---
_id: '48374'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: "Abstract\r\n Purpose\r\n
\ Protein-rich foods show heterogeneous associations with
the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and it remains unclear whether habitual protein
intake is related to T2D risk. We carried out an umbrella review of systematic
reviews (SR) of randomised trials and/or cohort studies on protein intake in relation
to risks of T2D.\r\n \r\n Methods\r\n
\ Following a pre-specified protocol (PROSPERO: CRD42018082395),
we retrieved SRs on protein intake and T2D risk published between July 1st 2009
and May 22nd 2022, and assessed the methodological quality and outcome-specific
certainty of the evidence using a modified version of AMSTAR 2 and NutriGrade,
respectively. The overall certainty of evidence was rated according to predefined
criteria.\r\n \r\n Results\r\n
\ Eight SRs were identified of which six contained meta-analyses.
The majority of SRs on total protein intake had moderate or high methodological
quality and moderate outcome-specific certainty of evidence according to NutriGrade,
however, the latter was low for the majority of SRs on animal and plant protein.
Six of the eight SRs reported risk increases with both total and animal protein.
According to one SR, total protein intake in studies was ~ 21 energy percentage
(%E) in the highest intake category and 15%E in the lowest intake category. Relative
Risks comparing high versus low intake in most recent SRs ranged from 1.09 (two
SRs, 95% CIs 1.02–1.15 and 1.06–1.13) to 1.11 (1.05–1.16) for total protein (between
8 and 12 cohort studies included) and from 1.13 (1.08–1.19) to 1.19 (two SRs,
1.11–1.28 and 1.11–1.28) (8–9 cohort studies) for animal protein. However, SRs
on RCTs examining major glycaemic traits (HbA1c, fasting
glucose, fasting insulin) do not support a clear biological link with T2D risk.
For plant protein, some recent SRs pointed towards risk decreases and non-linear
associations, however, the majority did not support an association with T2D risk.\r\n
\ \r\n Conclusion\r\n
\ Higher total protein intake was possibly associated with
higher T2D risk, while there is insufficient evidence for a risk increase with
higher intakes of animal protein and a risk decrease with plant protein intake.
Given that most SRs on plant protein did not indicate an association, there is
possibly a lack of an effect.\r\n "
author:
- first_name: Matthias B.
full_name: Schulze, Matthias B.
last_name: Schulze
- first_name: Julia
full_name: Haardt, Julia
last_name: Haardt
- first_name: Anna M.
full_name: Amini, Anna M.
last_name: Amini
- first_name: Nicole
full_name: Kalotai, Nicole
last_name: Kalotai
- first_name: Andreas
full_name: Lehmann, Andreas
last_name: Lehmann
- first_name: Annemarie
full_name: Schmidt, Annemarie
last_name: Schmidt
- first_name: Anette
full_name: Buyken, Anette
id: '65985'
last_name: Buyken
- first_name: Sarah
full_name: Egert, Sarah
last_name: Egert
- first_name: Sabine
full_name: Ellinger, Sabine
last_name: Ellinger
- first_name: Anja
full_name: Kroke, Anja
last_name: Kroke
- first_name: Tilman
full_name: Kühn, Tilman
last_name: Kühn
- first_name: Sandrine
full_name: Louis, Sandrine
last_name: Louis
- first_name: Katharina
full_name: Nimptsch, Katharina
last_name: Nimptsch
- first_name: Lukas
full_name: Schwingshackl, Lukas
last_name: Schwingshackl
- first_name: Roswitha
full_name: Siener, Roswitha
last_name: Siener
- first_name: Armin
full_name: Zittermann, Armin
last_name: Zittermann
- first_name: Bernhard
full_name: Watzl, Bernhard
last_name: Watzl
- first_name: Stefan
full_name: Lorkowski, Stefan
last_name: Lorkowski
citation:
ama: 'Schulze MB, Haardt J, Amini AM, et al. Protein intake and type 2 diabetes
mellitus: an umbrella review of systematic reviews for the evidence-based guideline
for protein intake of the German Nutrition Society. European Journal of Nutrition.
Published online 2023. doi:10.1007/s00394-023-03234-5'
apa: 'Schulze, M. B., Haardt, J., Amini, A. M., Kalotai, N., Lehmann, A., Schmidt,
A., Buyken, A., Egert, S., Ellinger, S., Kroke, A., Kühn, T., Louis, S., Nimptsch,
K., Schwingshackl, L., Siener, R., Zittermann, A., Watzl, B., & Lorkowski,
S. (2023). Protein intake and type 2 diabetes mellitus: an umbrella review of
systematic reviews for the evidence-based guideline for protein intake of the
German Nutrition Society. European Journal of Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-023-03234-5'
bibtex: '@article{Schulze_Haardt_Amini_Kalotai_Lehmann_Schmidt_Buyken_Egert_Ellinger_Kroke_et
al._2023, title={Protein intake and type 2 diabetes mellitus: an umbrella review
of systematic reviews for the evidence-based guideline for protein intake of the
German Nutrition Society}, DOI={10.1007/s00394-023-03234-5},
journal={European Journal of Nutrition}, publisher={Springer Science and Business
Media LLC}, author={Schulze, Matthias B. and Haardt, Julia and Amini, Anna M.
and Kalotai, Nicole and Lehmann, Andreas and Schmidt, Annemarie and Buyken, Anette
and Egert, Sarah and Ellinger, Sabine and Kroke, Anja and et al.}, year={2023}
}'
chicago: 'Schulze, Matthias B., Julia Haardt, Anna M. Amini, Nicole Kalotai, Andreas
Lehmann, Annemarie Schmidt, Anette Buyken, et al. “Protein Intake and Type 2 Diabetes
Mellitus: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews for the Evidence-Based Guideline
for Protein Intake of the German Nutrition Society.” European Journal of Nutrition,
2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-023-03234-5.'
ieee: 'M. B. Schulze et al., “Protein intake and type 2 diabetes mellitus:
an umbrella review of systematic reviews for the evidence-based guideline for
protein intake of the German Nutrition Society,” European Journal of Nutrition,
2023, doi: 10.1007/s00394-023-03234-5.'
mla: 'Schulze, Matthias B., et al. “Protein Intake and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus:
An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews for the Evidence-Based Guideline for
Protein Intake of the German Nutrition Society.” European Journal of Nutrition,
Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2023, doi:10.1007/s00394-023-03234-5.'
short: M.B. Schulze, J. Haardt, A.M. Amini, N. Kalotai, A. Lehmann, A. Schmidt,
A. Buyken, S. Egert, S. Ellinger, A. Kroke, T. Kühn, S. Louis, K. Nimptsch, L.
Schwingshackl, R. Siener, A. Zittermann, B. Watzl, S. Lorkowski, European Journal
of Nutrition (2023).
date_created: 2023-10-23T07:35:18Z
date_updated: 2023-10-23T07:35:57Z
department:
- _id: '22'
doi: 10.1007/s00394-023-03234-5
keyword:
- Nutrition and Dietetics
- Medicine (miscellaneous)
language:
- iso: eng
publication: European Journal of Nutrition
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 1436-6207
- 1436-6215
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
status: public
title: 'Protein intake and type 2 diabetes mellitus: an umbrella review of systematic
reviews for the evidence-based guideline for protein intake of the German Nutrition
Society'
type: journal_article
user_id: '92491'
year: '2023'
...