--- _id: '32327' abstract: - lang: eng text: 'AbstractThere is preliminary evidence that adrenal steroids other than cortisol may be valuable biomarkers for major depressive disorder (MDD). So far, studies have been conducted in adults only, and conclusions are limited, mainly due to small sample sizes. Therefore, the present study assessed whether adrenal steroids serve as biomarkers for adolescent MDD. In 261 depressed adolescents (170 females) treated at a single psychiatric hospital, serum adrenal steroids (progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, 21-deoxycortisol, 11-deoxycortisol, cortisol, cortisone, deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone) were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Findings were compared to that of an age- and sex-matched reference cohort (N = 255) by nonparametric analysis of variance. Nonparametric receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analyses were conducted to evaluate the diagnostic performance of single steroids and steroid ratios to classify depression status. Sensitivity analyses considered important confounders of adrenal functioning, and ROC results were verified by cross-validation. Compared to the reference cohort, levels of deoxycorticosterone and 21-deoxycortisol were decreased (P < 0.001). All other glucocorticoid- and mineralocorticoid-related steroids were increased (P < 0.001). The corticosterone to deoxycorticosterone ratio evidenced excellent classification characteristics, especially in females (AUC: 0.957; sensitivity: 0.902; specificity: 0.891). The adrenal steroid metabolome qualifies as a bio-readout reflecting adolescent MDD by a distinct steroid pattern that indicates dysfunction of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis. Moreover, the corticosterone to deoxycorticosterone ratio may prospectively qualify to contribute to precision medicine in psychiatry by identifying those patients who might benefit from antiglucocorticoid treatment or those at risk for recurrence when adrenal dysfunction has not resolved.' article_number: '255' author: - first_name: Raphael full_name: Hirtz, Raphael last_name: Hirtz - first_name: Lars full_name: Libuda, Lars id: '88682' last_name: Libuda orcid: 0000-0003-1603-3133 - first_name: Anke full_name: Hinney, Anke last_name: Hinney - first_name: Manuel full_name: Föcker, Manuel last_name: Föcker - first_name: Judith full_name: Bühlmeier, Judith id: '89838' last_name: Bühlmeier - first_name: Paul-Martin full_name: Holterhus, Paul-Martin last_name: Holterhus - first_name: Alexandra full_name: Kulle, Alexandra last_name: Kulle - first_name: Cordula full_name: Kiewert, Cordula last_name: Kiewert - first_name: Berthold P. full_name: Hauffa, Berthold P. last_name: Hauffa - first_name: Johannes full_name: Hebebrand, Johannes last_name: Hebebrand - first_name: Corinna full_name: Grasemann, Corinna last_name: Grasemann citation: ama: 'Hirtz R, Libuda L, Hinney A, et al. The adrenal steroid profile in adolescent depression: a valuable bio-readout? Translational Psychiatry. 2022;12(1). doi:10.1038/s41398-022-01966-2' apa: 'Hirtz, R., Libuda, L., Hinney, A., Föcker, M., Bühlmeier, J., Holterhus, P.-M., Kulle, A., Kiewert, C., Hauffa, B. P., Hebebrand, J., & Grasemann, C. (2022). The adrenal steroid profile in adolescent depression: a valuable bio-readout? Translational Psychiatry, 12(1), Article 255. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-022-01966-2' bibtex: '@article{Hirtz_Libuda_Hinney_Föcker_Bühlmeier_Holterhus_Kulle_Kiewert_Hauffa_Hebebrand_et al._2022, title={The adrenal steroid profile in adolescent depression: a valuable bio-readout?}, volume={12}, DOI={10.1038/s41398-022-01966-2}, number={1255}, journal={Translational Psychiatry}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Hirtz, Raphael and Libuda, Lars and Hinney, Anke and Föcker, Manuel and Bühlmeier, Judith and Holterhus, Paul-Martin and Kulle, Alexandra and Kiewert, Cordula and Hauffa, Berthold P. and Hebebrand, Johannes and et al.}, year={2022} }' chicago: 'Hirtz, Raphael, Lars Libuda, Anke Hinney, Manuel Föcker, Judith Bühlmeier, Paul-Martin Holterhus, Alexandra Kulle, et al. “The Adrenal Steroid Profile in Adolescent Depression: A Valuable Bio-Readout?” Translational Psychiatry 12, no. 1 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-022-01966-2.' ieee: 'R. Hirtz et al., “The adrenal steroid profile in adolescent depression: a valuable bio-readout?,” Translational Psychiatry, vol. 12, no. 1, Art. no. 255, 2022, doi: 10.1038/s41398-022-01966-2.' mla: 'Hirtz, Raphael, et al. “The Adrenal Steroid Profile in Adolescent Depression: A Valuable Bio-Readout?” Translational Psychiatry, vol. 12, no. 1, 255, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2022, doi:10.1038/s41398-022-01966-2.' short: R. Hirtz, L. Libuda, A. Hinney, M. Föcker, J. Bühlmeier, P.-M. Holterhus, A. Kulle, C. Kiewert, B.P. Hauffa, J. Hebebrand, C. Grasemann, Translational Psychiatry 12 (2022). date_created: 2022-07-06T15:14:39Z date_updated: 2023-01-06T11:48:51Z department: - _id: '35' doi: 10.1038/s41398-022-01966-2 intvolume: ' 12' issue: '1' keyword: - Biological Psychiatry - Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience - Psychiatry and Mental health language: - iso: eng publication: Translational Psychiatry publication_identifier: issn: - 2158-3188 publication_status: published publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC status: public title: 'The adrenal steroid profile in adolescent depression: a valuable bio-readout?' type: journal_article user_id: '88682' volume: 12 year: '2022' ...