---
_id: '41500'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: <jats:p>Titanium alloys, especially β alloys, are favorable as implant materials
    due to their promising combination of low Young’s modulus, high strength, corrosion
    resistance, and biocompatibility. In particular, the low Young’s moduli reduce
    the risk of stress shielding and implant loosening. The processing of Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn
    through laser powder bed fusion is presented. The specimens were heat-treated,
    and the microstructure was investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron
    microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The mechanical properties were
    determined by hardness and tensile tests. The microstructures reveal a mainly
    β microstructure with α″ formation for high cooling rates and α precipitates after
    moderate cooling rates or aging. The as-built and α″ phase containing conditions
    exhibit a hardness around 225 HV5, yield strengths (YS) from 340 to 490 MPa, ultimate
    tensile strengths (UTS) around 706 MPa, fracture elongations around 20%, and Young’s
    moduli about 50 GPa. The α precipitates containing conditions reveal a hardness
    around 297 HV5, YS around 812 MPa, UTS from 871 to 931 MPa, fracture elongations
    around 12%, and Young’s moduli about 75 GPa. Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn exhibits, depending
    on the heat treatment, promising properties regarding the material behavior and
    the opportunity to tailor the mechanical performance as a low modulus, high strength
    implant material.</jats:p>
article_number: '3774'
author:
- first_name: Maxwell
  full_name: Hein, Maxwell
  id: '52771'
  last_name: Hein
  orcid: 0000-0002-3732-2236
- first_name: Nelson Filipe
  full_name: Lopes Dias, Nelson Filipe
  last_name: Lopes Dias
- first_name: Sudipta
  full_name: Pramanik, Sudipta
  last_name: Pramanik
- first_name: Dominic
  full_name: Stangier, Dominic
  last_name: Stangier
- first_name: Kay-Peter
  full_name: Hoyer, Kay-Peter
  id: '48411'
  last_name: Hoyer
- first_name: Wolfgang
  full_name: Tillmann, Wolfgang
  last_name: Tillmann
- first_name: Mirko
  full_name: Schaper, Mirko
  id: '43720'
  last_name: Schaper
citation:
  ama: Hein M, Lopes Dias NF, Pramanik S, et al. Heat Treatments of Metastable β Titanium
    Alloy Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion. <i>Materials</i>.
    2022;15(11). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15113774">10.3390/ma15113774</a>
  apa: Hein, M., Lopes Dias, N. F., Pramanik, S., Stangier, D., Hoyer, K.-P., Tillmann,
    W., &#38; Schaper, M. (2022). Heat Treatments of Metastable β Titanium Alloy Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn
    Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion. <i>Materials</i>, <i>15</i>(11), Article
    3774. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15113774">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15113774</a>
  bibtex: '@article{Hein_Lopes Dias_Pramanik_Stangier_Hoyer_Tillmann_Schaper_2022,
    title={Heat Treatments of Metastable β Titanium Alloy Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn Processed
    by Laser Powder Bed Fusion}, volume={15}, DOI={<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15113774">10.3390/ma15113774</a>},
    number={113774}, journal={Materials}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Hein, Maxwell
    and Lopes Dias, Nelson Filipe and Pramanik, Sudipta and Stangier, Dominic and
    Hoyer, Kay-Peter and Tillmann, Wolfgang and Schaper, Mirko}, year={2022} }'
  chicago: Hein, Maxwell, Nelson Filipe Lopes Dias, Sudipta Pramanik, Dominic Stangier,
    Kay-Peter Hoyer, Wolfgang Tillmann, and Mirko Schaper. “Heat Treatments of Metastable
    β Titanium Alloy Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion.” <i>Materials</i>
    15, no. 11 (2022). <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15113774">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15113774</a>.
  ieee: 'M. Hein <i>et al.</i>, “Heat Treatments of Metastable β Titanium Alloy Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn
    Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion,” <i>Materials</i>, vol. 15, no. 11, Art.
    no. 3774, 2022, doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15113774">10.3390/ma15113774</a>.'
  mla: Hein, Maxwell, et al. “Heat Treatments of Metastable β Titanium Alloy Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn
    Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion.” <i>Materials</i>, vol. 15, no. 11, 3774,
    MDPI AG, 2022, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15113774">10.3390/ma15113774</a>.
  short: M. Hein, N.F. Lopes Dias, S. Pramanik, D. Stangier, K.-P. Hoyer, W. Tillmann,
    M. Schaper, Materials 15 (2022).
date_created: 2023-02-02T14:28:54Z
date_updated: 2023-04-27T16:46:15Z
department:
- _id: '9'
- _id: '158'
doi: 10.3390/ma15113774
intvolume: '        15'
issue: '11'
keyword:
- General Materials Science
language:
- iso: eng
publication: Materials
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1996-1944
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI AG
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Heat Treatments of Metastable β Titanium Alloy Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn Processed by
  Laser Powder Bed Fusion
type: journal_article
user_id: '43720'
volume: 15
year: '2022'
...