--- _id: '18390' abstract: - lang: eng text: " Efficiencies and energy yields of microinverters available on the market during 2014‒2020 have been \r\nmeasured, compared, and ranked. Conversion efficiencies as a function of load have been measured indoors with high \r\naccuracy and ranked according to Euro- and CEC weightings. Energy yields have been measured outdoors via \r\nidentical and calibrated crystalline silicon PV modules of 215 Wp each. Inverters with two inputs have been fed by \r\ntwo of those modules. DC input, AC power output and energy yield of each micro-inverter have been recorded by \r\nindividual calibrated electricity meters. Apparently, some inverters have been optimized for high irradiance levels \r\nand ranked better at the CEC efficiency ranking, others performed very well also at low irradiance levels, thus \r\nranking higher at in the EU efficiency ranking. Efficiency ranks are slightly deviating from rankings by energy yield \r\nmeasurements. At one inverter, a slow MPPT algorithm that barely could follow quickly changing irradiance levels is \r\nmost probably responsible for this effect. Another inverter switched off for a while after operation at high power, \r\nanother one failed permanently. Apparently, some inverters are been optimized to show excellent datasheet ratings \r\nfor EU- or CEC- efficiency. On the other hand, two inverters (each featuring two inputs) did not show an outstanding \r\nperformance at the EU- and CEC-ratings but achieved leading ranks for AC energy yields. For the customer, AC \r\nyield is a major performance indicator of a microinverter and should be included in the datasheet." author: - first_name: Stefan full_name: Krauter, Stefan id: '28836' last_name: Krauter orcid: 0000-0002-3594-260X - first_name: Jörg full_name: Bendfeld, Jörg id: '16148' last_name: Bendfeld citation: ama: 'Krauter S, Bendfeld J. Micro-Inverters: An Update of Comparison of Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields. In: Proceedings of the EUPVSEC 2020. ; 2020:935-938. doi:10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4DO.7.2' apa: 'Krauter, S., & Bendfeld, J. (2020). Micro-Inverters: An Update of Comparison of Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields. Proceedings of the EUPVSEC 2020, 935–938. https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4DO.7.2' bibtex: '@inproceedings{Krauter_Bendfeld_2020, title={Micro-Inverters: An Update of Comparison of Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields}, DOI={10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4DO.7.2}, booktitle={Proceedings of the EUPVSEC 2020}, author={Krauter, Stefan and Bendfeld, Jörg}, year={2020}, pages={935–938} }' chicago: 'Krauter, Stefan, and Jörg Bendfeld. “Micro-Inverters: An Update of Comparison of Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields.” In Proceedings of the EUPVSEC 2020, 935–38, 2020. https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4DO.7.2.' ieee: 'S. Krauter and J. Bendfeld, “Micro-Inverters: An Update of Comparison of Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields,” in Proceedings of the EUPVSEC 2020, online, 2020, pp. 935–938, doi: 10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4DO.7.2.' mla: 'Krauter, Stefan, and Jörg Bendfeld. “Micro-Inverters: An Update of Comparison of Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields.” Proceedings of the EUPVSEC 2020, 2020, pp. 935–38, doi:10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4DO.7.2.' short: 'S. Krauter, J. Bendfeld, in: Proceedings of the EUPVSEC 2020, 2020, pp. 935–938.' conference: end_date: 2020-09-11 location: online name: 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EUPVSEC 2020) start_date: 2020-09-07 date_created: 2020-08-27T06:28:42Z date_updated: 2022-01-06T13:02:11Z department: - _id: '53' doi: 10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4DO.7.2 language: - iso: eng page: 935 - 938 publication: Proceedings of the EUPVSEC 2020 publication_identifier: isbn: - "\t3-936338-73-6" publication_status: published status: public title: 'Micro-Inverters: An Update of Comparison of Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields' type: conference user_id: '28836' year: '2020' ... --- _id: '16857' author: - first_name: Stefan full_name: Krauter, Stefan id: '28836' last_name: Krauter orcid: 0000-0002-3594-260X - first_name: Jörg full_name: Bendfeld, Jörg id: '16148' last_name: Bendfeld citation: ama: 'Krauter S, Bendfeld J. Einfluss der Betriebstemperatur auf den Wirkungsgrad von Modul-Wechselrichtern für PV-Netzeinspeisungen. In: Tagungsband des 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland). ; 2020.' apa: Krauter, S., & Bendfeld, J. (2020). Einfluss der Betriebstemperatur auf den Wirkungsgrad von Modul-Wechselrichtern für PV-Netzeinspeisungen. Tagungsband des 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland). 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland), 17.–19. März 2020 (verschoben auf 31. August bis 2. September 2020), Bad Staffelstein. bibtex: '@inproceedings{Krauter_Bendfeld_2020, title={Einfluss der Betriebstemperatur auf den Wirkungsgrad von Modul-Wechselrichtern für PV-Netzeinspeisungen}, booktitle={Tagungsband des 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland)}, author={Krauter, Stefan and Bendfeld, Jörg}, year={2020} }' chicago: Krauter, Stefan, and Jörg Bendfeld. “Einfluss der Betriebstemperatur auf den Wirkungsgrad von Modul-Wechselrichtern für PV-Netzeinspeisungen.” In Tagungsband des 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland), 2020. ieee: S. Krauter and J. Bendfeld, “Einfluss der Betriebstemperatur auf den Wirkungsgrad von Modul-Wechselrichtern für PV-Netzeinspeisungen,” presented at the 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland), 17.–19. März 2020 (verschoben auf 31. August bis 2. September 2020), Bad Staffelstein, 2020. mla: Krauter, Stefan, and Jörg Bendfeld. “Einfluss der Betriebstemperatur auf den Wirkungsgrad von Modul-Wechselrichtern für PV-Netzeinspeisungen.” Tagungsband des 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland), 2020. short: 'S. Krauter, J. Bendfeld, in: Tagungsband des 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland), 2020.' conference: end_date: 2020-09-02 location: Bad Staffelstein name: 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland), 17.–19. März 2020 (verschoben auf 31. August bis 2. September 2020) start_date: 2020-08-31 date_created: 2020-04-27T05:55:09Z date_updated: 2022-01-06T12:26:08Z department: - _id: '53' language: - iso: ger publication: Tagungsband des 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland) publication_status: published status: public title: Einfluss der Betriebstemperatur auf den Wirkungsgrad von Modul-Wechselrichtern für PV-Netzeinspeisungen type: conference user_id: '28836' year: '2020' ... --- _id: '19393' abstract: - lang: eng text: "To provide a simple instrument to operate residential Load-Shifting or Demand-Side-Management \r\nsystems, the measurement of the actual grid frequency seems to be an appropriate method. Due to the present \r\ninflexibility and the lack of sufficient throttling capabilities of lignite and nuclear power plants, a surplus of \r\nelectricity generation occurs during periods of high wind and solar power generation. While the specific CO2-\r\nemission is decreasing then ‒ due to the increased share of Renewables, the grid frequency is increasing (to a certain \r\nlimit). Using the grid frequency as an indicator to switch-on and off certain loads (loads that do not require power \r\npermanently (e.g. dishwashers, washing machines, dryers, fridges and freezers, heaters) could provide a simple, \r\ninexpensive demand-side management indicator to lower specific CO2‒emssions and costs (if a dynamic \r\nconsumption tariff is available). To check the truthfulness of that hypothesis, the grid and frequency data of the \r\nGerman grid of the year 2018 have been collected and a the correlation between grid frequency, power surplus, share \r\nof renewables vs. CO2-contents and price at the European energy exchange (EEX) have been calculated. The results \r\nshow: Correlation between frequency and share of renewables is quite low (r = 0.155) due to the fact that primary \r\ngrid control quickly compensates deviations from the 50 Hz nominal frequency. There is a good anti-correlation (r = -\r\n0.687) between the EEX‒prices and the share of renewables in the grid. Over the years, correlation between \r\nelectricity trading prices (EEX) and CO2 emissions is quite good (r =0.665), within the one year (2018) that \r\ncorrelation almost doesn’t exist, possibly due to the inflexibility of the bulky lignite power plants that even operate at \r\nnegative prices. \r\n" author: - first_name: Stefan full_name: Krauter, Stefan id: '28836' last_name: Krauter orcid: 0000-0002-3594-260X - first_name: L. full_name: Zhang, L. last_name: Zhang citation: ama: 'Krauter S, Zhang L. Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation of electricity prices, share of renewables, CO2‒contents, and grid‒frequency in the German electricity grid. In: Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020. ; 2020:1815-1817. doi:10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9' apa: 'Krauter, S., & Zhang, L. (2020). Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation of electricity prices, share of renewables, CO2‒contents, and grid‒frequency in the German electricity grid. Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020., 1815–1817. https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9' bibtex: '@inproceedings{Krauter_Zhang_2020, title={Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation of electricity prices, share of renewables, CO2‒contents, and grid‒frequency in the German electricity grid.}, DOI={10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020.}, author={Krauter, Stefan and Zhang, L.}, year={2020}, pages={1815–1817} }' chicago: 'Krauter, Stefan, and L. Zhang. “Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation of Electricity Prices, Share of Renewables, CO2‒contents, and Grid‒frequency in the German Electricity Grid.” In Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020., 1815–17, 2020. https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9.' ieee: 'S. Krauter and L. Zhang, “Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation of electricity prices, share of renewables, CO2‒contents, and grid‒frequency in the German electricity grid.,” in Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020., online, 2020, pp. 1815–1817, doi: 10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9.' mla: 'Krauter, Stefan, and L. Zhang. “Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation of Electricity Prices, Share of Renewables, CO2‒contents, and Grid‒frequency in the German Electricity Grid.” Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020., 2020, pp. 1815–17, doi:10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9.' short: 'S. Krauter, L. Zhang, in: Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020., 2020, pp. 1815–1817.' conference: end_date: 2020-09-11 location: online name: 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EUPVSEC 2020) start_date: 2020-09-07 date_created: 2020-09-14T12:43:43Z date_updated: 2022-01-06T12:42:22Z ddc: - '620' department: - _id: '53' doi: 10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9 file: - access_level: closed content_type: application/pdf creator: krauter date_created: 2022-01-06T12:35:49Z date_updated: 2022-01-06T12:35:49Z file_id: '29172' file_name: Krauter Zhang - Triggering DSM - EUPVSEC 2020.pdf file_size: 1309449 relation: main_file success: 1 file_date_updated: 2022-01-06T12:35:49Z has_accepted_license: '1' keyword: - 'Keywords: Load-Shifting' - Demand-Side-Management - DSM - grid frequency - EEX - electricity trading prices - renewable share - flexibility - emissions - CO2 language: - iso: eng page: 1815 - 1817 publication: Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020. publication_identifier: issn: - "\t3-936338-73-6" publication_status: published quality_controlled: '1' status: public title: 'Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation of electricity prices, share of renewables, CO2‒contents, and grid‒frequency in the German electricity grid.' type: conference user_id: '28836' year: '2020' ... --- _id: '19390' abstract: - lang: eng text: "Due to the strong reduction of PV prices, storage plays a dominating role in overall system costs. A \r\nsteeper elevation angle would result in a more balanced seasonal PV yield, at the cost of PV yield reductions during \r\nsummer, but allowing reduced storage capacities. Additionally, the effect of a single-axis tracking system has been \r\ninvestigated, generating more electricity during the morning and evening hours, thus reducing daily storage \r\nrequirements. The necessary PV size and storage capacities required for the German energy supply (1,500 TWh after \r\nelectrification of all sectors) via 100% renewable energies and a 50% solar share have been calculated via the \r\nHOMER Pro software, considering the bridging of periods of \"dark lulls“ in winter, using costs of 2030 (Table 1). \r\nResults: The increase of module elevation angles above the typical 30° leads to a reduction of investment and supply \r\ncosts. The optimum is reached at a cost reduction of -1.5% for an elevation angle at the latitude of the installation \r\nsite. An explanation is that high elevation angles are favorable for clear winter days, but not at all for the critical days \r\nwith diffuse irradiance only, so the battery capacity must be increased. For the same reason, tracking systems do not \r\noffer any cost advantage (at least for the ones without an option for horizontal positioning during diffuse days)." author: - first_name: Stefan full_name: Krauter, Stefan id: '28836' last_name: Krauter orcid: 0000-0002-3594-260X - first_name: D. full_name: Rustemovic, D. last_name: Rustemovic - first_name: Arash full_name: Khatibi, Arash id: '43538' last_name: Khatibi citation: ama: 'Krauter S, Rustemovic D, Khatibi A. Reduction of required storage capacities for a 100% renewable energy supply in Germany, if new PV systems are installed with east-west tracking systems at increased elevation angles. In: Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020. ; 2020:1818-1819. doi:10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.10' apa: Krauter, S., Rustemovic, D., & Khatibi, A. (2020). Reduction of required storage capacities for a 100% renewable energy supply in Germany, if new PV systems are installed with east-west tracking systems at increased elevation angles. Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020, 1818–1819. https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.10 bibtex: '@inproceedings{Krauter_Rustemovic_Khatibi_2020, title={Reduction of required storage capacities for a 100% renewable energy supply in Germany, if new PV systems are installed with east-west tracking systems at increased elevation angles}, DOI={10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.10}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020}, author={Krauter, Stefan and Rustemovic, D. and Khatibi, Arash}, year={2020}, pages={1818–1819} }' chicago: Krauter, Stefan, D. Rustemovic, and Arash Khatibi. “Reduction of Required Storage Capacities for a 100% Renewable Energy Supply in Germany, If New PV Systems Are Installed with East-West Tracking Systems at Increased Elevation Angles.” In Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020, 1818–19, 2020. https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.10. ieee: 'S. Krauter, D. Rustemovic, and A. Khatibi, “Reduction of required storage capacities for a 100% renewable energy supply in Germany, if new PV systems are installed with east-west tracking systems at increased elevation angles,” in Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020, online, 2020, pp. 1818–1819, doi: 10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.10.' mla: Krauter, Stefan, et al. “Reduction of Required Storage Capacities for a 100% Renewable Energy Supply in Germany, If New PV Systems Are Installed with East-West Tracking Systems at Increased Elevation Angles.” Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020, 2020, pp. 1818–19, doi:10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.10. short: 'S. Krauter, D. Rustemovic, A. Khatibi, in: Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020, 2020, pp. 1818–1819.' conference: end_date: 2020-09-11 location: online name: 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EUPVSEC 2020) start_date: 2020-09-07 date_created: 2020-09-14T12:42:30Z date_updated: 2022-01-06T13:43:51Z ddc: - '620' department: - _id: '53' doi: 10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.10 file: - access_level: closed content_type: application/pdf creator: krauter date_created: 2022-01-06T13:41:20Z date_updated: 2022-01-06T13:41:20Z file_id: '29178' file_name: Krauter Rustemovic Khatibi - Elevated Angle - EUPVSEC 2020.pdf file_size: 428312 relation: main_file success: 1 file_date_updated: 2022-01-06T13:41:20Z has_accepted_license: '1' keyword: - Energy Storage - PV system integration - Large Grid-connected PV systems - Simulation - Energy Supply Options language: - iso: eng page: 1818 - 1819 publication: Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020 publication_identifier: isbn: - 3-936338-73-6 publication_status: published quality_controlled: '1' status: public title: Reduction of required storage capacities for a 100% renewable energy supply in Germany, if new PV systems are installed with east-west tracking systems at increased elevation angles type: conference user_id: '28836' year: '2020' ... --- _id: '18387' abstract: - lang: eng text: " During comparative measurements of different PV microinverters, two yield issues came up that could \r\nnot be explored via conventional efficiency measurements, but do have a significant impact on electrical energy \r\nyield: First category of issues are either sluggish or nervously acting maximum–power–point–tracking devices, which \r\nlead to reduced energy yields. The other category of issues is thermal: As a first explanation for observed reduced \r\nenergy yields, it has been assumed that the conversion efficiency degrades at higher operating temperatures. This \r\nmatter has been investigated in this article: A change in conversion efficiency could not be observed for elevated \r\noperation temperatures up to 50°C, despite high-precision and repeated measurements. But it was found that some \r\ninverters temporarily interrupted (or entirely stopped) operation after long periods of running at high temperatures. \r\nAlso, a reduction in potential maximum power output has been detected for those inverters. Summarizing: With a \r\nhigh degree of certainty it can be stated that those reported yield losses have been caused by the temporary shutdowns \r\nand power limitations of the inverters." author: - first_name: Stefan full_name: Krauter, Stefan id: '28836' last_name: Krauter orcid: 0000-0002-3594-260X - first_name: Jörg full_name: Bendfeld, Jörg id: '16148' last_name: Bendfeld citation: ama: 'Krauter S, Bendfeld J. Elevated Temperatures Affecting Efficiency, Overall Performance and Energy Yield of PV Microinverters. In: Proceedings of the EU PVSEC 2020 . ; 2020:1179-1180. doi:10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6' apa: Krauter, S., & Bendfeld, J. (2020). Elevated Temperatures Affecting Efficiency, Overall Performance and Energy Yield of PV Microinverters. Proceedings of the EU PVSEC 2020 , 1179–1180. https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6 bibtex: '@inproceedings{Krauter_Bendfeld_2020, title={Elevated Temperatures Affecting Efficiency, Overall Performance and Energy Yield of PV Microinverters}, DOI={10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6}, booktitle={Proceedings of the EU PVSEC 2020 }, author={Krauter, Stefan and Bendfeld, Jörg}, year={2020}, pages={1179–1180} }' chicago: Krauter, Stefan, and Jörg Bendfeld. “Elevated Temperatures Affecting Efficiency, Overall Performance and Energy Yield of PV Microinverters.” In Proceedings of the EU PVSEC 2020 , 1179–80, 2020. https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6. ieee: 'S. Krauter and J. Bendfeld, “Elevated Temperatures Affecting Efficiency, Overall Performance and Energy Yield of PV Microinverters,” in Proceedings of the EU PVSEC 2020 , online, 2020, pp. 1179–1180, doi: 10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6.' mla: Krauter, Stefan, and Jörg Bendfeld. “Elevated Temperatures Affecting Efficiency, Overall Performance and Energy Yield of PV Microinverters.” Proceedings of the EU PVSEC 2020 , 2020, pp. 1179–80, doi:10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6. short: 'S. Krauter, J. Bendfeld, in: Proceedings of the EU PVSEC 2020 , 2020, pp. 1179–1180.' conference: end_date: 2020-09-11 location: online name: EU PVSEC 2020, 37th EU Photovoltaik Solar Energy Conference start_date: 2020-09-07 date_created: 2020-08-27T06:26:25Z date_updated: 2022-01-06T12:32:47Z ddc: - '620' department: - _id: '53' doi: 10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6 file: - access_level: closed content_type: application/pdf creator: krauter date_created: 2022-01-06T12:27:02Z date_updated: 2022-01-06T12:27:02Z file_id: '29171' file_name: Krauter Bendfeld - Microinverters at elevated temperatures EUPVSEC 2020.pdf file_size: 599660 relation: main_file success: 1 file_date_updated: 2022-01-06T12:27:02Z has_accepted_license: '1' jel: - Q42 keyword: - AC-modules - Microinverter - Power Conditioning - Thermal Performance - Ventilation - Stability - Efficiency - Yield language: - iso: eng page: 1179 - 1180 publication: 'Proceedings of the EU PVSEC 2020 ' publication_identifier: issn: - 3-936338-73-6 publication_status: published quality_controlled: '1' status: public title: Elevated Temperatures Affecting Efficiency, Overall Performance and Energy Yield of PV Microinverters type: conference user_id: '28836' year: '2020' ... --- _id: '19383' abstract: - lang: eng text: 'Due to the present inflexibility and the lack of sufficient throttling capabilities of lignite and nuclear power plants, a surplus of electricity generation occurs during periods of high wind and solar power generation in the German electricity grid. While the specific CO2-emission is decreasing then - due to the increased share of Renewables, the grid frequency should be increasing (to a certain limit). Using the grid frequency as an indicator to switch-on and -off certain loads (loads that do not require power permanently (e.g. dishwashers, washing machines, dryers, fridges and freezers, heaters) could provide a simple, inexpensive demand-side-management indicator to lower specific CO2-emissions and costs (if a dynamic consumption tariff is applied). To check the truthfulness of that hypothesis, the grid and frequency data of the German grid of the year 2018 have been collected and the correlations between grid frequency, share of renewables, CO2-contents, and actual price at the European energy exchange (EEX) have been calculated. The results show: Correlation between grid frequency and the share of renewables is quite low (r=0.155) due to the fact that primary grid control quickly compensates deviations from the 50 Hz nominal frequency. As expected, there is a good anti-correlation (r=-0.687) between the EEX-prices and the share of renewables in the grid. Over the years, correlation between electricity trading prices (EEX) and CO2 emissions is quite good (r=0.665), within the one year (2018) that correlation almost doesn''t exist, possibly due to the inflexibility of the bulky lignite baseload power plants that even operate at negative prices.' author: - first_name: Stefan full_name: Krauter, Stefan id: '28836' last_name: Krauter orcid: 0000-0002-3594-260X - first_name: L. full_name: Zhang, L. last_name: Zhang citation: ama: 'Krauter S, Zhang L. Correlation of grid-frequency, electricity prices, share of Renewables and CO2-contents of German electricity grid to enable inexpensive triggering of Demand-Side-Management. In: IEEE, ed. Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) 2020. ; 2020:1672-1674. doi:10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487' apa: Krauter, S., & Zhang, L. (2020). Correlation of grid-frequency, electricity prices, share of Renewables and CO2-contents of German electricity grid to enable inexpensive triggering of Demand-Side-Management. In IEEE (Ed.), Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) 2020 (pp. 1672–1674). https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487 bibtex: '@inproceedings{Krauter_Zhang_2020, title={Correlation of grid-frequency, electricity prices, share of Renewables and CO2-contents of German electricity grid to enable inexpensive triggering of Demand-Side-Management}, DOI={10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) 2020}, author={Krauter, Stefan and Zhang, L.}, editor={IEEE}, year={2020}, pages={1672–1674} }' chicago: Krauter, Stefan, and L. Zhang. “Correlation of Grid-Frequency, Electricity Prices, Share of Renewables and CO2-Contents of German Electricity Grid to Enable Inexpensive Triggering of Demand-Side-Management.” In Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) 2020, edited by IEEE, 1672–74, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487. ieee: 'S. Krauter and L. Zhang, “Correlation of grid-frequency, electricity prices, share of Renewables and CO2-contents of German electricity grid to enable inexpensive triggering of Demand-Side-Management,” in Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) 2020, online, 2020, pp. 1672–1674, doi: 10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487.' mla: Krauter, Stefan, and L. Zhang. “Correlation of Grid-Frequency, Electricity Prices, Share of Renewables and CO2-Contents of German Electricity Grid to Enable Inexpensive Triggering of Demand-Side-Management.” Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) 2020, edited by IEEE, 2020, pp. 1672–74, doi:10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487. short: 'S. Krauter, L. Zhang, in: IEEE (Ed.), Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) 2020, 2020, pp. 1672–1674.' conference: end_date: 2020-06-21 location: online name: 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) start_date: 2020-06-15 corporate_editor: - IEEE date_created: 2020-09-14T12:39:41Z date_updated: 2022-01-06T13:52:16Z department: - _id: '53' doi: 10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487 keyword: - CO2 - EEX - Grid frequency - DSM - electricity price - Renewable share language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9300487 page: 1672-1674 publication: Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) 2020 quality_controlled: '1' status: public title: Correlation of grid-frequency, electricity prices, share of Renewables and CO2-contents of German electricity grid to enable inexpensive triggering of Demand-Side-Management type: conference user_id: '28836' year: '2020' ... --- _id: '16899' abstract: - lang: eng text: To compare efficiency and yield of many micro-inverters available on the world market in 2014-2020, an in- and outdoor test laboratory at the University of Paderborn has been set up. The inverters have been fed by identical and calibrated crystalline silicon PV modules of 215 Wp. To monitor accurately DC input, AC power output and energy yield, each of the micro-inverters has been equipped with a calibrated electricity meter. For micro-inverters requiring control units for grid-feeding that has been acquired also. The comparison covers efficiency-load characteristics as well as electrical energy yields. Purchase costs vary considerably between the models in comparison, sometimes inverter costs are higher than module costs, particularly if an additional grid-connection or interface device is needed for operation. The weighted conversion efficiency according to EU and CEC standards has been measured and calculated. While some inverters have been optimized for high irradiance levels, they ranked better at the CEC efficiency, others performed very well also for low irradiance levels, thus ranking higher at in the EU-efficiency tables. These results are deviating from the actual energy yield measurements, which show a slightly different ranking. At one inverter, an accurate, but very slow MPPT algorithm that barely could follow quickly changing irradiance levels could be the reason for this effect. Another inverter switched off after operation at high power output for a while. Apparently, some inverters are been optimized to show excellent EU and CEC efficiency ratings. Two of the inverters featuring two inputs did not show an exceptional performance at the EU- and CEC-ratings, but they achieved top ranks at the AC energy yield for the first years. For the customer, the AC yield is a major performance indicator of any microinverter and should be included in the datasheet. author: - first_name: Stefan full_name: Krauter, Stefan id: '28836' last_name: Krauter orcid: 0000-0002-3594-260X - first_name: Jörg full_name: Bendfeld, Jörg id: '16148' last_name: Bendfeld citation: ama: 'Krauter S, Bendfeld J. Comparison of Microinverters: Update on Rankings of Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields. In: Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) JUNE 15 - AUGUST 21, 2020 VIRTUAL MEETING. IEEE; 2020:1429-1432. doi:10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300953' apa: 'Krauter, S., & Bendfeld, J. (2020). Comparison of Microinverters: Update on Rankings of Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields. Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) JUNE 15 - AUGUST 21, 2020 VIRTUAL MEETING, 1429–1432. https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300953' bibtex: '@inproceedings{Krauter_Bendfeld_2020, place={online}, title={Comparison of Microinverters: Update on Rankings of Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields}, DOI={10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300953}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) JUNE 15 - AUGUST 21, 2020 VIRTUAL MEETING}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Krauter, Stefan and Bendfeld, Jörg}, year={2020}, pages={1429–1432} }' chicago: 'Krauter, Stefan, and Jörg Bendfeld. “Comparison of Microinverters: Update on Rankings of Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields.” In Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) JUNE 15 - AUGUST 21, 2020 VIRTUAL MEETING, 1429–32. online: IEEE, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300953.' ieee: 'S. Krauter and J. Bendfeld, “Comparison of Microinverters: Update on Rankings of Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields,” in Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) JUNE 15 - AUGUST 21, 2020 VIRTUAL MEETING, VIRTUAL MEETING, 2020, pp. 1429–1432, doi: 10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300953.' mla: 'Krauter, Stefan, and Jörg Bendfeld. “Comparison of Microinverters: Update on Rankings of Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields.” Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) JUNE 15 - AUGUST 21, 2020 VIRTUAL MEETING, IEEE, 2020, pp. 1429–32, doi:10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300953.' short: 'S. Krauter, J. Bendfeld, in: Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) JUNE 15 - AUGUST 21, 2020 VIRTUAL MEETING, IEEE, online, 2020, pp. 1429–1432.' conference: end_date: 2020-08-21 location: VIRTUAL MEETING name: 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) start_date: 2020-06-15 date_created: 2020-04-29T05:31:12Z date_updated: 2022-01-07T10:10:43Z department: - _id: '53' doi: 10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300953 keyword: - yield - AC - micro-inverter - MPPT - CEC rating - EU efficiency - Photovoltaic - Solar language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9300953 page: 1429-1432 place: online publication: Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) JUNE 15 - AUGUST 21, 2020 VIRTUAL MEETING publication_identifier: issn: - ' 0160-8371' publication_status: published publisher: IEEE quality_controlled: '1' status: public title: 'Comparison of Microinverters: Update on Rankings of Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields' type: conference user_id: '28836' year: '2020' ... --- _id: '16855' author: - first_name: Stefan full_name: Krauter, Stefan id: '28836' last_name: Krauter orcid: 0000-0002-3594-260X - first_name: L. full_name: Zhang, L. last_name: Zhang citation: ama: 'Krauter S, Zhang L. Eignung der Netzfrequenz als Instrument der Entscheidungsfindung zur Auslösung von Lastverschiebungen bei niedrigen spezifischen CO2-Emissionen und EEX-Handelspreisen. In: Tagungsband des 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland). ; 2020.' apa: Krauter, S., & Zhang, L. (2020). Eignung der Netzfrequenz als Instrument der Entscheidungsfindung zur Auslösung von Lastverschiebungen bei niedrigen spezifischen CO2-Emissionen und EEX-Handelspreisen. Tagungsband des 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland). 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland), 17.–19. März 2020 (verschoben auf 31. August bis 2. September 2020), Bad Staffelstein. bibtex: '@inproceedings{Krauter_Zhang_2020, place={Bad Staffelstein}, title={Eignung der Netzfrequenz als Instrument der Entscheidungsfindung zur Auslösung von Lastverschiebungen bei niedrigen spezifischen CO2-Emissionen und EEX-Handelspreisen}, booktitle={Tagungsband des 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland)}, author={Krauter, Stefan and Zhang, L.}, year={2020} }' chicago: Krauter, Stefan, and L. Zhang. “Eignung der Netzfrequenz als Instrument der Entscheidungsfindung zur Auslösung von Lastverschiebungen bei niedrigen spezifischen CO2-Emissionen und EEX-Handelspreisen.” In Tagungsband des 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland). Bad Staffelstein, 2020. ieee: S. Krauter and L. Zhang, “Eignung der Netzfrequenz als Instrument der Entscheidungsfindung zur Auslösung von Lastverschiebungen bei niedrigen spezifischen CO2-Emissionen und EEX-Handelspreisen,” presented at the 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland), 17.–19. März 2020 (verschoben auf 31. August bis 2. September 2020), Bad Staffelstein, 2020. mla: Krauter, Stefan, and L. Zhang. “Eignung der Netzfrequenz als Instrument der Entscheidungsfindung zur Auslösung von Lastverschiebungen bei niedrigen spezifischen CO2-Emissionen und EEX-Handelspreisen.” Tagungsband des 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland), 2020. short: 'S. Krauter, L. Zhang, in: Tagungsband des 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland), Bad Staffelstein, 2020.' conference: end_date: 2020-09-02 location: Bad Staffelstein name: 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland), 17.–19. März 2020 (verschoben auf 31. August bis 2. September 2020) start_date: 2020-08-31 date_created: 2020-04-27T05:44:44Z date_updated: 2022-01-06T13:54:03Z department: - _id: '53' language: - iso: ger place: Bad Staffelstein publication: Tagungsband des 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland) publication_status: published quality_controlled: '1' status: public title: Eignung der Netzfrequenz als Instrument der Entscheidungsfindung zur Auslösung von Lastverschiebungen bei niedrigen spezifischen CO2-Emissionen und EEX-Handelspreisen type: conference user_id: '28836' year: '2020' ... --- _id: '16858' author: - first_name: Stefan full_name: Krauter, Stefan id: '28836' last_name: Krauter orcid: 0000-0002-3594-260X - first_name: L. full_name: Zhang, L. last_name: Zhang citation: ama: 'Krauter S, Zhang L. Probability of Correct Decision–Making at Triggering of Load-Shifting Intended for low CO2-intensity and low EEX trading-prices via simple Grid Frequency Monitoring. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Renewable Energy Storage Conference, Düsseldorf (Deutschland), 10.–12. März 2020 (verschoben: 16.–18. März 2021). ; 2020.' apa: 'Krauter, S., & Zhang, L. (2020). Probability of Correct Decision–Making at Triggering of Load-Shifting Intended for low CO2-intensity and low EEX trading-prices via simple Grid Frequency Monitoring. Proceedings of the 14th International Renewable Energy Storage Conference, Düsseldorf (Deutschland), 10.–12. März 2020 (verschoben: 16.–18. März 2021). 14 th International Renewable Energy Storage Conference,  10.–12. März 2020 (verschoben auf 16.–18. März 2021), Düsseldorf (Deutschland).' bibtex: '@inproceedings{Krauter_Zhang_2020, title={Probability of Correct Decision–Making at Triggering of Load-Shifting Intended for low CO2-intensity and low EEX trading-prices via simple Grid Frequency Monitoring}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 14th International Renewable Energy Storage Conference, Düsseldorf (Deutschland), 10.–12. März 2020 (verschoben: 16.–18. März 2021)}, author={Krauter, Stefan and Zhang, L.}, year={2020} }' chicago: 'Krauter, Stefan, and L. Zhang. “Probability of Correct Decision–Making at Triggering of Load-Shifting Intended for low CO2-intensity and low EEX trading-prices via simple Grid Frequency Monitoring.” In Proceedings of the 14th International Renewable Energy Storage Conference, Düsseldorf (Deutschland), 10.–12. März 2020 (verschoben: 16.–18. März 2021), 2020.' ieee: S. Krauter and L. Zhang, “Probability of Correct Decision–Making at Triggering of Load-Shifting Intended for low CO2-intensity and low EEX trading-prices via simple Grid Frequency Monitoring,” presented at the 14 th International Renewable Energy Storage Conference,  10.–12. März 2020 (verschoben auf 16.–18. März 2021), Düsseldorf (Deutschland), 2020. mla: 'Krauter, Stefan, and L. Zhang. “Probability of Correct Decision–Making at Triggering of Load-Shifting Intended for low CO2-intensity and low EEX trading-prices via simple Grid Frequency Monitoring.” Proceedings of the 14th International Renewable Energy Storage Conference, Düsseldorf (Deutschland), 10.–12. März 2020 (verschoben: 16.–18. März 2021), 2020.' short: 'S. Krauter, L. Zhang, in: Proceedings of the 14th International Renewable Energy Storage Conference, Düsseldorf (Deutschland), 10.–12. März 2020 (verschoben: 16.–18. März 2021), 2020.' conference: end_date: 2021-03-18 location: Düsseldorf (Deutschland) name: 14 th International Renewable Energy Storage Conference, 10.–12. März 2020 (verschoben auf 16.–18. März 2021) start_date: 2021-03-16 date_created: 2020-04-27T06:01:40Z date_updated: 2022-01-07T10:00:55Z department: - _id: '53' language: - iso: ger publication: 'Proceedings of the 14th International Renewable Energy Storage Conference, Düsseldorf (Deutschland), 10.–12. März 2020 (verschoben: 16.–18. März 2021)' publication_status: published status: public title: Probability of Correct Decision–Making at Triggering of Load-Shifting Intended for low CO2-intensity and low EEX trading-prices via simple Grid Frequency Monitoring type: conference user_id: '28836' year: '2020' ... --- _id: '29188' alternative_title: - A Behavioural Approach to Financial History author: - first_name: Korinna full_name: Schönhärl, Korinna id: '89037' last_name: Schönhärl orcid: 0000-0002-7967-3261 citation: ama: Schönhärl K. European Investment in Greece in the Nineteenth Century. Routledge; 2020. doi:10.4324/9780429286537 apa: Schönhärl, K. (2020). European Investment in Greece in the Nineteenth Century. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429286537 bibtex: '@book{Schönhärl_2020, place={Other titles: Finanziers in Sehnsuchtsräumen. English Description: 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2020. |}, title={European Investment in Greece in the Nineteenth Century}, DOI={10.4324/9780429286537}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Schönhärl, Korinna}, year={2020} }' chicago: 'Schönhärl, Korinna. European Investment in Greece in the Nineteenth Century. Other titles: Finanziers in Sehnsuchtsräumen. English Description: 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2020. |: Routledge, 2020. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429286537.' ieee: 'K. Schönhärl, European Investment in Greece in the Nineteenth Century. Other titles: Finanziers in Sehnsuchtsräumen. English Description: 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2020. |: Routledge, 2020.' mla: Schönhärl, Korinna. European Investment in Greece in the Nineteenth Century. Routledge, 2020, doi:10.4324/9780429286537. short: 'K. Schönhärl, European Investment in Greece in the Nineteenth Century, Routledge, Other titles: Finanziers in Sehnsuchtsräumen. English Description: 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2020. |, 2020.' date_created: 2022-01-09T16:20:32Z date_updated: 2022-01-11T07:31:40Z department: - _id: '445' doi: 10.4324/9780429286537 extern: '1' language: - iso: eng place: 'Other titles: Finanziers in Sehnsuchtsräumen. English Description: 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2020. |' publication_identifier: isbn: - '9780429286537' publication_status: published publisher: Routledge status: public title: European Investment in Greece in the Nineteenth Century type: book user_id: '89037' year: '2020' ...