{"date_updated":"2023-09-20T16:18:39Z","page":"319-337","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"intvolume":"        65","issue":"3","publication":"Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\r\n               <jats:p>In this paper, the contractions <jats:italic>shoulda, coulda, woulda</jats:italic> are compared with their respective full forms <jats:italic>should have</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>would have</jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>could have</jats:italic>. Although the full forms are used much more frequently and are, therefore, considered canonical, the non-canonical forms have increased in frequency throughout the better part of the twentieth century. They are predominantly used in American English – in conversation as well as in fictional writing to imitate speech. With respect to their syntactic environment, <jats:italic>shoulda, coulda</jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>woulda</jats:italic> behave differently than their full counterparts since they are often used without subjects and without lexical verbs. Some of these uses can be explained by the fact that <jats:italic>shoulda, coulda</jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>woulda</jats:italic> are not always used as verbal items but also as nouns, adjectives, and interjections. Due to their overall low frequency and their restriction to a particular register, however, it appears they will keep their non-canonical status for the foreseeable future.</jats:p>"}],"title":"<i>Shoulda, Coulda, Woulda</i> – Non-Canonical Forms on the Move?","year":"2017","author":[{"first_name":"Markus","id":"34058","last_name":"Freudinger","full_name":"Freudinger, Markus"}],"user_id":"14931","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2196-4726","0044-2305"]},"_id":"46141","status":"public","date_created":"2023-07-25T11:22:55Z","doi":"10.1515/zaa-2017-0031","publication_status":"published","department":[{"_id":"384"}],"citation":{"ama":"Freudinger M. <i>Shoulda, Coulda, Woulda</i> – Non-Canonical Forms on the Move? <i>Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik</i>. 2017;65(3):319-337. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1515/zaa-2017-0031\">10.1515/zaa-2017-0031</a>","bibtex":"@article{Freudinger_2017, title={<i>Shoulda, Coulda, Woulda</i> – Non-Canonical Forms on the Move?}, volume={65}, DOI={<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1515/zaa-2017-0031\">10.1515/zaa-2017-0031</a>}, number={3}, journal={Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik}, publisher={Walter de Gruyter GmbH}, author={Freudinger, Markus}, year={2017}, pages={319–337} }","ieee":"M. Freudinger, “<i>Shoulda, Coulda, Woulda</i> – Non-Canonical Forms on the Move?,” <i>Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik</i>, vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 319–337, 2017, doi: <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1515/zaa-2017-0031\">10.1515/zaa-2017-0031</a>.","short":"M. Freudinger, Zeitschrift Für Anglistik Und Amerikanistik 65 (2017) 319–337.","apa":"Freudinger, M. (2017). <i>Shoulda, Coulda, Woulda</i> – Non-Canonical Forms on the Move? <i>Zeitschrift Für Anglistik Und Amerikanistik</i>, <i>65</i>(3), 319–337. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1515/zaa-2017-0031\">https://doi.org/10.1515/zaa-2017-0031</a>","mla":"Freudinger, Markus. “<i>Shoulda, Coulda, Woulda</i> – Non-Canonical Forms on the Move?” <i>Zeitschrift Für Anglistik Und Amerikanistik</i>, vol. 65, no. 3, Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2017, pp. 319–37, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1515/zaa-2017-0031\">10.1515/zaa-2017-0031</a>.","chicago":"Freudinger, Markus. “<i>Shoulda, Coulda, Woulda</i> – Non-Canonical Forms on the Move?” <i>Zeitschrift Für Anglistik Und Amerikanistik</i> 65, no. 3 (2017): 319–37. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1515/zaa-2017-0031\">https://doi.org/10.1515/zaa-2017-0031</a>."},"volume":65,"publisher":"Walter de Gruyter GmbH","type":"journal_article","keyword":["Literature and Literary Theory","Linguistics and Language","Language and Linguistics"]}