---
res:
  bibo_abstract:
  - "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\r\n               <jats:p>Lithium niobate is
    a promising platform for integrated quantum optics. In this platform, we aim to
    efficiently manipulate and detect quantum states by combining superconducting
    single photon detectors and modulators. The cryogenic operation of a superconducting
    single photon detector dictates the optimisation of the electro-optic modulators
    under the same operating conditions. To that end, we characterise a phase modulator,
    directional coupler, and polarisation converter at both ambient and cryogenic
    temperatures. The operation voltage <jats:inline-formula>\r\n                     <jats:tex-math><?CDATA
    $V_{\\pi/2}$?></jats:tex-math>\r\n                     <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"
    overflow=\"scroll\">\r\n                        <mml:msub>\r\n                           <mml:mi>V</mml:mi>\r\n
    \                          <mml:mrow>\r\n                              <mml:mi>π</mml:mi>\r\n
    \                             <mml:mrow>\r\n                                 <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>\r\n
    \                             </mml:mrow>\r\n                              <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>\r\n
    \                          </mml:mrow>\r\n                        </mml:msub>\r\n
    \                    </mml:math>\r\n                     <jats:inline-graphic
    xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"jpphotonac6c63ieqn1.gif\"
    xlink:type=\"simple\" />\r\n                  </jats:inline-formula> of these
    modulators increases, due to the decrease in the electro-optic effect, by 74%
    for the phase modulator, 84% for the directional coupler and 35% for the polarisation
    converter below 8.5<jats:inline-formula>\r\n                     <jats:tex-math><?CDATA
    $\\,\\mathrm{K}$?></jats:tex-math>\r\n                     <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"
    overflow=\"scroll\">\r\n                        <mml:mrow>\r\n                           <mml:mi
    mathvariant=\"normal\">K</mml:mi>\r\n                        </mml:mrow>\r\n                     </mml:math>\r\n
    \                    <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"
    xlink:href=\"jpphotonac6c63ieqn2.gif\" xlink:type=\"simple\" />\r\n                  </jats:inline-formula>.
    The phase modulator preserves its broadband nature and modulates light in the
    characterised wavelength range. The unbiased bar state of the directional coupler
    changed by a wavelength shift of 85<jats:inline-formula>\r\n                     <jats:tex-math><?CDATA
    $\\,\\mathrm{nm}$?></jats:tex-math>\r\n                     <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"
    overflow=\"scroll\">\r\n                        <mml:mrow>\r\n                           <mml:mi
    mathvariant=\"normal\">n</mml:mi>\r\n                           <mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">m</mml:mi>\r\n
    \                       </mml:mrow>\r\n                     </mml:math>\r\n                     <jats:inline-graphic
    xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"jpphotonac6c63ieqn3.gif\"
    xlink:type=\"simple\" />\r\n                  </jats:inline-formula> while cooling
    the device down to 5<jats:inline-formula>\r\n                     <jats:tex-math><?CDATA
    $\\,\\mathrm{K}$?></jats:tex-math>\r\n                     <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"
    overflow=\"scroll\">\r\n                        <mml:mrow>\r\n                           <mml:mi
    mathvariant=\"normal\">K</mml:mi>\r\n                        </mml:mrow>\r\n                     </mml:math>\r\n
    \                    <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"
    xlink:href=\"jpphotonac6c63ieqn4.gif\" xlink:type=\"simple\" />\r\n                  </jats:inline-formula>.
    The polarisation converter uses periodic poling to phasematch the two orthogonal
    polarisations. The phasematched wavelength of the utilised poling changes by 112<jats:inline-formula>\r\n
    \                    <jats:tex-math><?CDATA $\\,\\mathrm{nm}$?></jats:tex-math>\r\n
    \                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"
    overflow=\"scroll\">\r\n                        <mml:mrow>\r\n                           <mml:mi
    mathvariant=\"normal\">n</mml:mi>\r\n                           <mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">m</mml:mi>\r\n
    \                       </mml:mrow>\r\n                     </mml:math>\r\n                     <jats:inline-graphic
    xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"jpphotonac6c63ieqn5.gif\"
    xlink:type=\"simple\" />\r\n                  </jats:inline-formula> when cooling
    to 5<jats:inline-formula>\r\n                     <jats:tex-math><?CDATA $\\,\\mathrm{K}$?></jats:tex-math>\r\n
    \                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"
    overflow=\"scroll\">\r\n                        <mml:mrow>\r\n                           <mml:mi
    mathvariant=\"normal\">K</mml:mi>\r\n                        </mml:mrow>\r\n                     </mml:math>\r\n
    \                    <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"
    xlink:href=\"jpphotonac6c63ieqn6.gif\" xlink:type=\"simple\" />\r\n                  </jats:inline-formula>.</jats:p>@eng"
  bibo_authorlist:
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Frederik
      foaf_name: Thiele, Frederik
      foaf_surname: Thiele
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=50819
    orcid: 0000-0003-0663-5587
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Felix
      foaf_name: vom Bruch, Felix
      foaf_surname: vom Bruch
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=71245
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Julian
      foaf_name: Brockmeier, Julian
      foaf_surname: Brockmeier
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=44807
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Maximilian
      foaf_name: Protte, Maximilian
      foaf_surname: Protte
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=46170
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Thomas
      foaf_name: Hummel, Thomas
      foaf_surname: Hummel
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=83846
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Raimund
      foaf_name: Ricken, Raimund
      foaf_surname: Ricken
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Viktor
      foaf_name: Quiring, Viktor
      foaf_surname: Quiring
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Sebastian
      foaf_name: Lengeling, Sebastian
      foaf_surname: Lengeling
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=44373
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Harald
      foaf_name: Herrmann, Harald
      foaf_surname: Herrmann
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=216
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Christof
      foaf_name: Eigner, Christof
      foaf_surname: Eigner
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=13244
    orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5693-3083
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Christine
      foaf_name: Silberhorn, Christine
      foaf_surname: Silberhorn
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=26263
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Tim
      foaf_name: Bartley, Tim
      foaf_surname: Bartley
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=49683
  bibo_doi: 10.1088/2515-7647/ac6c63
  bibo_issue: '3'
  bibo_volume: 4
  dct_date: 2022^xs_gYear
  dct_isPartOf:
  - http://id.crossref.org/issn/2515-7647
  dct_language: eng
  dct_publisher: IOP Publishing@
  dct_subject:
  - Electrical and Electronic Engineering
  - Atomic and Molecular Physics
  - and Optics
  - Electronic
  - Optical and Magnetic Materials
  dct_title: Cryogenic electro-optic modulation in titanium in-diffused lithium niobate
    waveguides@
...