---
res:
  bibo_abstract:
  - "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec>\r\n                <jats:title>Background</jats:title>\r\n
    \               <jats:p>Subjective Memory Complaints (SMC) in elderly people due
    to preclinical Alzheimer’s Disease may be associated with dysregulation of the
    Kynurenine Pathway (KP), with an increase in neurotoxic metabolites that affect
    cognition. Golf is a challenging sport with high demands on motor, sensory, and
    cognitive abilities, which might bear the potential to attenuate the pathological
    changes of preclinical AD. This trial investigated the feasibility of learning
    to play golf for elderly with cognitive problems and its effects on cognitive
    functions and the KP.</jats:p>\r\n              </jats:sec><jats:sec>\r\n                <jats:title>Methods</jats:title>\r\n
    \               <jats:p>In a 22-week single-blinded randomized controlled trial,
    elderly people with SMC were allocated to the golf (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 25,
    180 min training/week) or control group (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 21). Primary
    outcomes were feasibility (golf exam, adherence, adverse events) and general cognitive
    function (Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale). Secondary outcomes include specific
    cognitive functions (Response Inhibition, Corsi Block Tapping Test, Trail Making
    Test), KP metabolites and physical performance (6-Minute-Walk-Test). Baseline-adjusted
    Analysis-of-Covariance was conducted for each outcome.</jats:p>\r\n              </jats:sec><jats:sec>\r\n
    \               <jats:title>Results</jats:title>\r\n                <jats:p>42
    participants were analyzed. All participants that underwent the golf exam after
    the intervention passed it (20/23). Attendance rate of the golf intervention was
    75 %. No adverse events or drop-outs related to the intervention occurred. A significant
    time*group interaction (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.012, F = 7.050, Cohen’s
    d = 0.89) was found for correct responses on the Response Inhibition task, but
    not for ADAS-Cog. Moreover, a significant time*group interaction for Quinolinic
    acid to Tryptophan ratios (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.022, F = 5.769, Cohen’s
    d = 0.84) in favor of the golf group was observed. An uncorrected negative correlation
    between attendance rate and delta Quinolinic acid to Kynurenic acid ratios in
    the golf group (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.039, <jats:italic>r</jats:italic>=-0.443)
    was found as well.</jats:p>\r\n              </jats:sec><jats:sec>\r\n                <jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title>\r\n
    \               <jats:p>The findings indicate that learning golf is feasible and
    safe for elderly people with cognitive problems. Preliminary results suggest positive
    effects on attention and the KP. To explore the whole potential of golfing and
    its effect on cognitive decline, a larger cohort should be studied over a longer
    period with higher cardiovascular demands.</jats:p>\r\n              </jats:sec><jats:sec>\r\n
    \               <jats:title>Trial registration</jats:title>\r\n                <jats:p>The
    trial was retrospectively registered (2nd July 2018) at the German Clinical Trials
    Register (<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\"
    xlink:href=\"https://www.drks.de/drks_web/setLocale_EN.do\">DRKS00014921</jats:ext-link>).</jats:p>\r\n
    \             </jats:sec>@eng"
  bibo_authorlist:
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Julia K.
      foaf_name: Stroehlein, Julia K.
      foaf_surname: Stroehlein
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Solveig
      foaf_name: Vieluf, Solveig
      foaf_surname: Vieluf
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Philipp
      foaf_name: Zimmer, Philipp
      foaf_surname: Zimmer
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Alexander
      foaf_name: Schenk, Alexander
      foaf_surname: Schenk
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Max
      foaf_name: Oberste, Max
      foaf_surname: Oberste
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Christian Johannes
      foaf_name: Gölz, Christian Johannes
      foaf_surname: Gölz
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=33725
    orcid: 0000-0003-0536-1481
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Franziska
      foaf_name: van den Bongard, Franziska
      foaf_surname: van den Bongard
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Claus
      foaf_name: Reinsberger, Claus
      foaf_surname: Reinsberger
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=48978
  bibo_doi: 10.1186/s12883-021-02186-9
  bibo_issue: '1'
  bibo_volume: 21
  dct_date: 2021^xs_gYear
  dct_isPartOf:
  - http://id.crossref.org/issn/1471-2377
  dct_language: eng
  dct_publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC@
  dct_subject:
  - Clinical Neurology
  - General Medicine
  dct_title: 'Learning to play golf for elderly people with subjective memory complaints:
    feasibility of a single‐blinded randomized pilot trial@'
...