---
res:
  bibo_abstract:
  - "To provide a simple instrument to operate residential Load-Shifting or Demand-Side-Management
    \r\nsystems, the measurement of the actual grid frequency seems to be an appropriate
    method. Due to the present \r\ninflexibility and the lack of sufficient throttling
    capabilities of lignite and nuclear power plants, a surplus of \r\nelectricity
    generation occurs during periods of high wind and solar power generation. While
    the specific CO2-\r\nemission is decreasing then ‒ due to the increased share
    of Renewables, the grid frequency is increasing (to a certain \r\nlimit). Using
    the grid frequency as an indicator to switch-on and off certain loads (loads that
    do not require power \r\npermanently (e.g. dishwashers, washing machines, dryers,
    fridges and freezers, heaters) could provide a simple, \r\ninexpensive demand-side
    management indicator to lower specific CO2‒emssions and costs (if a dynamic \r\nconsumption
    tariff is available). To check the truthfulness of that hypothesis, the grid and
    frequency data of the \r\nGerman grid of the year 2018 have been collected and
    a the correlation between grid frequency, power surplus, share \r\nof renewables
    vs. CO2-contents and price at the European energy exchange (EEX) have been calculated.
    The results \r\nshow: Correlation between frequency and share of renewables is
    quite low (r = 0.155) due to the fact that primary \r\ngrid control quickly compensates
    deviations from the 50 Hz nominal frequency. There is a good anti-correlation
    (r = -\r\n0.687) between the EEX‒prices and the share of renewables in the grid.
    Over the years, correlation between \r\nelectricity trading prices (EEX) and CO2
    emissions is quite good (r =0.665), within the one year (2018) that \r\ncorrelation
    almost doesn’t exist, possibly due to the inflexibility of the bulky lignite power
    plants that even operate at \r\nnegative prices. \r\n@eng"
  bibo_authorlist:
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Stefan
      foaf_name: Krauter, Stefan
      foaf_surname: Krauter
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=28836
    orcid: 0000-0002-3594-260X
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: L.
      foaf_name: Zhang, L.
      foaf_surname: Zhang
  bibo_doi: 10.4229/EUPVSEC20202020-6BV.5.9
  dct_date: 2020^xs_gYear
  dct_isPartOf:
  - "http://id.crossref.org/issn/\t3-936338-73-6"
  dct_language: eng
  dct_subject:
  - 'Keywords: Load-Shifting'
  - Demand-Side-Management
  - DSM
  - grid frequency
  - EEX
  - electricity trading prices
  - renewable share
  - flexibility
  - emissions
  - CO2
  dct_title: 'Triggering Demand‒Side‒Management: Correlation of electricity prices,
    share of renewables, CO2‒contents, and grid‒frequency in the German electricity
    grid.@'
...