---
res:
  bibo_abstract:
  - The electrochemical properties of carbonaceous materials produced by hydrothermal
    carbonization, referred to as hydrochar, can be substantially improved by post-carbonization
    via pyrolysis. Although these materials have been widely studied for a variety
    of applications, the mechanisms underlying the pyrolysis are yet poorly understood.
    This study provides a comprehensive temperature-resolved characterization of the
    chemical composition, morphology and crystallinity of sucrose-derived hydrochar
    during pyrolysis. Thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry,
    and elemental analysis have shown that the dry hydrochar loses about 41% of its
    dry mass due to the exothermic disintegration of oxygen-containing groups until
    the carbonization is completed at about 850 °C with a total carbon yield of 93%.
    The carbonization and aromatization of the initially furanic and keto-aliphatic
    structure were analyzed by 13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy,
    X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
    The transition from an amorphous to a nanocrystalline graphitic structure was
    analyzed using X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The pore formation mechanism
    was examined by helium ion microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and nitrogen
    adsorption measurements. The results indicate the formation of oxygen-rich nanoclusters
    up to 700 °C, which decompose up to 750 °C leaving behind equally sized pores,
    resulting in a surface area of up to 480 m2/g.@eng
  bibo_authorlist:
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Martin
      foaf_name: Wortmann, Martin
      foaf_surname: Wortmann
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Waldemar
      foaf_name: Keil, Waldemar
      foaf_surname: Keil
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Bennet
      foaf_name: Brockhagen, Bennet
      foaf_surname: Brockhagen
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Jan
      foaf_name: Biedinger, Jan
      foaf_surname: Biedinger
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Michael
      foaf_name: Westphal, Michael
      foaf_surname: Westphal
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Christian
      foaf_name: Weinberger, Christian
      foaf_surname: Weinberger
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=11848
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Elise
      foaf_name: Diestelhorst, Elise
      foaf_surname: Diestelhorst
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Wiebke
      foaf_name: Hachmann, Wiebke
      foaf_surname: Hachmann
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Yanjing
      foaf_name: Zhao, Yanjing
      foaf_surname: Zhao
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Michael
      foaf_name: Tiemann, Michael
      foaf_surname: Tiemann
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=23547
    orcid: 0000-0003-1711-2722
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Günter
      foaf_name: Reiss, Günter
      foaf_surname: Reiss
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Bruno
      foaf_name: Hüsgen, Bruno
      foaf_surname: Hüsgen
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Claudia
      foaf_name: Schmidt, Claudia
      foaf_surname: Schmidt
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=466
    orcid: 0000-0003-3179-9997
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Klaus
      foaf_name: Sattler, Klaus
      foaf_surname: Sattler
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Natalie
      foaf_name: Frese, Natalie
      foaf_surname: Frese
  bibo_doi: 10.1016/j.jaap.2021.105404
  bibo_volume: 161
  dct_date: 2022^xs_gYear
  dct_isPartOf:
  - http://id.crossref.org/issn/0165-2370
  dct_language: eng
  dct_publisher: Elsevier BV@
  dct_subject:
  - Analytical Chemistry
  - Fuel Technology
  dct_title: Pyrolysis of sucrose-derived hydrochar@
...