Polariton Condensates.” <i>Nanophotonics</i>, vol. 13, no.
    4, Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2024, pp. 509–18, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2023-0556">10.1515/nanoph-2023-0556</a>.
  short: T. Schneider, W. Gao, T. Zentgraf, S. Schumacher, X. Ma, Nanophotonics 13
    (2024) 509–518.
date_created: 2025-09-12T11:19:22Z
date_updated: 2025-09-12T11:22:41Z
department:
- _id: '15'
- _id: '170'
- _id: '297'
- _id: '705'
- _id: '35'
- _id: '230'
- _id: '429'
- _id: '27'
doi: 10.1515/nanoph-2023-0556
intvolume: '        13'
issue: '4'
language:
- iso: eng
page: 509-518
project:
- _id: '52'
  name: Computing Resources Provided by the Paderborn Center for Parallel Computing
- _id: '53'
  name: 'TRR 142: Maßgeschneiderte nichtlineare Photonik: Von grundlegenden Konzepten
    zu funktionellen Strukturen'
- _id: '54'
  name: TRR 142 - Project Area A
- _id: '55'
  name: TRR 142 - Project Area B
- _id: '61'
  name: 'TRR 142; TP A04: Nichtlineare Quantenprozesstomographie und Photonik mit
    Polaritonen in Mikrokavitäten'
- _id: '170'
  name: 'TRR 142; TP B09: Effiziente Erzeugung mit maßgeschneiderter optischer Phaselage
    der zweiten Harmonischen mittels Quasi-gebundener Zustände in GaAs Metaoberflächen'
publication: Nanophotonics
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2192-8614
publication_status: published
publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH
status: public
title: Topological edge and corner states in coupled wave lattices in nonlinear polariton
  condensates
type: journal_article
user_id: '16199'
volume: 13
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '61257'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "<jats:p>Exceptional points (EPs), with their intriguing spectral topology,
    have attracted considerable attention in a broad range of physical systems, with
    potential sensing applications driving much of the present research in this field.
    Here, we investigate spectral topology and EPs in systems with significant nonlinearity,
    exemplified by a nonequilibrium exciton-polariton condensate. With the possibility
    to control loss and gain and nonlinearity by optical means, this system allows
    for a comprehensive analysis of the interplay of nonlinearities (Kerr type and
    saturable gain) and non-Hermiticity. Not only do we find that EPs can be intentionally
    shifted in parameter space by the saturable gain, but we also observe intriguing
    rotations and intersections of Riemann surfaces and find nonlinearity-enhanced
    sensing capabilities. With this, our results illustrate the potential of tailoring
    spectral topology and related phenomena in non-Hermitian systems by nonlinearity.</jats:p>\r\n
    \         <jats:sec>\r\n            <jats:title/>\r\n            <jats:supplementary-material>\r\n
    \             <jats:permissions>\r\n                <jats:copyright-statement>Published
    by the American Physical Society</jats:copyright-statement>\r\n                <jats:copyright-year>2024</jats:copyright-year>\r\n
    \             </jats:permissions>\r\n            </jats:supplementary-material>\r\n
    \         </jats:sec>"
article_number: '013148'
author:
- first_name: Jan
  full_name: Wingenbach, Jan
  id: '69187'
  last_name: Wingenbach
- first_name: Stefan
  full_name: Schumacher, Stefan
  id: '27271'
  last_name: Schumacher
  orcid: 0000-0003-4042-4951
- first_name: Xuekai
  full_name: Ma, Xuekai
  id: '59416'
  last_name: Ma
citation:
  ama: Wingenbach J, Schumacher S, Ma X. Manipulating spectral topology and exceptional
    points by nonlinearity in non-Hermitian polariton systems. <i>Physical Review
    Research</i>. 2024;6(1). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevresearch.6.013148">10.1103/physrevresearch.6.013148</a>
  apa: Wingenbach, J., Schumacher, S., &#38; Ma, X. (2024). Manipulating spectral
    topology and exceptional points by nonlinearity in non-Hermitian polariton systems.
    <i>Physical Review Research</i>, <i>6</i>(1), Article 013148. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevresearch.6.013148">https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevresearch.6.013148</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Wingenbach_Schumacher_Ma_2024, title={Manipulating spectral topology
    and exceptional points by nonlinearity in non-Hermitian polariton systems}, volume={6},
    DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevresearch.6.013148">10.1103/physrevresearch.6.013148</a>},
    number={1013148}, journal={Physical Review Research}, publisher={American Physical
    Society (APS)}, author={Wingenbach, Jan and Schumacher, Stefan and Ma, Xuekai},
    year={2024} }'
  chicago: Wingenbach, Jan, Stefan Schumacher, and Xuekai Ma. “Manipulating Spectral
    Topology and Exceptional Points by Nonlinearity in Non-Hermitian Polariton Systems.”
    <i>Physical Review Research</i> 6, no. 1 (2024). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevresearch.6.013148">https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevresearch.6.013148</a>.
  ieee: 'J. Wingenbach, S. Schumacher, and X. Ma, “Manipulating spectral topology
    and exceptional points by nonlinearity in non-Hermitian polariton systems,” <i>Physical
    Review Research</i>, vol. 6, no. 1, Art. no. 013148, 2024, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevresearch.6.013148">10.1103/physrevresearch.6.013148</a>.'
  mla: Wingenbach, Jan, et al. “Manipulating Spectral Topology and Exceptional Points
    by Nonlinearity in Non-Hermitian Polariton Systems.” <i>Physical Review Research</i>,
    vol. 6, no. 1, 013148, American Physical Society (APS), 2024, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevresearch.6.013148">10.1103/physrevresearch.6.013148</a>.
  short: J. Wingenbach, S. Schumacher, X. Ma, Physical Review Research 6 (2024).
date_created: 2025-09-12T11:23:33Z
date_updated: 2025-09-12T11:24:59Z
department:
- _id: '15'
- _id: '170'
- _id: '297'
- _id: '705'
- _id: '35'
- _id: '230'
- _id: '27'
- _id: '429'
doi: 10.1103/physrevresearch.6.013148
intvolume: '         6'
issue: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
project:
- _id: '52'
  name: Computing Resources Provided by the Paderborn Center for Parallel Computing
- _id: '53'
  name: 'TRR 142: Maßgeschneiderte nichtlineare Photonik: Von grundlegenden Konzepten
    zu funktionellen Strukturen'
- _id: '54'
  name: TRR 142 - Project Area A
- _id: '61'
  name: 'TRR 142; TP A04: Nichtlineare Quantenprozesstomographie und Photonik mit
    Polaritonen in Mikrokavitäten'
publication: Physical Review Research
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2643-1564
publication_status: published
publisher: American Physical Society (APS)
status: public
title: Manipulating spectral topology and exceptional points by nonlinearity in non-Hermitian
  polariton systems
type: journal_article
user_id: '16199'
volume: 6
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '61259'
author:
- first_name: Fabian
  full_name: Bauch, Fabian
  last_name: Bauch
- first_name: Chuan-Ding
  full_name: Dong, Chuan-Ding
  last_name: Dong
- first_name: Stefan
  full_name: Schumacher, Stefan
  id: '27271'
  last_name: Schumacher
  orcid: 0000-0003-4042-4951
citation:
  ama: Bauch F, Dong C-D, Schumacher S. Dynamics of Electron–Hole Coulomb Attractive
    Energy and Dipole Moment of Hot Excitons in Donor–Acceptor Polymers. <i>The Journal
    of Physical Chemistry C</i>. 2024;128(8):3525-3532. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c07513">10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c07513</a>
  apa: Bauch, F., Dong, C.-D., &#38; Schumacher, S. (2024). Dynamics of Electron–Hole
    Coulomb Attractive Energy and Dipole Moment of Hot Excitons in Donor–Acceptor
    Polymers. <i>The Journal of Physical Chemistry C</i>, <i>128</i>(8), 3525–3532.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c07513">https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c07513</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Bauch_Dong_Schumacher_2024, title={Dynamics of Electron–Hole Coulomb
    Attractive Energy and Dipole Moment of Hot Excitons in Donor–Acceptor Polymers},
    volume={128}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c07513">10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c07513</a>},
    number={8}, journal={The Journal of Physical Chemistry C}, publisher={American
    Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Bauch, Fabian and Dong, Chuan-Ding and Schumacher,
    Stefan}, year={2024}, pages={3525–3532} }'
  chicago: 'Bauch, Fabian, Chuan-Ding Dong, and Stefan Schumacher. “Dynamics of Electron–Hole
    Coulomb Attractive Energy and Dipole Moment of Hot Excitons in Donor–Acceptor
    Polymers.” <i>The Journal of Physical Chemistry C</i> 128, no. 8 (2024): 3525–32.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c07513">https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c07513</a>.'
  ieee: 'F. Bauch, C.-D. Dong, and S. Schumacher, “Dynamics of Electron–Hole Coulomb
    Attractive Energy and Dipole Moment of Hot Excitons in Donor–Acceptor Polymers,”
    <i>The Journal of Physical Chemistry C</i>, vol. 128, no. 8, pp. 3525–3532, 2024,
    doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c07513">10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c07513</a>.'
  mla: Bauch, Fabian, et al. “Dynamics of Electron–Hole Coulomb Attractive Energy
    and Dipole Moment of Hot Excitons in Donor–Acceptor Polymers.” <i>The Journal
    of Physical Chemistry C</i>, vol. 128, no. 8, American Chemical Society (ACS),
    2024, pp. 3525–32, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c07513">10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c07513</a>.
  short: F. Bauch, C.-D. Dong, S. Schumacher, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C
    128 (2024) 3525–3532.
date_created: 2025-09-12T11:26:49Z
date_updated: 2025-09-12T11:27:57Z
department:
- _id: '15'
- _id: '170'
- _id: '297'
- _id: '35'
- _id: '230'
- _id: '27'
doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c07513
intvolume: '       128'
issue: '8'
language:
- iso: eng
page: 3525-3532
project:
- _id: '52'
  name: Computing Resources Provided by the Paderborn Center for Parallel Computing
publication: The Journal of Physical Chemistry C
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1932-7447
  - 1932-7455
publication_status: published
publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
status: public
title: Dynamics of Electron–Hole Coulomb Attractive Energy and Dipole Moment of Hot
  Excitons in Donor–Acceptor Polymers
type: journal_article
user_id: '16199'
volume: 128
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '61263'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: <jats:p>Charge transfer mechanism in the deprotonation-induced n-type doping
    of PCBM.</jats:p>
author:
- first_name: Chuan-Ding
  full_name: Dong, Chuan-Ding
  last_name: Dong
- first_name: Fabian
  full_name: Bauch, Fabian
  id: '61389'
  last_name: Bauch
  orcid: 0009-0008-6279-077X
- first_name: Yuanyuan
  full_name: Hu, Yuanyuan
  last_name: Hu
- first_name: Stefan
  full_name: Schumacher, Stefan
  id: '27271'
  last_name: Schumacher
  orcid: 0000-0003-4042-4951
citation:
  ama: Dong C-D, Bauch F, Hu Y, Schumacher S. Charge transfer in superbase n-type
    doping of PCBM induced by deprotonation. <i>Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics</i>.
    2024;26(5):4194-4199. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1039/d3cp05105f">10.1039/d3cp05105f</a>
  apa: Dong, C.-D., Bauch, F., Hu, Y., &#38; Schumacher, S. (2024). Charge transfer
    in superbase n-type doping of PCBM induced by deprotonation. <i>Physical Chemistry
    Chemical Physics</i>, <i>26</i>(5), 4194–4199. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1039/d3cp05105f">https://doi.org/10.1039/d3cp05105f</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Dong_Bauch_Hu_Schumacher_2024, title={Charge transfer in superbase
    n-type doping of PCBM induced by deprotonation}, volume={26}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1039/d3cp05105f">10.1039/d3cp05105f</a>},
    number={5}, journal={Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics}, publisher={Royal Society
    of Chemistry (RSC)}, author={Dong, Chuan-Ding and Bauch, Fabian and Hu, Yuanyuan
    and Schumacher, Stefan}, year={2024}, pages={4194–4199} }'
  chicago: 'Dong, Chuan-Ding, Fabian Bauch, Yuanyuan Hu, and Stefan Schumacher. “Charge
    Transfer in Superbase N-Type Doping of PCBM Induced by Deprotonation.” <i>Physical
    Chemistry Chemical Physics</i> 26, no. 5 (2024): 4194–99. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1039/d3cp05105f">https://doi.org/10.1039/d3cp05105f</a>.'
  ieee: 'C.-D. Dong, F. Bauch, Y. Hu, and S. Schumacher, “Charge transfer in superbase
    n-type doping of PCBM induced by deprotonation,” <i>Physical Chemistry Chemical
    Physics</i>, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 4194–4199, 2024, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1039/d3cp05105f">10.1039/d3cp05105f</a>.'
  mla: Dong, Chuan-Ding, et al. “Charge Transfer in Superbase N-Type Doping of PCBM
    Induced by Deprotonation.” <i>Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics</i>, vol. 26,
    no. 5, Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), 2024, pp. 4194–99, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1039/d3cp05105f">10.1039/d3cp05105f</a>.
  short: C.-D. Dong, F. Bauch, Y. Hu, S. Schumacher, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
    26 (2024) 4194–4199.
date_created: 2025-09-12T11:29:33Z
date_updated: 2025-09-12T11:30:40Z
department:
- _id: '15'
- _id: '170'
- _id: '297'
- _id: '230'
- _id: '27'
doi: 10.1039/d3cp05105f
intvolume: '        26'
issue: '5'
language:
- iso: eng
page: 4194-4199
project:
- _id: '52'
  name: Computing Resources Provided by the Paderborn Center for Parallel Computing
publication: Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1463-9076
  - 1463-9084
publication_status: published
publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
status: public
title: Charge transfer in superbase n-type doping of PCBM induced by deprotonation
type: journal_article
user_id: '16199'
volume: 26
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '61357'
author:
- first_name: Marvin
  full_name: Krenz, Marvin
  last_name: Krenz
- first_name: Simone
  full_name: Sanna, Simone
  last_name: Sanna
- first_name: Uwe
  full_name: Gerstmann, Uwe
  id: '171'
  last_name: Gerstmann
  orcid: 0000-0002-4476-223X
- first_name: Wolf Gero
  full_name: Schmidt, Wolf Gero
  id: '468'
  last_name: Schmidt
  orcid: 0000-0002-2717-5076
citation:
  ama: Krenz M, Sanna S, Gerstmann U, Schmidt WG. Understanding and Improving Triplet
    Exciton Transfer in Sensitized Silicon Solar Cells. <i>The Journal of Physical
    Chemistry C</i>. 2024;128(41):17774-17778. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c05446">10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c05446</a>
  apa: Krenz, M., Sanna, S., Gerstmann, U., &#38; Schmidt, W. G. (2024). Understanding
    and Improving Triplet Exciton Transfer in Sensitized Silicon Solar Cells. <i>The
    Journal of Physical Chemistry C</i>, <i>128</i>(41), 17774–17778. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c05446">https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c05446</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Krenz_Sanna_Gerstmann_Schmidt_2024, title={Understanding and Improving
    Triplet Exciton Transfer in Sensitized Silicon Solar Cells}, volume={128}, DOI={<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c05446">10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c05446</a>},
    number={41}, journal={The Journal of Physical Chemistry C}, publisher={American
    Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Krenz, Marvin and Sanna, Simone and Gerstmann,
    Uwe and Schmidt, Wolf Gero}, year={2024}, pages={17774–17778} }'
  chicago: 'Krenz, Marvin, Simone Sanna, Uwe Gerstmann, and Wolf Gero Schmidt. “Understanding
    and Improving Triplet Exciton Transfer in Sensitized Silicon Solar Cells.” <i>The
    Journal of Physical Chemistry C</i> 128, no. 41 (2024): 17774–78. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c05446">https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c05446</a>.'
  ieee: 'M. Krenz, S. Sanna, U. Gerstmann, and W. G. Schmidt, “Understanding and Improving
    Triplet Exciton Transfer in Sensitized Silicon Solar Cells,” <i>The Journal of
    Physical Chemistry C</i>, vol. 128, no. 41, pp. 17774–17778, 2024, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c05446">10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c05446</a>.'
  mla: Krenz, Marvin, et al. “Understanding and Improving Triplet Exciton Transfer
    in Sensitized Silicon Solar Cells.” <i>The Journal of Physical Chemistry C</i>,
    vol. 128, no. 41, American Chemical Society (ACS), 2024, pp. 17774–78, doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c05446">10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c05446</a>.
  short: M. Krenz, S. Sanna, U. Gerstmann, W.G. Schmidt, The Journal of Physical Chemistry
    C 128 (2024) 17774–17778.
date_created: 2025-09-18T11:32:33Z
date_updated: 2025-09-18T11:34:21Z
department:
- _id: '15'
- _id: '170'
- _id: '295'
- _id: '790'
- _id: '230'
- _id: '429'
- _id: '35'
- _id: '27'
doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c05446
intvolume: '       128'
issue: '41'
language:
- iso: eng
page: 17774-17778
project:
- _id: '53'
  name: 'TRR 142: Maßgeschneiderte nichtlineare Photonik: Von grundlegenden Konzepten
    zu funktionellen Strukturen'
- _id: '54'
  name: TRR 142 - Project Area A
- _id: '55'
  name: TRR 142 - Project Area B
- _id: '166'
  name: TRR 142 - Subproject A11
- _id: '168'
  name: TRR 142 - Polaronen-Einfluss auf die optischen Eigenschaften von Lithiumniobat
    (B07*)
- _id: '52'
  name: Computing Resources Provided by the Paderborn Center for Parallel Computing
publication: The Journal of Physical Chemistry C
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1932-7447
  - 1932-7455
publication_status: published
publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
status: public
title: Understanding and Improving Triplet Exciton Transfer in Sensitized Silicon
  Solar Cells
type: journal_article
user_id: '16199'
volume: 128
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '62067'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Most FPGA boards in the HPC domain are well-suited for parallel scaling because
    of the direct integration of versatile and high-throughput network ports. However,
    the utilization of their network capabilities is often challenging and error-prone
    because the whole network stack and communication patterns have to be implemented
    and managed on the FPGAs. Also, this approach conceptually involves a trade-off
    between the performance potential of improved communication and the impact of
    resource consumption for communication infrastructure, since the utilized resources
    on the FPGAs could otherwise be used for computations. In this work, we investigate
    this trade-off, firstly, by using synthetic benchmarks to evaluate the different
    configuration options of the communication framework ACCL and their impact on
    communication latency and throughput. Finally, we use our findings to implement
    a shallow water simulation whose scalability heavily depends on low-latency communication.
    With a suitable configuration of ACCL, good scaling behavior can be shown to all
    48 FPGAs installed in the system. Overall, the results show that the availability
    of inter-FPGA communication frameworks as well as the configurability of framework and
    network stack are crucial to achieve the best application performance with low
    latency communication.
author:
- first_name: Marius
  full_name: Meyer, Marius
  id: '40778'
  last_name: Meyer
- first_name: Tobias
  full_name: Kenter, Tobias
  id: '3145'
  last_name: Kenter
- first_name: Lucian
  full_name: Petrica, Lucian
  last_name: Petrica
- first_name: Kenneth
  full_name: O’Brien, Kenneth
  last_name: O’Brien
- first_name: Michaela
  full_name: Blott, Michaela
  last_name: Blott
- first_name: Christian
  full_name: Plessl, Christian
  id: '16153'
  last_name: Plessl
  orcid: 0000-0001-5728-9982
citation:
  ama: 'Meyer M, Kenter T, Petrica L, O’Brien K, Blott M, Plessl C. Optimizing Communication
    for Latency Sensitive HPC Applications on up to 48 FPGAs Using ACCL. In: <i>Lecture
    Notes in Computer Science</i>. Springer Nature Switzerland; 2024. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-69766-1_9">10.1007/978-3-031-69766-1_9</a>'
  apa: Meyer, M., Kenter, T., Petrica, L., O’Brien, K., Blott, M., &#38; Plessl, C.
    (2024). Optimizing Communication for Latency Sensitive HPC Applications on up
    to 48 FPGAs Using ACCL. In <i>Lecture Notes in Computer Science</i>. Springer
    Nature Switzerland. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-69766-1_9">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-69766-1_9</a>
  bibtex: '@inbook{Meyer_Kenter_Petrica_O’Brien_Blott_Plessl_2024, place={Cham}, title={Optimizing
    Communication for Latency Sensitive HPC Applications on up to 48 FPGAs Using ACCL},
    DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-69766-1_9">10.1007/978-3-031-69766-1_9</a>},
    booktitle={Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, publisher={Springer Nature Switzerland},
    author={Meyer, Marius and Kenter, Tobias and Petrica, Lucian and O’Brien, Kenneth
    and Blott, Michaela and Plessl, Christian}, year={2024} }'
  chicago: 'Meyer, Marius, Tobias Kenter, Lucian Petrica, Kenneth O’Brien, Michaela
    Blott, and Christian Plessl. “Optimizing Communication for Latency Sensitive HPC
    Applications on up to 48 FPGAs Using ACCL.” In <i>Lecture Notes in Computer Science</i>.
    Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-69766-1_9">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-69766-1_9</a>.'
  ieee: 'M. Meyer, T. Kenter, L. Petrica, K. O’Brien, M. Blott, and C. Plessl, “Optimizing
    Communication for Latency Sensitive HPC Applications on up to 48 FPGAs Using ACCL,”
    in <i>Lecture Notes in Computer Science</i>, Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland,
    2024.'
  mla: Meyer, Marius, et al. “Optimizing Communication for Latency Sensitive HPC Applications
    on up to 48 FPGAs Using ACCL.” <i>Lecture Notes in Computer Science</i>, Springer
    Nature Switzerland, 2024, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-69766-1_9">10.1007/978-3-031-69766-1_9</a>.
  short: 'M. Meyer, T. Kenter, L. Petrica, K. O’Brien, M. Blott, C. Plessl, in: Lecture
    Notes in Computer Science, Springer Nature Switzerland, Cham, 2024.'
date_created: 2025-11-04T09:50:24Z
date_updated: 2025-11-04T09:51:22Z
department:
- _id: '27'
- _id: '518'
doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-69766-1_9
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
oa: '1'
place: Cham
project:
- _id: '52'
  name: Computing Resources Provided by the Paderborn Center for Parallel Computing
publication: Lecture Notes in Computer Science
publication_identifier:
  isbn:
  - '9783031697654'
  - '9783031697661'
  issn:
  - 0302-9743
  - 1611-3349
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Nature Switzerland
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Optimizing Communication for Latency Sensitive HPC Applications on up to 48
  FPGAs Using ACCL
type: book_chapter
user_id: '3145'
year: '2024'
...
---
_id: '56604'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: This manuscript makes the claim of having computed the 9th Dedekind number,
    D(9). This was done by accelerating the core operation of the process with an
    efficient FPGA design that outperforms an optimized 64-core CPU reference by 95x.
    The FPGA execution was parallelized on the Noctua 2 supercomputer at Paderborn
    University. The resulting value for D(9) is 286386577668298411128469151667598498812366.
    This value can be verified in two steps. We have made the data file containing
    the 490 M results available, each of which can be verified separately on CPU,
    and the whole file sums to our proposed value. The paper explains the mathematical
    approach in the first part, before putting the focus on a deep dive into the FPGA
    accelerator implementation followed by a performance analysis. The FPGA implementation
    was done in Register-Transfer Level using a dual-clock architecture and shows
    how we achieved an impressive FMax of 450 MHz on the targeted Stratix 10 GX 2,800
    FPGAs. The total compute time used was 47,000 FPGA hours.
author:
- first_name: Lennart
  full_name: Van Hirtum, Lennart
  id: '100210'
  last_name: Van Hirtum
- first_name: Patrick
  full_name: De Causmaecker, Patrick
  last_name: De Causmaecker
- first_name: Jens
  full_name: Goemaere, Jens
  last_name: Goemaere
- first_name: Tobias
  full_name: Kenter, Tobias
  id: '3145'
  last_name: Kenter
- first_name: Heinrich
  full_name: Riebler, Heinrich
  id: '8961'
  last_name: Riebler
- first_name: Michael
  full_name: Lass, Michael
  id: '24135'
  last_name: Lass
  orcid: 0000-0002-5708-7632
- first_name: Christian
  full_name: Plessl, Christian
  id: '16153'
  last_name: Plessl
  orcid: 0000-0001-5728-9982
citation:
  ama: Van Hirtum L, De Causmaecker P, Goemaere J, et al. A Computation of the Ninth
    Dedekind Number Using FPGA Supercomputing. <i>ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable
    Technology and Systems</i>. 2024;17(3):1-28. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3674147">10.1145/3674147</a>
  apa: Van Hirtum, L., De Causmaecker, P., Goemaere, J., Kenter, T., Riebler, H.,
    Lass, M., &#38; Plessl, C. (2024). A Computation of the Ninth Dedekind Number
    Using FPGA Supercomputing. <i>ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and
    Systems</i>, <i>17</i>(3), 1–28. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3674147">https://doi.org/10.1145/3674147</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Van Hirtum_De Causmaecker_Goemaere_Kenter_Riebler_Lass_Plessl_2024,
    title={A Computation of the Ninth Dedekind Number Using FPGA Supercomputing},
    volume={17}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3674147">10.1145/3674147</a>},
    number={3}, journal={ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems},
    publisher={Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)}, author={Van Hirtum, Lennart
    and De Causmaecker, Patrick and Goemaere, Jens and Kenter, Tobias and Riebler,
    Heinrich and Lass, Michael and Plessl, Christian}, year={2024}, pages={1–28} }'
  chicago: 'Van Hirtum, Lennart, Patrick De Causmaecker, Jens Goemaere, Tobias Kenter,
    Heinrich Riebler, Michael Lass, and Christian Plessl. “A Computation of the Ninth
    Dedekind Number Using FPGA Supercomputing.” <i>ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable
    Technology and Systems</i> 17, no. 3 (2024): 1–28. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3674147">https://doi.org/10.1145/3674147</a>.'
  ieee: 'L. Van Hirtum <i>et al.</i>, “A Computation of the Ninth Dedekind Number
    Using FPGA Supercomputing,” <i>ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and
    Systems</i>, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 1–28, 2024, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3674147">10.1145/3674147</a>.'
  mla: Van Hirtum, Lennart, et al. “A Computation of the Ninth Dedekind Number Using
    FPGA Supercomputing.” <i>ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems</i>,
    vol. 17, no. 3, Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 2024, pp. 1–28, doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3674147">10.1145/3674147</a>.
  short: L. Van Hirtum, P. De Causmaecker, J. Goemaere, T. Kenter, H. Riebler, M.
    Lass, C. Plessl, ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems 17
    (2024) 1–28.
date_created: 2024-10-14T07:38:29Z
date_updated: 2025-11-04T09:53:26Z
department:
- _id: '27'
- _id: '518'
doi: 10.1145/3674147
intvolume: '        17'
issue: '3'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
oa: '1'
page: 1-28
project:
- _id: '52'
  name: 'PC2: Computing Resources Provided by the Paderborn Center for Parallel Computing'
publication: ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1936-7406
  - 1936-7414
publication_status: published
publisher: Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: A Computation of the Ninth Dedekind Number Using FPGA Supercomputing
type: journal_article
user_id: '3145'
volume: 17
year: '2024'
...
