---
_id: '18390'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: " Efficiencies and energy yields of microinverters available on the market
during 2014‒2020 have been \r\nmeasured, compared, and ranked. Conversion efficiencies
as a function of load have been measured indoors with high \r\naccuracy and ranked
according to Euro- and CEC weightings. Energy yields have been measured outdoors
via \r\nidentical and calibrated crystalline silicon PV modules of 215 Wp each.
Inverters with two inputs have been fed by \r\ntwo of those modules. DC input,
AC power output and energy yield of each micro-inverter have been recorded by
\r\nindividual calibrated electricity meters. Apparently, some inverters have
been optimized for high irradiance levels \r\nand ranked better at the CEC efficiency
ranking, others performed very well also at low irradiance levels, thus \r\nranking
higher at in the EU efficiency ranking. Efficiency ranks are slightly deviating
from rankings by energy yield \r\nmeasurements. At one inverter, a slow MPPT algorithm
that barely could follow quickly changing irradiance levels is \r\nmost probably
responsible for this effect. Another inverter switched off for a while after operation
at high power, \r\nanother one failed permanently. Apparently, some inverters
are been optimized to show excellent datasheet ratings \r\nfor EU- or CEC- efficiency.
On the other hand, two inverters (each featuring two inputs) did not show an outstanding
\r\nperformance at the EU- and CEC-ratings but achieved leading ranks for AC energy
yields. For the customer, AC \r\nyield is a major performance indicator of a microinverter
and should be included in the datasheet."
author:
- first_name: Stefan
full_name: Krauter, Stefan
id: '28836'
last_name: Krauter
orcid: 0000-0002-3594-260X
- first_name: Jörg
full_name: Bendfeld, Jörg
id: '16148'
last_name: Bendfeld
citation:
ama: 'Krauter S, Bendfeld J. Micro-Inverters: An Update of Comparison of Conversion
Efficiencies and Energy Yields. In: Proceedings of the EUPVSEC 2020. ;
2020:935-938. doi:10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4DO.7.2'
apa: 'Krauter, S., & Bendfeld, J. (2020). Micro-Inverters: An Update of Comparison
of Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields. Proceedings of the EUPVSEC 2020,
935–938. https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4DO.7.2'
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Krauter_Bendfeld_2020, title={Micro-Inverters: An Update
of Comparison of Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields}, DOI={10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4DO.7.2},
booktitle={Proceedings of the EUPVSEC 2020}, author={Krauter, Stefan and Bendfeld,
Jörg}, year={2020}, pages={935–938} }'
chicago: 'Krauter, Stefan, and Jörg Bendfeld. “Micro-Inverters: An Update of Comparison
of Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields.” In Proceedings of the EUPVSEC
2020, 935–38, 2020. https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4DO.7.2.'
ieee: 'S. Krauter and J. Bendfeld, “Micro-Inverters: An Update of Comparison of
Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields,” in Proceedings of the EUPVSEC 2020,
online, 2020, pp. 935–938, doi: 10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4DO.7.2.'
mla: 'Krauter, Stefan, and Jörg Bendfeld. “Micro-Inverters: An Update of Comparison
of Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields.” Proceedings of the EUPVSEC 2020,
2020, pp. 935–38, doi:10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4DO.7.2.'
short: 'S. Krauter, J. Bendfeld, in: Proceedings of the EUPVSEC 2020, 2020, pp.
935–938.'
conference:
end_date: 2020-09-11
location: online
name: 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EUPVSEC
2020)
start_date: 2020-09-07
date_created: 2020-08-27T06:28:42Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T13:02:11Z
department:
- _id: '53'
doi: 10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4DO.7.2
language:
- iso: eng
page: 935 - 938
publication: Proceedings of the EUPVSEC 2020
publication_identifier:
isbn:
- "\t3-936338-73-6"
publication_status: published
status: public
title: 'Micro-Inverters: An Update of Comparison of Conversion Efficiencies and Energy
Yields'
type: conference
user_id: '28836'
year: '2020'
...
---
_id: '16857'
author:
- first_name: Stefan
full_name: Krauter, Stefan
id: '28836'
last_name: Krauter
orcid: 0000-0002-3594-260X
- first_name: Jörg
full_name: Bendfeld, Jörg
id: '16148'
last_name: Bendfeld
citation:
ama: 'Krauter S, Bendfeld J. Einfluss der Betriebstemperatur auf den Wirkungsgrad
von Modul-Wechselrichtern für PV-Netzeinspeisungen. In: Tagungsband des 35.
Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland).
; 2020.'
apa: Krauter, S., & Bendfeld, J. (2020). Einfluss der Betriebstemperatur auf
den Wirkungsgrad von Modul-Wechselrichtern für PV-Netzeinspeisungen. Tagungsband
des 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein
(Deutschland). 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz,
Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland), 17.–19. März 2020 (verschoben auf 31. August bis
2. September 2020), Bad Staffelstein.
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Krauter_Bendfeld_2020, title={Einfluss der Betriebstemperatur
auf den Wirkungsgrad von Modul-Wechselrichtern für PV-Netzeinspeisungen}, booktitle={Tagungsband
des 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein
(Deutschland)}, author={Krauter, Stefan and Bendfeld, Jörg}, year={2020} }'
chicago: Krauter, Stefan, and Jörg Bendfeld. “Einfluss der Betriebstemperatur auf
den Wirkungsgrad von Modul-Wechselrichtern für PV-Netzeinspeisungen.” In Tagungsband
des 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein
(Deutschland), 2020.
ieee: S. Krauter and J. Bendfeld, “Einfluss der Betriebstemperatur auf den Wirkungsgrad
von Modul-Wechselrichtern für PV-Netzeinspeisungen,” presented at the 35. Symposiums
für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland),
17.–19. März 2020 (verschoben auf 31. August bis 2. September 2020), Bad Staffelstein,
2020.
mla: Krauter, Stefan, and Jörg Bendfeld. “Einfluss der Betriebstemperatur auf den
Wirkungsgrad von Modul-Wechselrichtern für PV-Netzeinspeisungen.” Tagungsband
des 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein
(Deutschland), 2020.
short: 'S. Krauter, J. Bendfeld, in: Tagungsband des 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische
Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland), 2020.'
conference:
end_date: 2020-09-02
location: Bad Staffelstein
name: 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein
(Deutschland), 17.–19. März 2020 (verschoben auf 31. August bis 2. September 2020)
start_date: 2020-08-31
date_created: 2020-04-27T05:55:09Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T12:26:08Z
department:
- _id: '53'
language:
- iso: ger
publication: Tagungsband des 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster
Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland)
publication_status: published
status: public
title: Einfluss der Betriebstemperatur auf den Wirkungsgrad von Modul-Wechselrichtern
für PV-Netzeinspeisungen
type: conference
user_id: '28836'
year: '2020'
...
---
_id: '19393'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: "To provide a simple instrument to operate residential Load-Shifting or Demand-Side-Management
\r\nsystems, the measurement of the actual grid frequency seems to be an appropriate
method. Due to the present \r\ninflexibility and the lack of sufficient throttling
capabilities of lignite and nuclear power plants, a surplus of \r\nelectricity
generation occurs during periods of high wind and solar power generation. While
the specific CO2-\r\nemission is decreasing then ‒ due to the increased share
of Renewables, the grid frequency is increasing (to a certain \r\nlimit). Using
the grid frequency as an indicator to switch-on and off certain loads (loads that
do not require power \r\npermanently (e.g. dishwashers, washing machines, dryers,
fridges and freezers, heaters) could provide a simple, \r\ninexpensive demand-side
management indicator to lower specific CO2‒emssions and costs (if a dynamic \r\nconsumption
tariff is available). To check the truthfulness of that hypothesis, the grid and
frequency data of the \r\nGerman grid of the year 2018 have been collected and
a the correlation between grid frequency, power surplus, share \r\nof renewables
vs. CO2-contents and price at the European energy exchange (EEX) have been calculated.
The results \r\nshow: Correlation between frequency and share of renewables is
quite low (r = 0.155) due to the fact that primary \r\ngrid control quickly compensates
deviations from the 50 Hz nominal frequency. There is a good anti-correlation
(r = -\r\n0.687) between the EEX‒prices and the share of renewables in the grid.
Over the years, correlation between \r\nelectricity trading prices (EEX) and CO2
emissions is quite good (r =0.665), within the one year (2018) that \r\ncorrelation
almost doesn’t exist, possibly due to the inflexibility of the bulky lignite power
plants that even operate at \r\nnegative prices. \r\n"
author:
- first_name: Stefan
full_name: Krauter, Stefan
id: '28836'
last_name: Krauter
orcid: 0000-0002-3594-260X
- first_name: L.
full_name: Zhang, L.
last_name: Zhang
citation:
ama: 'Krauter S, Zhang L. Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation of electricity
prices, share of renewables, CO2‒contents, and grid‒frequency in the German electricity
grid. In: Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference,
07 - 11 September 2020. ; 2020:1815-1817. doi:10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9'
apa: 'Krauter, S., & Zhang, L. (2020). Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation
of electricity prices, share of renewables, CO2‒contents, and grid‒frequency in
the German electricity grid. Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic
Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020., 1815–1817. https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9'
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Krauter_Zhang_2020, title={Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management:
Correlation of electricity prices, share of renewables, CO2‒contents, and grid‒frequency
in the German electricity grid.}, DOI={10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9},
booktitle={Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference,
07 - 11 September 2020.}, author={Krauter, Stefan and Zhang, L.}, year={2020},
pages={1815–1817} }'
chicago: 'Krauter, Stefan, and L. Zhang. “Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation
of Electricity Prices, Share of Renewables, CO2‒contents, and Grid‒frequency in
the German Electricity Grid.” In Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic
Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020., 1815–17, 2020. https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9.'
ieee: 'S. Krauter and L. Zhang, “Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation
of electricity prices, share of renewables, CO2‒contents, and grid‒frequency in
the German electricity grid.,” in Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic
Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020., online, 2020, pp. 1815–1817,
doi: 10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9.'
mla: 'Krauter, Stefan, and L. Zhang. “Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation
of Electricity Prices, Share of Renewables, CO2‒contents, and Grid‒frequency in
the German Electricity Grid.” Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic
Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020., 2020, pp. 1815–17, doi:10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9.'
short: 'S. Krauter, L. Zhang, in: Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic
Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020., 2020, pp. 1815–1817.'
conference:
end_date: 2020-09-11
location: online
name: 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EUPVSEC
2020)
start_date: 2020-09-07
date_created: 2020-09-14T12:43:43Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T12:42:22Z
ddc:
- '620'
department:
- _id: '53'
doi: 10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9
file:
- access_level: closed
content_type: application/pdf
creator: krauter
date_created: 2022-01-06T12:35:49Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T12:35:49Z
file_id: '29172'
file_name: Krauter Zhang - Triggering DSM - EUPVSEC 2020.pdf
file_size: 1309449
relation: main_file
success: 1
file_date_updated: 2022-01-06T12:35:49Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
keyword:
- 'Keywords: Load-Shifting'
- Demand-Side-Management
- DSM
- grid frequency
- EEX
- electricity trading prices
- renewable share
- flexibility
- emissions
- CO2
language:
- iso: eng
page: 1815 - 1817
publication: Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference,
07 - 11 September 2020.
publication_identifier:
issn:
- "\t3-936338-73-6"
publication_status: published
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: 'Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation of electricity prices, share
of renewables, CO2‒contents, and grid‒frequency in the German electricity grid.'
type: conference
user_id: '28836'
year: '2020'
...
---
_id: '19390'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: "Due to the strong reduction of PV prices, storage plays a dominating role
in overall system costs. A \r\nsteeper elevation angle would result in a more
balanced seasonal PV yield, at the cost of PV yield reductions during \r\nsummer,
but allowing reduced storage capacities. Additionally, the effect of a single-axis
tracking system has been \r\ninvestigated, generating more electricity during
the morning and evening hours, thus reducing daily storage \r\nrequirements. The
necessary PV size and storage capacities required for the German energy supply
(1,500 TWh after \r\nelectrification of all sectors) via 100% renewable energies
and a 50% solar share have been calculated via the \r\nHOMER Pro software, considering
the bridging of periods of \"dark lulls“ in winter, using costs of 2030 (Table
1). \r\nResults: The increase of module elevation angles above the typical 30°
leads to a reduction of investment and supply \r\ncosts. The optimum is reached
at a cost reduction of -1.5% for an elevation angle at the latitude of the installation
\r\nsite. An explanation is that high elevation angles are favorable for clear
winter days, but not at all for the critical days \r\nwith diffuse irradiance
only, so the battery capacity must be increased. For the same reason, tracking
systems do not \r\noffer any cost advantage (at least for the ones without an
option for horizontal positioning during diffuse days)."
author:
- first_name: Stefan
full_name: Krauter, Stefan
id: '28836'
last_name: Krauter
orcid: 0000-0002-3594-260X
- first_name: D.
full_name: Rustemovic, D.
last_name: Rustemovic
- first_name: Arash
full_name: Khatibi, Arash
id: '43538'
last_name: Khatibi
citation:
ama: 'Krauter S, Rustemovic D, Khatibi A. Reduction of required storage capacities
for a 100% renewable energy supply in Germany, if new PV systems are installed
with east-west tracking systems at increased elevation angles. In: Proceedings
of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020.
; 2020:1818-1819. doi:10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.10'
apa: Krauter, S., Rustemovic, D., & Khatibi, A. (2020). Reduction of required
storage capacities for a 100% renewable energy supply in Germany, if new PV systems
are installed with east-west tracking systems at increased elevation angles. Proceedings
of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020,
1818–1819. https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.10
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Krauter_Rustemovic_Khatibi_2020, title={Reduction of required
storage capacities for a 100% renewable energy supply in Germany, if new PV systems
are installed with east-west tracking systems at increased elevation angles},
DOI={10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.10},
booktitle={Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference,
07 - 11 September 2020}, author={Krauter, Stefan and Rustemovic, D. and Khatibi,
Arash}, year={2020}, pages={1818–1819} }'
chicago: Krauter, Stefan, D. Rustemovic, and Arash Khatibi. “Reduction of Required
Storage Capacities for a 100% Renewable Energy Supply in Germany, If New PV Systems
Are Installed with East-West Tracking Systems at Increased Elevation Angles.”
In Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07
- 11 September 2020, 1818–19, 2020. https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.10.
ieee: 'S. Krauter, D. Rustemovic, and A. Khatibi, “Reduction of required storage
capacities for a 100% renewable energy supply in Germany, if new PV systems are
installed with east-west tracking systems at increased elevation angles,” in Proceedings
of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020,
online, 2020, pp. 1818–1819, doi: 10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.10.'
mla: Krauter, Stefan, et al. “Reduction of Required Storage Capacities for a 100%
Renewable Energy Supply in Germany, If New PV Systems Are Installed with East-West
Tracking Systems at Increased Elevation Angles.” Proceedings of the 37th European
Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020, 2020, pp. 1818–19,
doi:10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.10.
short: 'S. Krauter, D. Rustemovic, A. Khatibi, in: Proceedings of the 37th European
Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 07 - 11 September 2020, 2020, pp. 1818–1819.'
conference:
end_date: 2020-09-11
location: online
name: 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition (EUPVSEC
2020)
start_date: 2020-09-07
date_created: 2020-09-14T12:42:30Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T13:43:51Z
ddc:
- '620'
department:
- _id: '53'
doi: 10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.10
file:
- access_level: closed
content_type: application/pdf
creator: krauter
date_created: 2022-01-06T13:41:20Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T13:41:20Z
file_id: '29178'
file_name: Krauter Rustemovic Khatibi - Elevated Angle - EUPVSEC 2020.pdf
file_size: 428312
relation: main_file
success: 1
file_date_updated: 2022-01-06T13:41:20Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
keyword:
- Energy Storage
- PV system integration
- Large Grid-connected PV systems
- Simulation
- Energy Supply Options
language:
- iso: eng
page: 1818 - 1819
publication: Proceedings of the 37th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference,
07 - 11 September 2020
publication_identifier:
isbn:
- 3-936338-73-6
publication_status: published
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Reduction of required storage capacities for a 100% renewable energy supply
in Germany, if new PV systems are installed with east-west tracking systems at increased
elevation angles
type: conference
user_id: '28836'
year: '2020'
...
---
_id: '18387'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: " During comparative measurements of different PV microinverters, two yield
issues came up that could \r\nnot be explored via conventional efficiency measurements,
but do have a significant impact on electrical energy \r\nyield: First category
of issues are either sluggish or nervously acting maximum–power–point–tracking
devices, which \r\nlead to reduced energy yields. The other category of issues
is thermal: As a first explanation for observed reduced \r\nenergy yields, it
has been assumed that the conversion efficiency degrades at higher operating temperatures.
This \r\nmatter has been investigated in this article: A change in conversion
efficiency could not be observed for elevated \r\noperation temperatures up to
50°C, despite high-precision and repeated measurements. But it was found that
some \r\ninverters temporarily interrupted (or entirely stopped) operation after
long periods of running at high temperatures. \r\nAlso, a reduction in potential
maximum power output has been detected for those inverters. Summarizing: With
a \r\nhigh degree of certainty it can be stated that those reported yield losses
have been caused by the temporary shutdowns \r\nand power limitations of the inverters."
author:
- first_name: Stefan
full_name: Krauter, Stefan
id: '28836'
last_name: Krauter
orcid: 0000-0002-3594-260X
- first_name: Jörg
full_name: Bendfeld, Jörg
id: '16148'
last_name: Bendfeld
citation:
ama: 'Krauter S, Bendfeld J. Elevated Temperatures Affecting Efficiency, Overall
Performance and Energy Yield of PV Microinverters. In: Proceedings of the EU
PVSEC 2020 . ; 2020:1179-1180. doi:10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6'
apa: Krauter, S., & Bendfeld, J. (2020). Elevated Temperatures Affecting Efficiency,
Overall Performance and Energy Yield of PV Microinverters. Proceedings of the
EU PVSEC 2020 , 1179–1180. https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Krauter_Bendfeld_2020, title={Elevated Temperatures Affecting
Efficiency, Overall Performance and Energy Yield of PV Microinverters}, DOI={10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6},
booktitle={Proceedings of the EU PVSEC 2020 }, author={Krauter, Stefan and Bendfeld,
Jörg}, year={2020}, pages={1179–1180} }'
chicago: Krauter, Stefan, and Jörg Bendfeld. “Elevated Temperatures Affecting Efficiency,
Overall Performance and Energy Yield of PV Microinverters.” In Proceedings
of the EU PVSEC 2020 , 1179–80, 2020. https://doi.org/10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6.
ieee: 'S. Krauter and J. Bendfeld, “Elevated Temperatures Affecting Efficiency,
Overall Performance and Energy Yield of PV Microinverters,” in Proceedings
of the EU PVSEC 2020 , online, 2020, pp. 1179–1180, doi: 10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6.'
mla: Krauter, Stefan, and Jörg Bendfeld. “Elevated Temperatures Affecting Efficiency,
Overall Performance and Energy Yield of PV Microinverters.” Proceedings of
the EU PVSEC 2020 , 2020, pp. 1179–80, doi:10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6.
short: 'S. Krauter, J. Bendfeld, in: Proceedings of the EU PVSEC 2020 , 2020, pp.
1179–1180.'
conference:
end_date: 2020-09-11
location: online
name: EU PVSEC 2020, 37th EU Photovoltaik Solar Energy Conference
start_date: 2020-09-07
date_created: 2020-08-27T06:26:25Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T12:32:47Z
ddc:
- '620'
department:
- _id: '53'
doi: 10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-4AV.3.6
file:
- access_level: closed
content_type: application/pdf
creator: krauter
date_created: 2022-01-06T12:27:02Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T12:27:02Z
file_id: '29171'
file_name: Krauter Bendfeld - Microinverters at elevated temperatures EUPVSEC 2020.pdf
file_size: 599660
relation: main_file
success: 1
file_date_updated: 2022-01-06T12:27:02Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
jel:
- Q42
keyword:
- AC-modules
- Microinverter
- Power Conditioning
- Thermal Performance
- Ventilation
- Stability
- Efficiency
- Yield
language:
- iso: eng
page: 1179 - 1180
publication: 'Proceedings of the EU PVSEC 2020 '
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 3-936338-73-6
publication_status: published
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Elevated Temperatures Affecting Efficiency, Overall Performance and Energy
Yield of PV Microinverters
type: conference
user_id: '28836'
year: '2020'
...
---
_id: '19383'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: 'Due to the present inflexibility and the lack of sufficient throttling capabilities
of lignite and nuclear power plants, a surplus of electricity generation occurs
during periods of high wind and solar power generation in the German electricity
grid. While the specific CO2-emission is decreasing then - due to the increased
share of Renewables, the grid frequency should be increasing (to a certain limit).
Using the grid frequency as an indicator to switch-on and -off certain loads (loads
that do not require power permanently (e.g. dishwashers, washing machines, dryers,
fridges and freezers, heaters) could provide a simple, inexpensive demand-side-management
indicator to lower specific CO2-emissions and costs (if a dynamic consumption
tariff is applied). To check the truthfulness of that hypothesis, the grid and
frequency data of the German grid of the year 2018 have been collected and the
correlations between grid frequency, share of renewables, CO2-contents, and actual
price at the European energy exchange (EEX) have been calculated. The results
show: Correlation between grid frequency and the share of renewables is quite
low (r=0.155) due to the fact that primary grid control quickly compensates deviations
from the 50 Hz nominal frequency. As expected, there is a good anti-correlation
(r=-0.687) between the EEX-prices and the share of renewables in the grid. Over
the years, correlation between electricity trading prices (EEX) and CO2 emissions
is quite good (r=0.665), within the one year (2018) that correlation almost doesn''t
exist, possibly due to the inflexibility of the bulky lignite baseload power plants
that even operate at negative prices.'
author:
- first_name: Stefan
full_name: Krauter, Stefan
id: '28836'
last_name: Krauter
orcid: 0000-0002-3594-260X
- first_name: L.
full_name: Zhang, L.
last_name: Zhang
citation:
ama: 'Krauter S, Zhang L. Correlation of grid-frequency, electricity prices, share
of Renewables and CO2-contents of German electricity grid to enable inexpensive
triggering of Demand-Side-Management. In: IEEE, ed. Proceedings of the 47th
IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) 2020. ; 2020:1672-1674.
doi:10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487'
apa: Krauter, S., & Zhang, L. (2020). Correlation of grid-frequency, electricity
prices, share of Renewables and CO2-contents of German electricity grid to enable
inexpensive triggering of Demand-Side-Management. In IEEE (Ed.), Proceedings
of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) 2020 (pp. 1672–1674).
https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Krauter_Zhang_2020, title={Correlation of grid-frequency,
electricity prices, share of Renewables and CO2-contents of German electricity
grid to enable inexpensive triggering of Demand-Side-Management}, DOI={10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487},
booktitle={Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC
47) 2020}, author={Krauter, Stefan and Zhang, L.}, editor={IEEE}, year={2020},
pages={1672–1674} }'
chicago: Krauter, Stefan, and L. Zhang. “Correlation of Grid-Frequency, Electricity
Prices, Share of Renewables and CO2-Contents of German Electricity Grid to Enable
Inexpensive Triggering of Demand-Side-Management.” In Proceedings of the 47th
IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) 2020, edited by IEEE, 1672–74,
2020. https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487.
ieee: 'S. Krauter and L. Zhang, “Correlation of grid-frequency, electricity prices,
share of Renewables and CO2-contents of German electricity grid to enable inexpensive
triggering of Demand-Side-Management,” in Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic
Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) 2020, online, 2020, pp. 1672–1674, doi: 10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487.'
mla: Krauter, Stefan, and L. Zhang. “Correlation of Grid-Frequency, Electricity
Prices, Share of Renewables and CO2-Contents of German Electricity Grid to Enable
Inexpensive Triggering of Demand-Side-Management.” Proceedings of the 47th
IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) 2020, edited by IEEE, 2020,
pp. 1672–74, doi:10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487.
short: 'S. Krauter, L. Zhang, in: IEEE (Ed.), Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic
Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) 2020, 2020, pp. 1672–1674.'
conference:
end_date: 2020-06-21
location: online
name: 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47)
start_date: 2020-06-15
corporate_editor:
- IEEE
date_created: 2020-09-14T12:39:41Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T13:52:16Z
department:
- _id: '53'
doi: 10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300487
keyword:
- CO2
- EEX
- Grid frequency
- DSM
- electricity price
- Renewable share
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9300487
page: 1672-1674
publication: Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC
47) 2020
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Correlation of grid-frequency, electricity prices, share of Renewables and
CO2-contents of German electricity grid to enable inexpensive triggering of Demand-Side-Management
type: conference
user_id: '28836'
year: '2020'
...
---
_id: '16899'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: To compare efficiency and yield of many micro-inverters available on the world
market in 2014-2020, an in- and outdoor test laboratory at the University of Paderborn
has been set up. The inverters have been fed by identical and calibrated crystalline
silicon PV modules of 215 Wp. To monitor accurately DC input, AC power output
and energy yield, each of the micro-inverters has been equipped with a calibrated
electricity meter. For micro-inverters requiring control units for grid-feeding
that has been acquired also. The comparison covers efficiency-load characteristics
as well as electrical energy yields. Purchase costs vary considerably between
the models in comparison, sometimes inverter costs are higher than module costs,
particularly if an additional grid-connection or interface device is needed for
operation. The weighted conversion efficiency according to EU and CEC standards
has been measured and calculated. While some inverters have been optimized for
high irradiance levels, they ranked better at the CEC efficiency, others performed
very well also for low irradiance levels, thus ranking higher at in the EU-efficiency
tables. These results are deviating from the actual energy yield measurements,
which show a slightly different ranking. At one inverter, an accurate, but very
slow MPPT algorithm that barely could follow quickly changing irradiance levels
could be the reason for this effect. Another inverter switched off after operation
at high power output for a while. Apparently, some inverters are been optimized
to show excellent EU and CEC efficiency ratings. Two of the inverters featuring
two inputs did not show an exceptional performance at the EU- and CEC-ratings,
but they achieved top ranks at the AC energy yield for the first years. For the
customer, the AC yield is a major performance indicator of any microinverter and
should be included in the datasheet.
author:
- first_name: Stefan
full_name: Krauter, Stefan
id: '28836'
last_name: Krauter
orcid: 0000-0002-3594-260X
- first_name: Jörg
full_name: Bendfeld, Jörg
id: '16148'
last_name: Bendfeld
citation:
ama: 'Krauter S, Bendfeld J. Comparison of Microinverters: Update on Rankings of
Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields. In: Proceedings of the 47th IEEE
Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) JUNE 15 - AUGUST 21, 2020 VIRTUAL
MEETING. IEEE; 2020:1429-1432. doi:10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300953'
apa: 'Krauter, S., & Bendfeld, J. (2020). Comparison of Microinverters: Update
on Rankings of Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields. Proceedings of the
47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) JUNE 15 - AUGUST 21, 2020
VIRTUAL MEETING, 1429–1432. https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300953'
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Krauter_Bendfeld_2020, place={online}, title={Comparison
of Microinverters: Update on Rankings of Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields},
DOI={10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300953},
booktitle={Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC
47) JUNE 15 - AUGUST 21, 2020 VIRTUAL MEETING}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Krauter,
Stefan and Bendfeld, Jörg}, year={2020}, pages={1429–1432} }'
chicago: 'Krauter, Stefan, and Jörg Bendfeld. “Comparison of Microinverters: Update
on Rankings of Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields.” In Proceedings of
the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) JUNE 15 - AUGUST 21,
2020 VIRTUAL MEETING, 1429–32. online: IEEE, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300953.'
ieee: 'S. Krauter and J. Bendfeld, “Comparison of Microinverters: Update on Rankings
of Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields,” in Proceedings of the 47th IEEE
Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) JUNE 15 - AUGUST 21, 2020 VIRTUAL
MEETING, VIRTUAL MEETING, 2020, pp. 1429–1432, doi: 10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300953.'
mla: 'Krauter, Stefan, and Jörg Bendfeld. “Comparison of Microinverters: Update
on Rankings of Conversion Efficiencies and Energy Yields.” Proceedings of the
47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47) JUNE 15 - AUGUST 21, 2020
VIRTUAL MEETING, IEEE, 2020, pp. 1429–32, doi:10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300953.'
short: 'S. Krauter, J. Bendfeld, in: Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists
Conference (PVSC 47) JUNE 15 - AUGUST 21, 2020 VIRTUAL MEETING, IEEE, online,
2020, pp. 1429–1432.'
conference:
end_date: 2020-08-21
location: VIRTUAL MEETING
name: 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 47)
start_date: 2020-06-15
date_created: 2020-04-29T05:31:12Z
date_updated: 2022-01-07T10:10:43Z
department:
- _id: '53'
doi: 10.1109/PVSC45281.2020.9300953
keyword:
- yield
- AC
- micro-inverter
- MPPT
- CEC rating
- EU efficiency
- Photovoltaic
- Solar
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9300953
page: 1429-1432
place: online
publication: Proceedings of the 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC
47) JUNE 15 - AUGUST 21, 2020 VIRTUAL MEETING
publication_identifier:
issn:
- ' 0160-8371'
publication_status: published
publisher: IEEE
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: 'Comparison of Microinverters: Update on Rankings of Conversion Efficiencies
and Energy Yields'
type: conference
user_id: '28836'
year: '2020'
...
---
_id: '16855'
author:
- first_name: Stefan
full_name: Krauter, Stefan
id: '28836'
last_name: Krauter
orcid: 0000-0002-3594-260X
- first_name: L.
full_name: Zhang, L.
last_name: Zhang
citation:
ama: 'Krauter S, Zhang L. Eignung der Netzfrequenz als Instrument der Entscheidungsfindung
zur Auslösung von Lastverschiebungen bei niedrigen spezifischen CO2-Emissionen
und EEX-Handelspreisen. In: Tagungsband des 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische
Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland). ; 2020.'
apa: Krauter, S., & Zhang, L. (2020). Eignung der Netzfrequenz als Instrument
der Entscheidungsfindung zur Auslösung von Lastverschiebungen bei niedrigen spezifischen
CO2-Emissionen und EEX-Handelspreisen. Tagungsband des 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische
Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland). 35. Symposiums
für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland),
17.–19. März 2020 (verschoben auf 31. August bis 2. September 2020), Bad Staffelstein.
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Krauter_Zhang_2020, place={Bad Staffelstein}, title={Eignung
der Netzfrequenz als Instrument der Entscheidungsfindung zur Auslösung von Lastverschiebungen
bei niedrigen spezifischen CO2-Emissionen und EEX-Handelspreisen}, booktitle={Tagungsband
des 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein
(Deutschland)}, author={Krauter, Stefan and Zhang, L.}, year={2020} }'
chicago: Krauter, Stefan, and L. Zhang. “Eignung der Netzfrequenz als Instrument
der Entscheidungsfindung zur Auslösung von Lastverschiebungen bei niedrigen spezifischen
CO2-Emissionen und EEX-Handelspreisen.” In Tagungsband des 35. Symposiums für
Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland).
Bad Staffelstein, 2020.
ieee: S. Krauter and L. Zhang, “Eignung der Netzfrequenz als Instrument der Entscheidungsfindung
zur Auslösung von Lastverschiebungen bei niedrigen spezifischen CO2-Emissionen
und EEX-Handelspreisen,” presented at the 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie,
Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland), 17.–19. März 2020 (verschoben auf
31. August bis 2. September 2020), Bad Staffelstein, 2020.
mla: Krauter, Stefan, and L. Zhang. “Eignung der Netzfrequenz als Instrument der
Entscheidungsfindung zur Auslösung von Lastverschiebungen bei niedrigen spezifischen
CO2-Emissionen und EEX-Handelspreisen.” Tagungsband des 35. Symposiums für
Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland),
2020.
short: 'S. Krauter, L. Zhang, in: Tagungsband des 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische
Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland), Bad Staffelstein,
2020.'
conference:
end_date: 2020-09-02
location: Bad Staffelstein
name: 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster Banz, Bad Staffelstein
(Deutschland), 17.–19. März 2020 (verschoben auf 31. August bis 2. September 2020)
start_date: 2020-08-31
date_created: 2020-04-27T05:44:44Z
date_updated: 2022-01-06T13:54:03Z
department:
- _id: '53'
language:
- iso: ger
place: Bad Staffelstein
publication: Tagungsband des 35. Symposiums für Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Kloster
Banz, Bad Staffelstein (Deutschland)
publication_status: published
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Eignung der Netzfrequenz als Instrument der Entscheidungsfindung zur Auslösung
von Lastverschiebungen bei niedrigen spezifischen CO2-Emissionen und EEX-Handelspreisen
type: conference
user_id: '28836'
year: '2020'
...
---
_id: '16858'
author:
- first_name: Stefan
full_name: Krauter, Stefan
id: '28836'
last_name: Krauter
orcid: 0000-0002-3594-260X
- first_name: L.
full_name: Zhang, L.
last_name: Zhang
citation:
ama: 'Krauter S, Zhang L. Probability of Correct Decision–Making at Triggering of
Load-Shifting Intended for low CO2-intensity and low EEX trading-prices via simple
Grid Frequency Monitoring. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Renewable
Energy Storage Conference, Düsseldorf (Deutschland), 10.–12. März 2020 (verschoben:
16.–18. März 2021). ; 2020.'
apa: 'Krauter, S., & Zhang, L. (2020). Probability of Correct Decision–Making
at Triggering of Load-Shifting Intended for low CO2-intensity and low EEX trading-prices
via simple Grid Frequency Monitoring. Proceedings of the 14th International
Renewable Energy Storage Conference, Düsseldorf (Deutschland), 10.–12. März 2020
(verschoben: 16.–18. März 2021). 14 th International Renewable Energy Storage
Conference, 10.–12. März 2020 (verschoben auf 16.–18. März 2021), Düsseldorf
(Deutschland).'
bibtex: '@inproceedings{Krauter_Zhang_2020, title={Probability of Correct Decision–Making
at Triggering of Load-Shifting Intended for low CO2-intensity and low EEX trading-prices
via simple Grid Frequency Monitoring}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 14th International
Renewable Energy Storage Conference, Düsseldorf (Deutschland), 10.–12. März 2020
(verschoben: 16.–18. März 2021)}, author={Krauter, Stefan and Zhang, L.}, year={2020}
}'
chicago: 'Krauter, Stefan, and L. Zhang. “Probability of Correct Decision–Making
at Triggering of Load-Shifting Intended for low CO2-intensity and low EEX trading-prices
via simple Grid Frequency Monitoring.” In Proceedings of the 14th International
Renewable Energy Storage Conference, Düsseldorf (Deutschland), 10.–12. März 2020
(verschoben: 16.–18. März 2021), 2020.'
ieee: S. Krauter and L. Zhang, “Probability of Correct Decision–Making at Triggering
of Load-Shifting Intended for low CO2-intensity and low EEX trading-prices via
simple Grid Frequency Monitoring,” presented at the 14 th International Renewable
Energy Storage Conference, 10.–12. März 2020 (verschoben auf 16.–18. März 2021),
Düsseldorf (Deutschland), 2020.
mla: 'Krauter, Stefan, and L. Zhang. “Probability of Correct Decision–Making at
Triggering of Load-Shifting Intended for low CO2-intensity and low EEX trading-prices
via simple Grid Frequency Monitoring.” Proceedings of the 14th International
Renewable Energy Storage Conference, Düsseldorf (Deutschland), 10.–12. März 2020
(verschoben: 16.–18. März 2021), 2020.'
short: 'S. Krauter, L. Zhang, in: Proceedings of the 14th International Renewable
Energy Storage Conference, Düsseldorf (Deutschland), 10.–12. März 2020 (verschoben:
16.–18. März 2021), 2020.'
conference:
end_date: 2021-03-18
location: Düsseldorf (Deutschland)
name: 14 th International Renewable Energy Storage Conference, 10.–12. März 2020
(verschoben auf 16.–18. März 2021)
start_date: 2021-03-16
date_created: 2020-04-27T06:01:40Z
date_updated: 2022-01-07T10:00:55Z
department:
- _id: '53'
language:
- iso: ger
publication: 'Proceedings of the 14th International Renewable Energy Storage Conference,
Düsseldorf (Deutschland), 10.–12. März 2020 (verschoben: 16.–18. März 2021)'
publication_status: published
status: public
title: Probability of Correct Decision–Making at Triggering of Load-Shifting Intended
for low CO2-intensity and low EEX trading-prices via simple Grid Frequency Monitoring
type: conference
user_id: '28836'
year: '2020'
...
---
_id: '29188'
alternative_title:
- A Behavioural Approach to Financial History
author:
- first_name: Korinna
full_name: Schönhärl, Korinna
id: '89037'
last_name: Schönhärl
orcid: 0000-0002-7967-3261
citation:
ama: Schönhärl K. European Investment in Greece in the Nineteenth Century.
Routledge; 2020. doi:10.4324/9780429286537
apa: Schönhärl, K. (2020). European Investment in Greece in the Nineteenth Century.
Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429286537
bibtex: '@book{Schönhärl_2020, place={Other titles: Finanziers in Sehnsuchtsräumen.
English Description: 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2020. |}, title={European
Investment in Greece in the Nineteenth Century}, DOI={10.4324/9780429286537},
publisher={Routledge}, author={Schönhärl, Korinna}, year={2020} }'
chicago: 'Schönhärl, Korinna. European Investment in Greece in the Nineteenth
Century. Other titles: Finanziers in Sehnsuchtsräumen. English Description:
1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2020. |: Routledge, 2020. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429286537.'
ieee: 'K. Schönhärl, European Investment in Greece in the Nineteenth Century.
Other titles: Finanziers in Sehnsuchtsräumen. English Description: 1 Edition.
| New York : Routledge, 2020. |: Routledge, 2020.'
mla: Schönhärl, Korinna. European Investment in Greece in the Nineteenth Century.
Routledge, 2020, doi:10.4324/9780429286537.
short: 'K. Schönhärl, European Investment in Greece in the Nineteenth Century, Routledge,
Other titles: Finanziers in Sehnsuchtsräumen. English Description: 1 Edition.
| New York : Routledge, 2020. |, 2020.'
date_created: 2022-01-09T16:20:32Z
date_updated: 2022-01-11T07:31:40Z
department:
- _id: '445'
doi: 10.4324/9780429286537
extern: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
place: 'Other titles: Finanziers in Sehnsuchtsräumen. English Description: 1 Edition.
| New York : Routledge, 2020. |'
publication_identifier:
isbn:
- '9780429286537'
publication_status: published
publisher: Routledge
status: public
title: European Investment in Greece in the Nineteenth Century
type: book
user_id: '89037'
year: '2020'
...